Impedance Source Power Electronic Converters
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"Power engineers developing Z-source converters, and those who want to learn about this new topology, will find this book to be a very useful resource. It is very well written, clearly explains the technical details of the Z-source convert-er, and incorporates many circuit designs and applications." (IEEE Electrical Insulation magazine 04/05/2017)More details
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Content
Preface xii
Acknowledgment xiv
Bios xv
1 Background and Current Status 1
1.1 General Introduction to Electrical Power Generation 1
1.1.1 Energy Systems 1
1.1.2 Existing Power Converter Topologies 5
1.2 Z-Source Converter as Single-Stage Power Conversion System 10
1.3 Background and Advantages Compared to Existing Technology 11
1.4 Classification and Current Status 13
1.5 Future Trends 15
1.6 Contents Overview 15
Acknowledgment 16
References 16
2 Voltage-Fed Z-Source/Quasi-Z-Source Inverters 20
2.1 Topologies of Voltage-Fed Z-Source/Quasi-Z-Source Inverters 20
2.2 Modeling of Voltage-Fed qZSI 23
2.2.1 Steady-State Model 23
2.2.2 Dynamic Model 25
2.3 Simulation Results 30
2.3.1 Simulation of qZSI Modeling 30
2.3.2 Circuit Simulation Results of Control System 31
2.4 Conclusion 33
References 33
3 Current-Fed Z-Source Inverter 35
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Topology Modification 37
3.3 Operational Principles 39
3.3.1 Current-Fed Z-Source Inverter 39
3.3.2 Current-Fed Quasi-Z-Source Inverter 41
3.4 Modulation 44
3.5 Modeling and Control 46
3.6 Passive Components Design Guidelines 47
3.7 Discontinuous Operation Modes 48
3.8 Current-Fed Z-Source Inverter/Current-Fed Quasi-Z-Source
Inverter Applications 51
3.9 Summary 52
References 52
4 Modulation Methods and Comparison 54
4.1 Sinewave Pulse-Width Modulations 54
4.1.1 Simple Boost Control 55
4.1.2 Maximum Boost Control 55
4.1.3 Maximum Constant Boost Control 56
4.2 Space Vector Modulations 57
4.2.1 Traditional SVM 57
4.2.2 SVMs for ZSI/qZSI 57
4.3 Pulse-Width Amplitude Modulation 63
4.4 Comparison of All Modulation Methods 63
4.4.1 Performance Analysis 64
4.4.2 Simulation and Experimental Results 64
4.5 Conclusion 72
References 72
5 Control of Shoot-Through Duty Cycle: An Overview 74
5.1 Summary of Closed-Loop Control Methods 74
5.2 Single-Loop Methods 75
5.3 Double-Loop Methods 76
5.4 Conventional Regulators and Advanced Control Methods 76
References 77
6 Z-Source Inverter: Topology Improvements Review 78
6.1 Introduction 78
6.2 Basic Topology Improvements 79
6.2.1 Bidirectional Power Flow 79
6.2.2 High-Performance Operation 80
6.2.3 Low Inrush Current 80
6.2.4 Soft-Switching 80
6.2.5 Neutral Point 82
6.2.6 Reduced Leakage Current 82
6.2.7 Joint Earthing 82
6.2.8 Continuous Input Current 82
6.2.9 Distributed Z-Network 85
6.2.10 Embedded Source 85
6.3 Extended Boost Topologies 87
6.3.1 Switched Inductor Z-Source Inverter 87
6.3.2 Tapped-Inductor Z-Source Inverter 93
6.3.3 Cascaded Quasi-Z-Source Inverter 94
6.3.4 Transformer-Based Z-Source Inverter 97
6.3.5 High Frequency Transformer Isolated Z-Source Inverter 103
6.4 L-Z-Source Inverter 103
6.5 Changing the ZSI Topology Arrangement 105
6.6 Conclusion 109
References 109
7 Typical Transformer-Based Z-Source/Quasi-Z-Source Inverters 113
7.1 Fundamentals of Trans-ZSI 113
7.1.1 Configuration of Current-Fed and Voltage-Fed Trans-ZSI 113
7.1.2 Operating Principle of Voltage-Fed Trans-ZSI 116
7.1.3 Steady-State Model 117
7.1.4 Dynamic Model 119
7.1.5 Simulation Results 121
7.2 LCCT-ZSI/qZSI 122
7.2.1 Configuration and Operation of LCCT-ZSI 122
7.2.2 Configuration and Operation of LCCT-qZSI 124
7.2.3 Simulation Results 126
7.3 Conclusion 127
Acknowledgment 127
References 127
8 Z-Source/Quasi-Z-Source AC-DC Rectifiers 128
8.1 Topologies of Voltage-Fed Z-Source/Quasi-Z-Source Rectifiers 128
8.2 Operating Principle 129
8.3 Dynamic Modeling 130
8.3.1 DC-Side Dynamic Model of qZSR 130
8.3.2 AC-Side Dynamic Model of Rectifier Bridge 132
8.4 Simulation Results 134
8.5 Conclusion 137
References 137
9 Z-Source DC-DC Converters 138
9.1 Topologies 138
9.2 Comparison 140
9.3 Example Simulation Model and Results 141
References 147
10 Z-Source Matrix Converter 148
10.1 Introduction 148
10.2 Z-Source Indirect Matrix Converter (All-Silicon Solution) 151
10.2.1 Different Topology Configurations 151
10.2.2 Operating Principle and Equivalent Circuits 153
10.2.3 Parameter Design of the QZS-Network 156
10.2.4 QZSIMC (All-Silicon Solution) Applications 157
10.3 Z-Source Indirect Matrix Converter (Not All-Silicon Solution) 158
10.3.1 Different Topology Configurations 158
10.3.2 Operating Principle and Equivalent Circuits 160
10.3.3 Parameter Design of the QZS Network 164
10.3.4 ZS/QZSIMC (Not All-Silicon Solution) Applications 164
10.4 Z-Source Direct Matrix Converter 167
10.4.1 Alternative Topology Configurations 167
10.4.2 Operating Principle and Equivalent Circuits 170
10.4.3 Shoot-Through Boost Control Method 171
10.4.4 Applications of the QZSDMC 175
10.5 Summary 177
References 177
11 Energy Stored Z-Source/Quasi-Z-Source Inverters 179
11.1 Energy Stored Z-Source/Quasi-Z Source Inverters 179
11.1.1 Modeling of qZSI with Battery 180
11.1.2 Controller Design 182
11.2 Example Simulations 188
11.2.1 Case 1: SOCmin < SOC < SOCmax 188
11.2.2 Case 2: Avoidance of Battery Overcharging 190
11.3 Conclusion 192
References 193
12 Z-Source Multilevel Inverters 194
12.1 Z-Source NPC Inverter 194
12.1.1 Configuration 194
12.1.2 Operating Principles 195
12.1.3 Modulation Scheme 200
12.2 Z-Source/Quasi-Z-Source Cascade Multilevel Inverter 206
12.2.1 Configuration 206
12.2.2 Operating Principles 208
12.2.3 Modulation Scheme 209
12.2.4 System-Level Modeling and Control 213
12.2.5 Simulation Results 219
12.3 Conclusion 224
Acknowledgment 224
References 224
13 Design of Z-Source and Quasi-Z-Source Inverters 226
13.1 Z-Source Network Parameters 226
13.1.1 Inductance and Capacitance of Three-Phase qZSI 226
13.1.2 Inductance and Capacitance of Single-Phase qZSI 227
13.2 Loss Calculation Method 233
13.2.1 H-bridge Device Power Loss 233
13.2.2 qZS Diode Power Loss 236
13.2.3 qZS Inductor Power Loss 236
13.2.4 qZS Capacitor Power Loss 237
13.3 Voltage and Current Stress 237
13.4 Coupled Inductor Design 239
13.5 Efficiency, Cost, and Volume Comparison with Conventional Inverter 239
13.5.1 Efficiency Comparison 239
13.5.2 Cost and Volume Comparison 240
13.6 Conclusion 242
References 243
14 Applications in Photovoltaic Power Systems 244
14.1 Photovoltaic Power Characteristics 244
14.2 Typical Configurations of Single-Phase and Three-Phase Systems 245
14.3 Parameter Design Method 245
14.4 MPPT Control and System Control Methods 248
14.5 Examples Demonstration 249
14.5.1 Single-Phase qZS PV System and Simulation Results 249
14.5.2 Three-Phase qZS PV Power System and Simulation Results 249
14.5.3 1 MW/11 kV qZS CMI Based PV Power System and Simulation Results 250
14.6 Conclusion 253
References 255
15 Applications in Wind Power 256
15.1 Wind Power Characteristics 256
15.2 Typical Configurations 257
15.3 Parameter Design 257
15.4 MPPT Control and System Control Methods 259
15.5 Simulation Results of a qZS Wind Power System 261
15.6 Conclusion 264
References 265
16 Z-Source Inverter for Motor Drives Application: A Review 266
16.1 Introduction 266
16.2 Z-Source Inverter Feeding a Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor 269
16.3 Z-Source Inverter Feeding a Switched Reluctance Motor 270
16.4 Z-Source Inverter Feeding a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 273
16.5 Z-Source Inverter Feeding an Induction Motor 276
16.5.1 Scalar Control (V/F) Technique for ZSI-IM Drive System 276
16.5.2 Field Oriented Control Technique for ZSI-IM Drive System 279
16.5.3 Direct Torque Control (DTC) Technique for ZSI-IM Drive System 279
16.5.4 Predictive Torque Control for ZSI-IM Drive System 283
16.6 Multiphase Z-Source Inverter Motor Drive System 283
16.7 Two-Phase Motor Drive System with Z-Source Inverter 286
16.8 Single-Phase Induction Motor Drive System Using Z-Source Inverter 286
16.9 Z-Source Inverter for Vehicular Applications 286
16.10 Conclusion 289
References 290
17 Impedance Source Multi-Leg Inverters 295
17.1 Impedance Source Four-Leg Inverter 295
17.1.1 Introduction 295
17.1.2 Unbalanced Load Analysis Based on Fortescue Components 296
17.1.3 Effects of Unbalanced Load Condition 297
17.1.4 Inverter Topologies for Unbalanced Loads 300
17.1.5 Z-Source Four-Leg Inverter 302
17.1.6 Switching Schemes for Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverter 310
17.1.7 Buck/Boost Conversion Modes Analysis 316
17.2 Impedance Source Five-Leg (Five-Phase) Inverter 319
17.2.1 Five-Phase VSI Model 319
17.2.2 Space Vector PWM for a Five-Phase Standard VSI 322
17.2.3 Space Vector PWM for Five-Phase qZSI 323
17.2.4 Discontinuous Space Vector PWM for Five-Phase qZSI 324
17.3 Summary 326
References 326
18 Model Predictive Control of Impedance Source Inverter 329
18.1 Introduction 329
18.2 Overview of Model Predictive Control 330
18.3 Mathematical Model of the Z-Source Inverters 331
18.3.1 Overview of Topologies 331
18.3.2 Three-Phase Three-Leg Inverter Model 333
18.3.3 Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverter Model 335
18.3.4 Multiphase Inverter Model 338
18.4 Model Predictive Control of the Z-Source Three-Phase Three-Leg Inverter 342
18.5 Model Predictive Control of the Z-Source Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverter 349
18.5.1 Discrete-Time Model of the Output Current for Four-Leg Inverter 349
18.5.2 Control Algorithm 350
18.6 Model Predictive Control of the Z-Source Five-Phase Inverter 350
18.6.1 Discrete-Time Model of the Five-Phase Load 352
18.6.2 Cost Function for the Load Current 353
18.6.3 Control Algorithm 353
18.7 Performance Investigation 353
18.8 Summary 359
References 359
19 Grid Integration of Quasi-Z Source Based PV Multilevel Inverter 362
19.1 Introduction 362
19.2 Topology and Modeling 363
19.3 Grid Synchronization 364
19.4 Power Flow Control 365
19.4.1 Proportional Integral Controller 366
19.4.2 Model Predictive Control 372
19.5 Low Voltage Ride-Through Capability 379
19.6 Islanding Protection 381
19.6.1 Active Frequency Drift (AFD) 383
19.6.2 Sandia Frequency Shift (SFS) 383
19.6.3 Slip-Mode Frequency Shift (SMS) 383
19.6.4 Simulation Results 384
19.7 Conclusion 387
References 387
20 Future Trends 390
20.1 General Expectation 390
20.1.1 Volume and Size Reduction by Wide Band-Gap Devices 390
20.1.2 Parameters Minimization for Single-Phase qZS Inverter 391
20.1.3 Novel Control Methods 392
20.1.4 Future Applications 392
20.2 Illustration of Using Wide Band Gap Devices 393
20.2.1 Impact on Z-Source Network 394
20.2.2 Analysis and Evaluation of SiC Device Based qZSI 395
20.3 Conclusion 398
References 398
Index 401
1
Background and Current Status
Yushan Liu1, Haitham Abu-Rub1, Baoming Ge2, Frede Blaabjerg3, Poh Chiang Loh3 and Omar Ellabban1,4
1 Electrical and Computer Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
3 Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg East, Denmark
4 Department of Electrical Machines and Power Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
Significant research efforts are underway to develop commercially viable, technically feasible, highly efficient, and highly reliable power converters for renewable energy, electric transportation, and various industrial applications. This chapter presents state-of-the-art knowledge and cutting-edge techniques in various stages of research related to impedance source converters/inverters, including the concepts, advantages compared to existing technology, classification, current status, and future trends.
1.1 General Introduction to Electrical Power Generation
1.1.1 Energy Systems
Electric power generation comprises traditional power generation, such as hydroelectric, thermal and nuclear power production, and renewable energy sources, which already has a large penetration joined by photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy [1]. Climatic constraints and large amounts of pollution require us to limit our development and utilization of traditional energy. Renewable energy and energy savings are receiving a greater attention as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative. Figure 1.1 shows the the levels of annual global renewable energy in gigawatts (GW), including solar PV, concentrating solar power (CSP), wind, bioenergy, geothermal, ocean, and hydropower [2]. It can be seen that globally installed renewable energy shows a rapid increase since 2007. To 2013, the share of renewables in net capacity additions has reached 60%, doubling the share in 2007.
Figure 1.1 Global renewable energy annual changes in gigawatts (2001-2013) [2].
(Source: Reproduced with permission of REN21)
Among global renewable energy sources, wind and solar energy are the leading potential sources of electricity for the 21st century for several reasons: they utilize an abundant energy source (the sun or wind) and have no emissions. Furthermore, solar power can be easily integrated into buildings, and so on. Figure 1.2 shows the growth rates of installed capacity of different renewable energies in 2012 and in five years from 2007 to 2012 [2]; Figure 1.3(a) and (b) show globally installed wind and PV power capacity to 2014 [3, 4]. The cumulative capacity of wind reached 369.6 GW in 2014, and that of PV in 2014 is 177 GW. It can be seen that they have had a fast growth rate since 2007. In addition, fuel cells (FCs) have achieved global attention as an alternative power source for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) have generated interests among industrialists, environmentalists, and consumers. An FCV ensures the air quality, with the wide driving range and convenience of a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle.
Figure 1.2 Growth rates of installed capacity of different renewable energies [2].
(Source: Reproduced with permission of REN21)
Figure 1.3 Globally installed (a) wind power capacity [3]
(Source: Delphi234, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Global_Wind_Power_Cumulative_Capacity.svg.
Used under CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en) and (b) PV power capacity (to 2014) [4].
(Source: Reproduced with permission of IEA Photovoltaic Power System Programme)
Nevertheless, power generated by renewable energy sources is intermittent and heavily depends on the environmental conditions. For instance, the power incident on a solar panel, the panel temperature, and the solar panel voltage affect the utilization of solar power generation; similarly, wind speed, wind turbine angular speed, and pitch angle are critical to the amount of harvested wind power. They are unpredictable because of the weather and the seasons. The resultant impact of stochastic fluctuations will have a negative effect on the utility grid in grid-connected mode and on loads in standalone mode. Moreover, power consumption also presents its own characteristics of seasonal and human living habits. In spring and autumn, there are relatively more fine days with a lot of renewable energy compared with the other seasons. These seasons also have good weather; thus, electric loads such as air conditioners may be used less often. Consequently, increased generation from renewable energy power systems and reduced loads cause a voltage rise on the power distribution line. At weekends, during which the systems continue to produce the same amount of power and industrial loads are lower, the grid voltage and frequency could easily become high. Overvoltage may exceed the upper tolerance limit at the point of common coupling; usually grid overvoltage protection will regulate the output power of the renewable energy system if the AC voltage exceeds the control range. Fuel cells prefer to be operated at constant power to prolong their lifetime and it is also more efficient in this way. However, the traction power of a vehicle is ever-changing.
An energy storage unit installed in a renewable energy system may be used to compensate for the insufficient energy through charging and discharging the energy storage unit, so that renewable energy power systems can become more reliable by acquiring the possibility to cope with some important auxiliary services. Similarly, to balance the difference and also to handle regenerative energy, a battery is often used as an energy storage device in FCVs. Basically, the main source of the vehicle's power is the FC; the secondary power source is the battery, which stores excess energy from the FC, and from regenerative braking [5].
Efficient energy transfer and high reliability of power electronics, involved in the interface between the energy sources and the grid or loads, are essential for converting the fluctuating powers into suitable voltage and frequency AC power [6]. According to the configurations of PV panels between power converters, PV power systems are categorized into AC-module, string, multi-string, and central inverter-based topologies, as shown in Figure 1.4 [6-8]. Figure 1.5 shows wind power generation systems based on induction/synchronous generators (I/SG) or doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) [9, 10]. To maximize the energy production in all operating conditions, various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods, such as hill-climbing, perturb and observe, incremental conductance, fuzzy theory, and genetic algorithms, have been developed for solar panel, wind turbine, and FC [11, 12], which are fulfilled by back-end power conversion devices. Appropriate energy management for energy sources, energy storage batteries, and grids has been explored for smoothing the power integrated into utility grids, which is also achieved by the power electronics-based conditioning units [13, 14]. Therefore, the efficiency of the whole power generation system finally depends on the inverters/converters used.
Figure 1.4 PV power systems categorized by configurations of PV panels between power converters.
(Source: Kjaer 2005 [8]. Reproduced with permission of IEEE)
Figure 1.5 Wind power generation systems based on (a) induction/synchronous generator (I/SG), and (b) doubly fed induction generator (DFIG).
(Source: Blaabjerg 2013 [9]. Reproduced with permission of IEEE)
1.1.2 Existing Power Converter Topologies
Converters are widely used in industry for performing energy conversion from one form to another [15-19]. Typical examples are adjustable speed motor drives, electric power interfaces, uninterruptible power supplies, rectifiers, and power factor correctors. Traditionally, these applications use a two-level voltage-source converter, but as the power and switching ranges increase, the two-level topology is increasingly viewed as inappropriate. The main restriction is related to the semiconductor manufacturing technology: current power devices have limited voltage rating, current rating, and switching frequency. In addition, there is currently no immediately available low-cost solution for mass-producing devices made from silicon carbide (SiC) or gallium nitride (GaN), even though there are some promising developments. Therefore, instead of waiting for a breakthrough in semiconductor technology, a more effective and immediate approach for resolving present restrictions is to use multilevel converters. The advantages of multilevel converters include their well-recognized suitability for high power applications, improved harmonic performance, reduced electromagnetic interference (EMI), and a larger pool of discrete voltage levels for flexibly synthesizing the desired output voltage waveform. Multilevel converters are therefore important to the power electronic community, and will hence be reviewed briefly after introducing the basic two-level converters that have been in existence for several decades [18,...
