Fundamental Rights in European Contract Law

Name: Fundamental Rights in European Contract Law | A Comparison of the Impact of Fundamental Rights on Contractual Relationships in Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and England
Brand: Kluwer Law International
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A Comparison of the Impact of Fundamental Rights on Contractual Relationships in Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and England

C. Mak(Author)

Kluwer Law International (Publisher)

Published on 29. January 2008

350 pages

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Content

Intro
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
Part I: Fundamental Rights in European Contract Law - Developments in Case Law
Introduction to Part I
Chapter 1: Freedom of Contract and Fundamental Rights
1.1 Fundamental Rights
1.1.1 Defining Fundamental Rights
1.1.2 Germany
1.1.2.1 Das Grundgesetz (Basic Law)
1.1.2.2 The ECHR in German Law
1.1.2.3 Das Bundesverfassungsgericht (Constitutional Court)
1.1.3 The Netherlands
1.1.3.1 De Grondwet (Constitution)
1.1.3.2 The ECHR in Dutch Law
1.1.3.3 No Judicial Review of Constitutionality
1.1.4 Italy
1.1.4.1 La Costituzione (Constitution)
1.1.4.2 The ECHR in Italian Law
1.1.4.3 La Corte costituzionale (Constitutional Court)
1.1.5 England
1.1.5.1 The Constitution
1.1.5.2 The ECHR in English Law: The Human Rights Act 1998
1.1.6 Preliminary Conclusion
1.2 Freedom of Contract and the General Clauses of Private Law
1.2.1 The Principle of Freedom of Contract and its Limits
1.2.2 Limits Set by General Clauses of Private Law
1.2.2.1 Good Morals
1.2.2.1.1 Germany: 'Gute Sitten'
1.2.2.1.2 The Netherlands: 'Goede Zeden' and 'Openbare Orde'
1.2.2.1.3 Italy: 'Causa Illecita'
1.2.2.1.4 England: 'Illegality' and 'Public Policy'
1.2.2.2 Good Faith
1.2.2.2.1 Germany: 'Treu und Glauben'
1.2.2.2.2 The Netherlands: 'Goede Trouw'/ 'Redelijkheid en Billijkheid'
1.2.2.2.3 Italy: 'Buona Fede'
1.2.2.2.4 England: Good Faith?
1.2.2.3 Tort
1.2.2.3.1 Germany: 'Unerlaubte Handlung'
1.2.2.3.2 The Netherlands: 'Onrechtmatige Daad'
1.2.2.3.3 Italy: 'Fatto Illecito'
1.2.2.3.4 England: Torts
1.2.3 Freedom of Contract and Fundamental Rights
1.3 Conclusion
Chapter 2: Interaction between Fundamental Rights and Contract Law
2.1 Theories of Direct and Indirect Effect
2.1.1 Direct Effect
2.1.2 Indirect Effect
2.1.3 Relativising the Direct/Indirect Effect Distinction
2.1.3.1 Differentiation According to Legal Actors
2.1.3.2 Differentiation According to Fundamental mental Rights
2.1.3.3 Differentiation According to Legal Relationships
2.1.4 A Theory of Relativity: Versions of Direct and Indirect Effect
2.2 Germany
2.2.1 Wechselwirkung
2.2.1.1 A Landmark Decision: The Lüth Case
2.2.1.2 A Collision of Rights: The Wallraff Case
2.2.1.3 (Pre-)Contractual Relations: The Betriebsschlosser Case
2.2.1.4 Preliminary Conclusion
2.2.2 Contractual Restrictions on Fundamental Rights
2.2.2.1 The Handelsvertreter Case
2.2.2.2 The Bürgschaft Case
2.2.2.3 Preliminary Conclusion
2.3 The Netherlands
2.3.1 Fundamental Rights and General Clauses
2.3.1.1 'Good Morals' and Fundamental Rights: The Mensendieck Case
2.3.1.2 Freedom of Expression and Tort: The Boycot Outspan Aksie Case
2.3.1.3 Contract Law: The Maimonides Case
2.3.1.4 Preliminary Conclusion
2.3.2 Contractual Restrictions on Fundamental Rights
2.3.2.1 Again: The Mensendieck Case
2.3.2.2 The Kolkman/Cornelisse Case
2.3.2.3 The HIV-test Cases
2.3.2.4 Preliminary Conclusion
2.4 Italy
2.4.1 A Fundamental Right as a General Clause? The Case of Article 2 Cost.
2.4.2 Effects of Fundamental Rights in Italian Private Law Cases
2.4.2.1 Tort Law: 'New' Non-Pecuniary Damage
2.4.2.2 Contract Law: Buona Fede in the Light of Fundamental Rights
2.4.3 Preliminary Conclusion
2.5 England
2.5.1 Direct or Indirect Effect
2.5.2 The HRA in Contract Law Adjudication
2.5.2.1 Privacy under the HRA: Douglas v. Hello! Ltd and Other Cases
2.5.2.2 Contract Law: Wilson v. First County Trust and Ghaidan v. Godin-Mendoza
2.5.3 Preliminary Conclusion
2.6 Conclusions on an Overview of Case Law
Chapter 3 :A New Perspective on Effects of Fundamental Rights in Contract Law
3.1 Cases of 'Direct' and 'Indirect' Effect
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Cases of 'Strong' Direct Effect
3.1.3 Cases of 'Strong' Indirect Effect
3.1.4 Cases of 'Weak' Indirect Effect
3.1.5 Cases of 'Procedural Effect'
3.1.6 Conclusion
3.2 A New Perspective
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 What the Distinction between Direct and Indirect Effects Does and Does not Explain
3.2.2.1 To What Extent Do Fundamental Rights Affect Contract Law?
3.2.2.2 In Which Types of Cases Can Fundamental Rights Be Applied?
3.2.2.2.1 Plurality of Cases
3.2.2.2.2 General Theories
3.2.2.2.3 Limited Significance of the Distinction between Direct and Indirect Effects
3.2.2.3 What Does the Explicit Consideration of Fundamental Rights Add to Contract Law Adjudication?
3.2.2.3.1 Explicit Consideration of Fundamental Rights?
3.2.2.3.2 Ex officio Intervention on the Basis of Fundamental Rights?
3.2.2.3.3 Preliminary Conclusion
3.2.3 Choosing a New Perspective: Freedom of Contract and Fundamental Rights between Autonomy and Solidarity
3.2.3.1 Fundamental Rights or Policies?
3.2.3.2 The Politics of European Contract Law
3.2.3.3 Problematic Aspects of the New Perspective
3.2.3.4 Fundamental Rights and the Political Stakes in Contract Law
3.2.4 Conclusion
Epilogue to Part I
E.I.1 Tort Law Examples in a Contract Law Discourse
E.I.2 Form and Substance
E.I.3 Legal Certainty
Part II: The Intermediary Role of Fundamental Rights in European Contract Law Adjudication
Introduction to Part II
Chapter 4: Changing Perspectives: Starting Points for a Comparative Legal-Political Analysis
4.1 An External Perspective on Fundamental Rights in Contract Law
4.1.1 A Lion and a Fox . . .
4.1.2 . . . And the Politics of European Contract Law
4.2 Autonomy and Solidarity in European Contract Law
4.2.1 Individualism and Altruism. . .
4.2.2 . . . Or Autonomy and Solidarity
4.2.3 Choice of Terminology
4.3 An Impression of the Autonomy/Solidarity Continuum
4.3.1 Gradations of Autonomy and Solidarity
4.3.2 The 'Double Relativity' of the Continuum
4.3.3 A Neutral Point on the Continuum
4.3.4 Variations of the Continuum According to Jurisdictions
4.3.5 A Model for the Analysis
4.4 Conclusion
Chapter 5: Fundamental Rights and the Political Dimension of Contract Law
5.1 Legislator, Parties and Judges
5.2 Taking Rights and Critique Seriously
5.2.1 Policies, Principles and Rights
5.2.2 The Rights Thesis
5.2.3 Coherence
5.2.4 Effects of Fundamental Rights in Contract Law from a Dworkinian and a Kennedian Perspective
5.3 Not Just a River in Egypt: Fundamental Rights and the Denial of the Political Stakes in Contract Law Adjudication
5.3.1 Lost in Translation? Ideology and Judicial Behaviour
5.3.2 A Fundamental Rights Hypothesis
Chapter 6: Testing the Fundamental Rights Hypothesis
6.1 Institutional and Procedural Aspects
6.2 Fundamental Rights and the Policies Involved in Contract Cases
6.2.1 Non-Competition Clauses
6.2.1.1 Policy Issues
6.2.1.2 Cases
6.2.2 Sureties by Relatives
6.2.2.1 Policy Issues
6.2.2.2 Cases
6.2.3 Reduction of Contractual Penalties
6.2.3.1 Policy Issues
6.2.3.2 Cases
6.2.4 Post-Contractual Duties in Doctor/Patient Relations
6.2.4.1 Policy Issues
6.2.4.2 Cases
6.2.5 Surrogacy Arrangements
6.2.5.1 Policy Issues
6.2.5.2 Cases
6.3 Contract Law Between Autonomy and Solidarity
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 The Continuum Revisited
6.3.2.1 General Remarks
6.3.2.2 Case Solutions between Autonomy and Solidarity
6.3.2.3 Shifting Limits to Freedom of Contract
6.3.3 Varieties of 'Social Justice' in European Contract Law
6.3.4 Conclusion
Chapter 7: What the Comparative Legal-Political Analysis Explains
7.1 To What Extent do Fundamental Rights Affect Contract Law?
7.1.1 Explaining the Politics of Direct and Indirect Effects
7.1.2 The Legal-Political Perspective
7.1.3 Autonomy and Solidarity
7.1.4 Coherence and Legal Certainty
7.2 In Which Types of Cases can Fundamental Rights Be Applied?
7.2.1 Stronger and Weaker Parties in Contractual Relationships
7.2.2 Validity of the Contract (Clause)
7.2.3 Differentiation According to Legal Relationships, Fundamental Rights and Legal Actors
7.3 What does the Explicit Consideration of Fundamental Rights Add to Contract Law Adjudication?
7.3.1 Explicit Consideration of Fundamental Rights?
7.3.2 Ex Officio Intervention on the Basis of Fundamental Rights?
7.4 Conclusion
Epilogue to Part II
E.II.1 Dimensions of the Autonomy/Solidarity Continuum
E.II.2 Social Justice in European Contract Law
E.II.3 Institutional Imagination
Summary and Conclusion
Bibliography
List of Cases
Index

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