Software Defined Mobile Networks (SDMN)
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Persons
Mr Madhusanka Liyanage, University of Oulu, Finland
Madhusanka Liyanage received the B.Sc. degree in electronics and telecommunication engineering from the University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, in 2009, the M.Eng. degree from the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, in 2011 and the M.Sc. degree from University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France in 2011.
Professor Andrei Gurtov, Aalto University, Finland
Andrei Gurtov received his M.Sc (2000) and Ph.D. (2004) degrees in Computer Science from the University of Helsinki, Finland. He is presently a visiting scholar at the International Computer Science Institute (ICSI), Berkeley. He was a Professor at University of Oulu in the area of Wireless Internet in 2010-12. He is also a Principal Scientist leading the Networking Research group at the Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT.
Professor?Mika Ylianttila, University of Oulu, Finland
Mika Ylianttila received his Doctoral Degree on Communications Engineering at the University of Oulu in 2005. He has worked as a researcher and professor at the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering. He is the director of the Center for Internet Excellence (CIE) research and innovation unit. He is also docent at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering.
Content
Editors xv
Contributors xvii
Foreword xxvii
Ulf Ewaldsson
Foreword xxix
Lauri Oksanen
Preface xxxi
Acknowledgments xxxvii
Abbreviations xxxix
Part I Introduction
1 Overview 3
Madhusanka Liyanage, Mika Ylianttila, and Andrei Gurtov
1.1 Present Mobile Networks and Their Limitations 4
1.2 Software Defined Mobile Network 5
1.3 Key Benefits of SDMN 7
1.4 Conclusion 9
References 9
2 Mobile Network History 11
Brian Brown, Rob Gonzalez, and Brian Stanford
2.1 Overview 11
2.2 The Evolution of the Mobile Network 12
2.2.1 Sharing Resources 13
2.2.2 Orchestration 14
2.2.3 Scalability 15
2.3 Limitations and Challenges in Current Mobile Networks 15
2.4 Requirement in Future Mobile Networks 18
Reference 19
3 Software Defined Networking Concepts 21
Xenofon Foukas, Mahesh K. Marina, and Kimon Kontovasilis
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 SDN History and Evolution 23
3.2.1 Early History of Programmable Networks 23
3.2.2 Evolution of Programmable Networks to SDN 25
3.3 SDN Paradigm and Applications 28
3.3.1 Overview of SDN Building Blocks 28
3.3.2 SDN Switches 30
3.3.3 SDN Controllers 31
3.3.4 SDN Programming Interfaces 34
3.3.5 SDN Application Domains 37
3.3.6 Relation of SDN to Network Virtualization and Network Function Virtualization 38
3.4 Impact of SDN to Research and Industry 39
3.4.1 Overview of Standardization Activities and SDN Summits 40
3.4.2 SDN in the Industry 41
3.4.3 Future of SDN 41
References 42
4 Wireless Software Defined Networking 45
Claude Chaudet and Yoram Haddad
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 SDN for Wireless 47
4.2.1 Implementations: OpenRoads and OpenRadio 49
4.2.2 SDR versus SDN 50
4.3 Related Works 50
4.4 Wireless SDN Opportunities 51
4.4.1 Multinetwork Planning 51
4.4.2 Handovers and Off?]Loading 53
4.4.3 Dead Zone Coverage 55
4.4.4 Security 55
4.4.5 CDN and Caching 56
4.5 Wireless SDN Challenges 56
4.5.1 Slice Isolation 56
4.5.2 Topology Discovery and Topology?]Related Problems 56
4.5.3 Resource Evaluation and Reporting 57
4.5.4 User and Operator Preferences 57
4.5.5 Nontechnical Aspects (Governance, Regulation, Etc.) 58
4.6 Conclusion 59
References 59
5 Leveraging SDN for the 5G Networks: Trends, Prospects, and Challenges 61
Akram Hakiri and Pascal Berthou
5.1 Introduction 61
5.2 Evolution of the Wireless Communication toward the 5G 62
5.2.1 Evolution of the Wireless World 62
5.3 Software Defined Networks 64
5.4 NFV 65
5.5 Information?]Centric Networking 67
5.6 Mobile and Wireless Networks 68
5.6.1 Mobility Management 68
5.6.2 Ubiquitous Connectivity 69
5.6.3 Mobile Clouds 70
5.7 Cooperative Cellular Networks 71
5.8 Unification of the Control Plane 73
5.8.1 Bringing Fixed-Mobile Networking Together 73
5.8.2 Creating a Concerted Convergence of Packet-Optical Networks 74
5.9 Supporting Automatic QoS Provisioning 75
5.10 Cognitive Network Management and Operation 76
5.11 Role of Satellites in the 5G Networks 77
5.12 Conclusion 79
References 79
Part II SDMN Architectures and Network Implementation
6 LTE Architecture Integration with SDN 83
Jose Costa?]Requena, Raimo Kantola, Jesús Llorente Santos, Vicent Ferrer Guasch, Maël Kimmerlin, Antti Mikola and Jukka Manner
6.1 Overview 83
6.2 Restructuring Mobile Networks to SDN 84
6.2.1 LTE Network: A Starting Point 84
6.2.2 Options for Location of the SDMN Controller 86
6.2.3 Vision of SDN in LTE Networks 88
6.3 Mobile Backhaul Scaling 91
6.4 Security and Distributed FW 95
6.4.1 Customer Edge Switching 97
6.4.2 RG 97
6.5 SDN and LTE Integration Benefits 98
6.6 SDN and LTE Integration Benefits for End Users 100
6.7 Related Work and Research Questions 103
6.7.1 Research Problems 104
6.7.2 Impact 104
6.8 Conclusions 104
References 105
7 EPC in the Cloud 107
James Kempf and Kumar Balachandran
7.1 Introduction 107
7.1.1 Origins and Evolution of SDN 108
7.1.2 NFV and Its Application 109
7.1.3 SDN and Cross?]Domain Service Development 112
7.2 EPC in the Cloud Version 1.0 115
7.3 EPC in the Cloud Version 2.0? 117
7.3.1 UE Multihoming 117
7.3.2 The EPC on SDN: OpenFlow Example 119
7.4 Incorporating Mobile Services into Cross?]Domain Orchestration with SP?]SDN 123
7.5 Summary and Conclusions 125
References 126
8 The Controller Placement Problem in Software Defined Mobile Networks (SDMN) 129
Hakan Selvi, Selcan Güner, Gürkan Gür, and Fatih Alagöz
8.1 Introduction 129
8.2 SDN and Mobile Networks 130
8.3 Performance Objectives for SDMN Controller Placement 132
8.3.1 Scalability 133
8.3.2 Reliability 133
8.3.3 Latency 134
8.3.4 Resilience 135
8.4 CPP 136
8.4.1 Placement of Controllers 137
8.4.2 Number of Required Controllers 143
8.4.3 CPP and Mobile Networks 145
8.5 Conclusion 146
References 147
9 Technology Evolution in Mobile Networks 149
Antti Tolonen and Sakari Luukkainen
9.1 Introduction 149
9.2 Generic Technology Evolution 150
9.3 Study Framework 152
9.4 Overview on Cloud Computing 153
9.5 Example Platform: OpenStack 154
9.5.1 OpenStack Design and Architecture 155
9.5.2 OpenStack Community 156
9.6 Case Analysis 156
9.6.1 Openness 157
9.6.2 Added Value 157
9.6.3 Experimentation 158
9.6.4 Complementary Technologies 158
9.6.5 Incumbent Role 159
9.6.6 Existing Market Leverage 160
9.6.7 Competence Change 160
9.6.8 Competing Technologies 160
9.6.9 System Architecture Evolution 161
9.6.10 Regulation 161
9.7 Discussion 162
9.8 Summary 164
Acknowledgments 165
References 165
Part III Traffic Transport and Network Management
10 Mobile Network Function and Service Delivery Virtualization and Orchestration 169
Peter Bosch, Alessandro Duminuco, Jeff Napper, Louis (Sam) Samuel, and Paul Polakos
10.1 Introduction 169
10.2 NFV 170
10.2.1 The Functionality of the Architecture 170
10.2.2 Operation of the ETSI NFV System 174
10.2.3 Potential Migration and Deployment Paths 177
10.2.4 NFV Summary 182
10.3 SDN 182
10.4 The Mobility Use Case 183
10.5 Virtual Networking in Data Centers 185
10.6 Summary 186
References 186
11 Survey of Traffic Management in Software Defined Mobile Networks 189
Zoltán Faigl and László Bokor
11.1 Overview 189
11.2 Traffic Management in Mobile Networks 190
11.3 QoS Enforcement and Policy Control in 3G/4G Networks 191
11.3.1 QoS for EPS Bearers 193
11.3.2 QoS for Non?]3GPP Access 195
11.3.3 QoS Enforcement in EPS 195
11.3.4 Policy and Charging Control in 3GPP 195
11.3.5 Policy Control Architecture 196
11.4 Traffic Management in SDMNs 198
11.4.1 Open Networking Foundation 198
11.4.2 The OF Protocol 199
11.4.3 Traffic Management and Offloading in Mobile Networks 200
11.5 ALTO in SDMNs 201
11.5.1 The ALTO Protocol 202
11.5.2 ALTO-SDN Use Case 202
11.5.3 The ALTO-SDN Architecture 204
11.5.4 Dynamic Network Information Provision 205
11.6 Conclusions 206
References 206
12 Software Defined Networks for Mobile Application Services 209
Ram Gopal Lakshmi Narayanan
12.1 Overview 209
12.2 Overview of 3GPP Network Architecture 210
12.3 Wireless Network Architecture Evolution toward NFV and SDN 212
12.3.1 NFV in Packet Core 212
12.3.2 SDN in Packet Core 213
12.4 NFV/SDN Service Chaining 215
12.4.1 Service Chaining at Packet Core 215
12.4.2 Traffic Optimization inside Mobile Networks 217
12.4.3 Metadata Export from RAN to Packet CN 221
12.5 Open Research and Further Study 222
References 223
13 Load Balancing in Software Defined Mobile Networks 225
Ijaz Ahmad, Suneth Namal Karunarathna, Mika Ylianttila, and Andrei Gurtov
13.1 Introduction 225
13.1.1 Load Balancing in Wireless Networks 226
13.1.2 Mobility Load Balancing 227
13.1.3 Traffic Steering 227
13.1.4 Load Balancing in Heterogeneous Networks 227
13.1.5 Shortcomings in Current Load Balancing Technologies 227
13.2 Load Balancing in SDMN 229
13.2.1 The Need of Load Balancing in SDMN 230
13.2.2 SDN?]Enabled Load Balancing 233
13.3 Future Directions and Challenges for Load Balancing Technologies 244
References 244
Part IV Res ource and Mobility Management
14 QoE Management Framework for Internet Services in SDN?]Enabled Mobile Networks 249
Marcus Eckert and Thomas Martin Knoll
14.1 Overview 249
14.2 Introduction 250
14.3 State of the Art 251
14.4 QoE Framework Architecture 252
14.5 Quality Monitoring 254
14.5.1 Flow Detection and Classification 254
14.5.2 Video Quality Measurement 255
14.5.3 Video Quality Rating 255
14.5.4 Method of Validation 257
14.5.5 Location?]Aware Monitoring 259
14.6 Quality Rules 259
14.7 QoE Enforcement (QEN) 260
14.8 Demonstrator 261
14.9 Summary 263
References 264
15 Software Defined Mobility Management for Mobile Internet 265
Jun Bi and You Wang
15.1 Chapter Overview 265
15.1.1 Mobility Management in the Internet 265
15.1.2 Integrating Internet Mobility Management and SDN 267
15.1.3 Chapter Organization 267
15.2 Internet Mobility and Problem Statement 268
15.2.1 Internet Mobility Overview 268
15.2.2 Problem Statement 271
15.2.3 Mobility Management Based on SDN 273
15.3 Software Defined Internet Mobility Management 274
15.3.1 Architecture Overview 274
15.3.2 An OpenFlow?]Based Instantiation 275
15.3.3 Binding Cache Placement Algorithm 277
15.3.4 System Design 281
15.4 Conclusion 285
References 285
16 Mobile Virtual Network Operators: A Software Defined Mobile Network Perspective 289
M. Bala Krishna
16.1 Introduction 289
16.1.1 Features of MVNO 291
16.1.2 Functional Aspects of MVNO 292
16.1.3 Challenges of MVNO 293
16.2 Architecture of MVNO: An SDMN Perspective 294
16.2.1 Types of MVNOs 294
16.2.2 Hierarchical MVNOs 294
16.3 MNO, MVNE, and MVNA Interactions with MVNO 296
16.3.1 Potential Business Strategies between MNOs, MVNEs, and MVNOs 299
16.3.2 Performance Gain with SDN Approach 300
16.3.3 Cooperation between MNOs and MVNOs 300
16.3.4 Flexible Business Models for Heterogeneous Environments 301
16.4 MVNO Developments in 3G, 4G, and LTE 303
16.4.1 MVNO User?]Centric Strategies for Mobility Support 303
16.4.2 Management Schemes for Multiple Interfaces 304
16.4.3 Enhancing Business Strategies Using SDN Approach 304
16.5 Cognitive MVNO 305
16.5.1 Cognitive Radio Management in MVNOs 305
16.5.2 Cognitive and SDN?]Based Spectral Allocation Strategies in MVNO 306
16.6 MVNO Business Strategies 307
16.6.1 Services and Pricing of MVNO 308
16.6.2 Resource Negotiation and Pricing 309
16.6.3 Pushover Cellular and Service Adoption Strategy 309
16.6.4 Business Relations between the MNO and MVNO 310
16.7 Conclusions 310
16.8 Future Directions 311
References 311
Part V Security and Economic Aspects
17 Software Defined Mobile Network Security 317
Ahmed Bux Abro
17.1 Introduction 317
17.2 Evolving Threat Landscape for Mobile Networks 318
17.3 Traditional Ways to Cope with Security
Threats in Mobile Networks 318
17.3.1 Introducing New Controls 318
17.3.2 Securing Perimeter 319
17.3.3 Building Complex Security Systems 320
17.3.4 Throwing More Bandwidth 320
17.4 Principles of Adequate Security for Mobile Network 320
17.4.1 Confidentiality 321
17.4.2 Integrity 321
17.4.3 Availability 321
17.4.4 Centralized Policy 321
17.4.5 Visibility 322
17.5 Typical Security Architecture for Mobile Networks 322
17.5.1 Pros 323
17.5.2 Cons 325
17.6 Enhanced Security for SDMN 325
17.6.1 Securing SDN Controller 325
17.6.2 Securing Infrastructure/Data Center 325
17.6.3 Application Security 326
17.6.4 Securing Management and Orchestration 326
17.6.5 Securing API and Communication 326
17.6.6 Security Technologies 326
17.7 SDMN Security Applications 327
17.7.1 Encryption: eNB to Network 327
17.7.2 Segmentation 327
17.7.3 Network Telemetry 329
References 329
18 Security Aspects of SDMN 331
Edgardo Montes de Oca and Wissam Mallouli
18.1 Overview 331
18.2 State of the Art and Security Challenges in SDMN Architectures 331
18.2.1 Basics 332
18.2.2 LTE?]EPC Security State of the Art 332
18.2.3 SDN Security in LTE?]EPC State of the Art 334
18.2.4 Related Work 339
18.3 Monitoring Techniques 344
18.3.1 DPI 347
18.3.2 NIDS 348
18.3.3 Software Defined Monitoring 349
18.4 Other Important Aspects 351
18.4.1 Reaction and Mitigation Techniques 351
18.4.2 Economically Viable Security Techniques for Mobile Networks 352
18.4.3 Secure Mobile Network Services and Security Management 353
18.5 Conclusion 354
References 355
19 SDMN: Industry Architecture Evolution Paths 357
Nan Zhang, Tapio Levä, and Heikki Hämmäinen
19.1 Introduction 357
19.2 From Current Mobile Networks to SDMN 358
19.2.1 Current Mobile Network Architecture 358
19.2.2 Evolutionary SDMN Architecture 359
19.2.3 Revolutionary SDMN Architecture 361
19.3 Business Roles of SDMN 362
19.4 Industry Architectures of Evolutionary SDMN 364
19.4.1 Monolithic MNO 364
19.4.2 Outsourced Subscriber Management 366
19.4.3 Outsourced Connectivity 368
19.5 Industry Architectures of Revolutionary SDMN 369
19.5.1 MVNO 369
19.5.2 Outsourced Interconnection 370
19.5.3 Outsourced Mobility Management 372
19.6 Discussion 372
References 374
Index 000
Contributors
Ahmed Bux Abro (CCDE, CCIE Security, CISSP) is a technologist, strategist, and contributor for multiple technology fronts such as Digital Transformation, IoE, ITaaS, Cloud, SDDC, and SDN. Bringing change through the technology innovation and being distinguished in developing new technologies, architectures, frameworks, solutions, and services to solve complex and challenging business problems have remained his area of focus. He has introduced various new frameworks, architectures and standards around Cloud, Network Function Virtualization, and SDN. He is author of a book, multiple drafts, and papers with some patents on the waiting list. Playing an influential and mentor role for the professional community by leading a program that enables senior architects and experts, and help them in attaining necessary professional skillset and certifications. He has played technology leader role in Fortune 50 in diverse markets (North America, EMEA, Asia) and industry sectors. He is also a frequent public speaker in multiple industry events.
Ijaz Ahmad received his B.Sc. degree in computer systems engineering from University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Peshawar, Pakistan, in 2008. He completed his M.Sc. (Technology) degree of wireless communications engineering with major in telecommunications engineering from University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, in 2012. Currently, he is a doctoral student with the Department of Communications Engineering, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, and a research scientist in Centre for Wireless Communications (CWC), Oulu, Finland. His research interest includes software defined mobile networks, network security, and network load balancing.
Fatih Alagöz is a professor in the Department of Computer Engineering, Bogazici University. He received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Middle East Technical University, Turkey, in 1992, and the M.Sc. and D.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from the George Washington University, USA, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. His current research interests are in the areas of wireless/mobile/satellite networks. He has contributed/managed to ten research projects for the US Army of Intelligence Center, Naval Research Laboratory, UAE Research Fund, Turkish Scientific Research Council, State Planning Organization of Turkey, BAP, etc. He has published more than 150 scholarly papers in selected journals and conferences.
M. Bala Krishna received the B.E. degree in computer engineering from Delhi Institute of Technology (presently Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology), University of Delhi, Delhi, India, and the M.Tech. degree in information technology from University School of Information Technology (presently University School of Information and Communication Technology), GGS Indraprastha University, Delhi, India. He had received his Ph.D. in computer engineering from JMI Central University, New Delhi, India. He had earlier worked as Senior Research Associate and Project Associate at Indian Institute Technology, Delhi, India, in the areas of Digital Systems and Embedded Systems. He has worked as Faculty Member and handled projects related to Networking and Communication. He is presently working as Assistant Professor in University School of Information and Communications Technology (formerly University School of Information Technology), GGS Indraprastha University, New Delhi, India. His areas of interest include computer networks, wireless networking and communications, mobile and ubiquitous computing, and embedded system design. He has publications in International Journals, Conferences and book chapters. His teaching areas include wireless networks, mobile computing, data and computer communications, embedded systems, programming languages, etc. His current research work includes wireless ad hoc and sensor networks, green networking and communications, cognitive networks and smart grid communications. He is member of IEEE and ACM Technical Societies.
Kumar Balachandran received his B.E. in electronics and communications engineering with honors in 1986 from the Regional Engineering College, Tiruchirapalli, India, and his masters and doctorate in computer and systems engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, in 1988 and 1992, respectively. His postgraduate work was on convolutional codes and trellis-coded modulation. He started his career at PCSI where he helped specify and build Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD). Since 1995, he has worked at Ericsson Research on a broad range of topics in wireless communications. He is well published and frequently invited as speaker and panelist. He is named on 54 US patents. He is currently Principal Research Engineer at Ericsson Research at San Jose. His recent work is on spectrum issues and 5G Systems.
Pascal Berthou is an associate professor of computer science in the University of Toulouse, France, and Senior Research Scientist at LAAS-CNRS French research Labs, Toulouse, France. His current research focuses on network QoS-support for autonomic applications, wireless sensor networks, multinetwork communication architecture, software defined networking, network virtualization, multimedia applications over QoS-based broadband satellite systems, 5G broadband wireless networks, middleware-based communication, and network emulation.
Jun Bi received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in computer science from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. He was a postdoctoral scholar at Bell Laboratories Research, and a research scientist at Bell Labs Research and Bell Labs Advanced Communication Technologies Center. Currently, he is a full professor and director of Network Architecture & IPv6 Research Division at Institute for Network Sciences and Cyberspace, Tsinghua University. His research interests include Internet architecture and protocols, future Internet (SDN and NDN), Internet routing, and source address validation and traceback. Please visit http://netarchlab.tsinghua.edu.cn/~junbi for more information. Jun Bi is the corresponding author of this chapter.
László Bokor graduated in 2004 with M.Sc. degree in computer engineering from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BME) at the Department of Telecommunications. In 2006, he received an M.Sc.+ degree in bank informatics from the same university's Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences. He is a Ph.D. candidate at BME, member of the IEEE, Multimedia Networks Laboratory, and Mobile Innovation Centre of BME where he works on advanced mobility management related projects (i.e., FP6-IST PHOENIX and ANEMONE, EUREKA-Celtic BOSS, FP7-ICT OPTIMIX, EURESCOM P1857, EUREKA-Celtic MEVICO, EUREKA-Celtic SIGMONA, and FP7-ICT CONCERTO).
Peter Bosch currently addresses cellular and noncellular packet routing combined with in-line service routing for 5G mobile systems. Before Peter designed and implemented the MobileVPN routing system used to manage mobility between cellular and non-cellular access systems by way of IP VPN/MP-BGP, codesigned and implemented the world's first UMTS HSDPA systems with MIMO technology, codesigned and implemented the UMTS base station router (BSR), designed and implemented LTE mobility solutions before these were standardized and worked on cloud operating systems and virtual radio access networks. Peter worked at Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent and Juniper before joining Cisco.
Brian Brown, CCIE #4805, is a solutions architect in the service provider group within the Cisco Advanced Services organization. In his 14 years at Cisco, he has supported large mobile and wireline networks around design and implementation of new technology. Brian earned his B.S. degree in computer engineering from Virginia Polytechnic and State University, and has worked in the networking industry for 20 years.
Claude Chaudet received his Ph.D. in 2004 from Insa de Lyon, France. He is now Associate Professor at Telecom ParisTech, where he conducts his research in the domains of wireless infrastructureless networks and embedded communicating devices. He published several articles on ad hoc, sensors and body area networks. Besides, he is also interested in large-scale networks where global properties can emerge from local behaviors and published papers related to intelligent transportation systems, smart grids and critical infrastructures protection.
Jose Costa-Requena is a research manager in the COMNET department. He has participated in several EU projects since 2002. Dr. Costa-Requena has been working both in AALTO and Nokia Ltd. for more than 10 years. He has been working as System Program Manager at Nokia with the development of mobile terminals, network infrastructures, and home appliances. He has managed large multisite projects with 10+ subcontractors and over 100 developers. He was in Nokia patenting board for 7+ years and holds 15+ granted patents and 40+ filed applications. He has several journal and conference publications. He is also a coauthor of IETF RFCs, and he has been delegate in 3GPP standardization forum working in architecture CN1, Security SA3 and Services SA2 working groups. Besides 10+ of experience in industry, he has large experience in managing EU projects such as MobileMan, DC2F, SCAMPI, MEVICO, SIGMONA, and PRECIOUS.
Alessandro Duminuco received a bachelor degree in 2003 and a master degree in 2006 in computer science engineering from Politecnico di Torino (Turin, Italy). In 2009, he received a Ph.D. in computer science from Telecom ParisTech at Eurecom (Sophia...
