Light Metals 2011
Published on 23. December 2016
MCCLXII, 1164 pages
978-3-319-48160-9 (ISBN)
Description
The Light Metals symposia are a key part of the TMS Annual Meeting & Exhibition, presenting the most recent developments, discoveries, and practices in primary aluminum science and technology. Publishing the proceedings from these important symposia, the Light Metals volume has become the definitive reference in the field of aluminum production and related light metal technologies. Light Metals 2011 offers a mix of the latest scientific research findings and applied technology, covering alumina and bauxite, aluminum reduction technology, aluminum rolling, cast shop for aluminum production, electrode technology, and furnace efficiency.
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Stephen J. Lindsay
Light Metals 2011
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04/2011
Wiley-TMS
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The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) is a member-driven international professional society dedicated to fostering the exchange of learning and ideas across the entire range of materials science and engineering, from minerals processing and primary metals production, to basic research and the advanced applications of materials. Included among its nearly 13,000 professional and student members are metallurgical and materials engineers, scientists, researchers, educators, and administrators from more than 70 countries on six continents. For more information on TMS, visit www.tms.org.
Content
1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Title Page [Seite 3]
3 - Copyright Page [Seite 4]
4 - Table of Contents [Seite 5]
5 - Preface [Seite 21]
6 - About the Editor [Seite 22]
7 - Program Organizers [Seite 23]
8 - Aluminum Committee [Seite 29]
9 - Alumina and Bauxite [Seite 30]
9.1 - Organizers [Seite 30]
9.2 - Bauxite Resources and Utilisation [Seite 31]
9.2.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 31]
9.2.2 - New Development Model for Bauxite Deposits [Seite 32]
9.2.3 - Study on the Characterization of Marginal Bauxite from Pará/Brazil [Seite 39]
9.2.4 - Resource Utilization of High-sulfur Bauxite of Low-median Grade in Chongqing China [Seite 45]
9.2.5 - Development of Bauxite and Alumina Resources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [Seite 49]
9.2.6 - Digestion Studies on Central Indian Bauxite [Seite 55]
9.2.7 - Effects of Roasting Pretreatment in Intense Magnetic Field on Digestion Performance of Diasporic Bauxite [Seite 59]
9.3 - Bayer Process I [Seite 64]
9.3.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 64]
9.3.2 - Application of Operation Integrity Management in the Alumina Industry [Seite 65]
9.3.3 - Influence of Solid Concentration, Particle Size Distribution, Ph And Temperature on Yield Stress of Bauxite Pulp [Seite 70]
9.3.4 - A New Method for Removal Organics in the Bayer Process [Seite 74]
9.3.5 - Alunorte Expansion 3 - The New Lines Added to Reach 6.3 Million Tons per Year [Seite 79]
9.3.6 - One Green Field Megaton Grade Large Alumina Refinery with Successful Engineering & Operation Experience [Seite 85]
9.3.7 - Advanced Process Control in the Evaporation Unit [Seite 90]
9.3.8 - Improvements in Smelter Grade Alumina Quality at Clarendon Alumina Works [Seite 95]
9.4 - Red Mud [Seite 98]
9.4.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 98]
9.4.2 - Application of Nanofiltration Technology to Improve Sea Water Neutralization of Bayer Process Residue [Seite 99]
9.4.3 - Caustic and Alumina Recovery from Bayer Residue [Seite 106]
9.4.4 - Investigation on Alumina Discharge into the Red Mud Pond at Nalco's Alumina Refinery, Damanjodi, Orissa, India [Seite 109]
9.4.5 - Production of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) from NALCO Red Mud [Seite 113]
9.4.6 - Recovery of Metal Values from Red Mud [Seite 119]
9.4.7 - Red Mud Flocculants used in the Bayer Process [Seite 123]
9.4.8 - Reductive Smelting of Greek Bauxite Residues for Iron Production [Seite 129]
9.5 - Precipitation, Calcination and Properties [Seite 134]
9.5.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 134]
9.5.2 - Effect of Technological Parameters on PSD of Aluminum Tri-Hydroxide from Seed Precipitation in Seeded Sodium Aluminate Solutions [Seite 135]
9.5.3 - Methods to Reduce Operating Costs in Circulating Fluidized Bed Calcination [Seite 138]
9.5.4 - Pressure Calcination Revisited [Seite 144]
9.5.5 - Dynamic Simulation of Gas Suspension Calciner (GSC) for Alumina [Seite 150]
9.5.6 - Physical Simulation and Numerical Simulation of Mixing Performance in the Seed Precipitation Tank with a Improved Intermig Impeller [Seite 157]
9.5.7 - Two Perspectives on the Evolution and Future of Alumina [Seite 163]
9.5.8 - Significant Improvement of Energy Efficiency at Alunorte's Calcination Facility [Seite 168]
9.5.9 - Attrition of Alumina in Smelter Handling and Scrubbing Systems [Seite 174]
9.6 - Energy and Environment [Seite 180]
9.6.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 180]
9.6.2 - Perspective on Bayer Process Energy [Seite 181]
9.6.3 - Optimization of Heat Recovery from the Precipitation Circuit [Seite 185]
9.6.4 - Alunorte Global Energy Efficiency [Seite 189]
9.6.5 - Opportunities for Improved Environmental Control in the Alumina Industry [Seite 195]
9.6.6 - Alumina Refinery Wastewater Management: When Zero Discharge Just Isn't Feasible- [Seite 201]
9.6.7 - High Purity Alumina Powders Extracted from Aluminum Dross by the Calcining-Leaching Process [Seite 207]
9.6.8 - Effect of Calcium/Aluminium Ratio on MgO Containing Calcium Aluminate Slags [Seite 211]
9.6.9 - Study on Extracting Aluminum Hydroxide from Reduction Slag of Magnesium Smelting by Vacuum Aluminothermic Reduction [Seite 215]
9.6.10 - Application of Thermo-gravimetric Analysis for Estimation of Tri-hydrate Alumina in Central Indian Bauxites-An Alternative for Classical Techniques [Seite 220]
9.6.11 - Determination of Oxalate Ion in Bayer Liquor Using Electrochemical Method [Seite 224]
9.7 - Alternative Alumina Sources - Poster Session [Seite 227]
9.7.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 227]
9.7.2 - The Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment on Alumina Leaching from Calcium Aluminate Slag [Seite 228]
9.7.3 - Theory and Experiment on Cooling Strategy during Seeded Precipitation [Seite 233]
9.7.4 - Extraction of Alumina from Red Mud by Divalent Alkaline Earth Metal Soda Ash Sinter Process [Seite 237]
9.7.5 - Dissolution Kinetics of Silicon from Sintering Red Mud in Pure Water [Seite 243]
9.7.6 - The Effect of Cooling Rate on the Leachability of Calcium Aluminate Slags [Seite 247]
9.7.7 - Preparing Polymerized Aluminum-ferrum Chloride with Red Mud [Seite 251]
9.7.8 - Adsorption of Polyethylene Glycol at the Interface of Dicalcium Silicate - Sodium Aluminate Solution [Seite 256]
9.7.9 - Production of Hematite Ore from Red Mud [Seite 260]
10 - Aluminum Reduction Technology [Seite 264]
10.1 - Organizers [Seite 264]
10.2 - Enviroment- Emissions/ Anode Effect I [Seite 265]
10.2.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 265]
10.2.2 - HF Measurements Inside an Aluminium Electrolysis Cell [Seite 266]
10.2.3 - LasIRTM-R - The New Generation RoHS-Compliant Gas Analyzers Based on Tunable Diode Lasers [Seite 272]
10.2.4 - Use of Spent Potlining (SPL) in Ferro Silico Manganese Smelting [Seite 277]
10.2.5 - Reduction of PFC Emissions at Pot Line 70 kA of Companhia Brasileira de Alumínio [Seite 283]
10.2.6 - Towards Redefining the Alumina Specifications Sheet - The Case of HF Emissions [Seite 287]
10.2.7 - Design of Experiment to Minimize Fluoride and Particulate Emissions at Alumar [Seite 293]
10.2.8 - Innovative Distributed Multi-Pollutant Pot Gas Treatment System [Seite 297]
10.2.9 - Fluoride Emissions Management Guide (FEMG) for Aluminium Smelters [Seite 303]
10.3 - Enviroment- Emissions/ Anode Effect II [Seite 309]
10.3.1 - On Continuous PFC Emission Unrelated to Anode Effects [Seite 310]
10.3.2 - Monitoring Air Fluoride Concentration around ALUAR Smelter in Puerto Madryn (Chubut Province, Argentina) [Seite 316]
10.3.3 - Reduction of Anode Effect Duration in 400kA Prebake Cells [Seite 319]
10.3.4 - Sustainable Anode Effect Based Perfluorocarbon Emission Reduction [Seite 324]
10.3.5 - The Initiation, Propagation and Termination of Anode Effects in Hall-Héroult Cells [Seite 328]
10.3.6 - Towards Eliminating Anode Effects [Seite 332]
10.3.7 - Correlation between Moisture and HF Formation in the Aluminium Process [Seite 337]
10.3.8 - Particulate Emissions from Electrolysis Cells [Seite 343]
10.3.9 - Investigation of Solutions to Reduce Fluoride Emissions from Anode Butts and Crust Cover Material [Seite 349]
10.3.10 - PFC Survey in Some Smelters of China [Seite 355]
10.3.11 - Considerations Regarding High Draft Ventilation as an Air Emission Reduction Tool [Seite 359]
10.4 - Cells Thermal Balance [Seite 365]
10.4.1 - Increasing the Power Modulation Window of Aluminium Smelter Pots with Shell Heat Exchanger Technology [Seite 366]
10.4.2 - New Approaches to Power Modulation at TRIMET Hamburg [Seite 372]
10.4.3 - Some Aspects of Heat Transfer Between Bath and Sideledge in Aluminium Reduction Cells [Seite 377]
10.4.4 - Towards a Design Tool for Self-heated Cells Producing Liquid Metal by Electrolysis [Seite 383]
10.4.5 - Heat Recovery from Aluminium Reduction Cells [Seite 389]
10.4.6 - Effects of Composition and Granulometry on Thermal Conductivity of Anode Cover Materials [Seite 395]
10.4.7 - Restart of 300kA Potlines after 5 Hours Power Failure [Seite 401]
10.4.8 - Multiblock Monitoring of Aluminum Reduction Cells Performance [Seite 403]
10.5 - Cells Technology, Development and Sustainability [Seite 409]
10.5.1 - High Amperage Operation of AP18 pots at Karmøy [Seite 410]
10.5.2 - Aluminium Smelter Manufacturing Simulation - Can These Bring Real Cost Savings? [Seite 415]
10.5.3 - Simultaneous Preheating and Fast Restart of 50 Aluminium Reduction Cells in an Idled Potline - A New Soft Re-start Technique for a Pot Line [Seite 418]
10.5.4 - SWOT Perspectives of Midage Prebaked Aluminium Smelter [Seite 424]
10.5.5 - Integrated Approach for Safe and Efficient Plant Layout Development [Seite 430]
10.5.6 - New Progress on Application of NEUI400kA Family High Energy Efficiency Aluminum Reduction Pot ("HEEP") Technology [Seite 435]
10.5.7 - Improving Current Efficiency of Aged Reduction Lines at Aluminium Bahrain (Alba) [Seite 441]
10.5.8 - Development of NEUI500kA Family High Energy Efficiency Aluminum Reduction Pot ("HEEP") Technology [Seite 446]
10.5.9 - Current Efficiency for Aluminium Deposition from Molten Cryolite-alumina Electrolytes in a Laboratory Cell [Seite 452]
10.6 - Improvement in Cell Equipment and Design [Seite 455]
10.6.1 - Retrofit of a Combined Breaker Feeder with a Chisel Bath Contact Detection System to Reduce Anode Effect Frequency in a Potroom [Seite 456]
10.6.2 - Anode Dusting from a Potroom Perspective at Nordural and Correlation with Anode Properties [Seite 460]
10.6.3 - The Application of Continuous Improvement to Aluminium Potline Design and Equipment [Seite 466]
10.6.4 - Alcoa STARprobeTM [Seite 472]
10.6.5 - Active Pot Control using Alcoa STARprobeTM [Seite 479]
10.6.6 - Technology & Equipment for Starting Up & Shutting Down Aluminium Pots under Full Amperage [Seite 485]
10.6.7 - Study on Solution of Al2O3 in Low Temperature Aluminum Electrolyte [Seite 491]
10.6.8 - Applications of New Structure Reduction Cell Technology in Chalco's Smelters [Seite 496]
10.6.9 - Transport Numbers in the Molten System NaF-KF-AlF3-Al2O3 [Seite 500]
10.7 - Cells Process Modeling [Seite 504]
10.7.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 504]
10.7.2 - Development and Application of an ANSYS Based Thermo-electro-mechanical Collector Bar Slot Design Tool [Seite 505]
10.7.3 - Impact of Amperage Creep on Potroom Busbars and Electrical Insulation: Thermal-Electrical Aspects [Seite 511]
10.7.4 - Modern Design of Potroom Ventilation [Seite 517]
10.7.5 - A Preliminary Finite Element Electrochemical Model for Modelling Ionic Species Transport in the Cathode Block of a Hall-Héroult Cell [Seite 522]
10.7.6 - CFD Modelling of Alumina Mixing in Aluminium Reduction Cells [Seite 528]
10.7.7 - Bubble Transport by Electro-Magnetophoretic Foces at Anode Botttom of Aluminium Cells [Seite 534]
10.7.8 - Anodic Voltage Oscillations in Hall-Héroult Cells [Seite 540]
10.8 - Energy Savings by Cell Design Improvements [Seite 546]
10.8.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 546]
10.8.2 - Electrical Conductivity of the KF-NaF- AlF3 Molten System at Low Cryolite Ratio with CaF2 Additions [Seite 547]
10.8.3 - Study of ACD Model and Energy Consumption in Aluminum Reduction Cells [Seite 550]
10.8.4 - Modeling of Energy Savings by Using Cathode Design and Inserts [Seite 552]
10.8.5 - Experimental Investigation of Single Bubble Characteristics in a Cold Model of a Hall-Héroult Electrolytic Cell [Seite 558]
10.8.6 - Large Gas Bubbles under the Anodes of Aluminum Electrolysis Cells [Seite 564]
10.8.7 - Initiatives to Reduction of Aluminum Potline Energy Consumption Alcoa Poços de Caldas/Brazil [Seite 570]
10.8.8 - Overview of High-Efficiency Energy Saving for Aluminium Reduction Cell [Seite 574]
10.8.9 - Cell Voltage Noise Reduction Based on Wavelet in Aluminum Reduction Cell [Seite 582]
10.9 - Poster Session [Seite 585]
10.9.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 585]
10.9.2 - Human Factors in Operational and Control Decision Making in Aluminium Smelters [Seite 586]
11 - Aluminum Rolling [Seite 591]
11.1 - Organizers [Seite 591]
11.2 - Session I [Seite 592]
11.2.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 592]
11.2.2 - An Investigation of Deformation Behavior of Bimetal Clad Sheets by Asymmetrical Rolling at Room Temperature [Seite 593]
11.2.3 - Coil Build Up Compensation during Cold Rolling to Improve Off-line Flatness [Seite 598]
11.2.4 - Through Process Effects on Final Al-sheet Flatness [Seite 602]
12 - Cast Shop for Aluminum Production [Seite 608]
12.1 - Organizers [Seite 608]
12.2 - Casthouse Productivity and Safety [Seite 609]
12.2.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 609]
12.2.2 - New Casthouse Smelter Layout for the Production of Small Non-Alloyed Ingots: Three Furnaces/Two Lines [Seite 610]
12.2.3 - Use of Process Simulation to Design a Billet Casthouse [Seite 615]
12.2.4 - Optimizing Scrap Reuse as a Key Element in Efficient Aluminium Cast Houses [Seite 621]
12.2.5 - Implementation of an Effective Energy Management Program Supported by a Case Study [Seite 626]
12.2.6 - Molten Metal Safety Approach through a Network [Seite 630]
12.2.7 - Improved Monolithic Materials for Lining Aluminum Holding & Melting Furnaces [Seite 636]
12.3 - Direct Chill Casting [Seite 640]
12.3.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 640]
12.3.2 - Cold Cracking during Direct-chill Casting [Seite 641]
12.3.3 - Surface Defects Structures on Direct Chill Cast 6xxx Aluminium Billets [Seite 647]
12.3.4 - Effect of Cooling Water Quality on Dendrite Arm Spacing of DC Cast Billets [Seite 653]
12.3.5 - Mould Wall Heat Flow Mechanism in a DC Casting Mould [Seite 659]
12.3.6 - Productivity Improvements at Direct Chill Casting Unit in Aluminium Bahrain (ALBA) [Seite 664]
12.3.7 - The Coupling of Macrosegregation with Grain Nucleation, Growth and Motion in DC Cast Aluminum Alloy Ingots [Seite 669]
12.3.8 - Investment Casting of Surfaces with Microholes and Their Possible Applications [Seite 675]
12.3.9 - Using SEM and EDX for a Simple Differentiation of Alpha- and Beta-AlFeSi-Phases in Wrought Aluminum Billets [Seite 680]
12.4 - Dross Formation, Control and Handling [Seite 686]
12.4.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 686]
12.4.2 - Oxidation of AlMg in Dry and Humid Atmospheres [Seite 687]
12.4.3 - Study of Early Stage Interaction of Oxygen with Al [Seite 693]
12.4.4 - Quality Assessment of Recycled Aluminium [Seite 699]
12.5 - Melt Quality Control [Seite 704]
12.5.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 704]
12.5.2 - In-Line Salt-ACDTM: A Chlorine-Free Technology for Metal Treatment [Seite 705]
12.5.3 - The Effect of TiB2 Granules on Metal Quality [Seite 711]
12.5.4 - Thermodynamic Analysis of Ti, Zr, V and Cr Impurities in Aluminium Melt [Seite 717]
12.5.5 - Current Technologies for the Removal of Iron from Aluminum Alloys [Seite 723]
12.5.6 - Electromagnetically Enhanced Filtration of Aluminum Melts [Seite 729]
12.5.7 - A Review of the Development of New Filter Technologies Based on the Principle of Multi Stage Filtration With Grain Refiner Added in the Intermediate Stage [Seite 735]
12.5.8 - Wettability of Aluminium with SiC and Graphite in Aluminium Filtration [Seite 741]
12.5.9 - Study of Microporosity Formation under Different Pouring Conditions in A356 Aluminum Alloy Castings [Seite 749]
12.6 - Grain Refinement, Alloying, Solidification and Casting [Seite 756]
12.6.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 756]
12.6.2 - Hycast Gas Cushion (GC) Billet Casting System [Seite 757]
12.6.3 - Studies of Fluid Flow and Meniscus Behavior during Horizontal Single Belt Casting (HSBC) of Thin Metallic Strips [Seite 761]
12.6.4 - Development of Alba High Speed Alloy [Seite 767]
12.6.5 - Dissolution Studies of Si Metal in Liquid Al under Different Forced Convection Conditions [Seite 0]
12.6.6 - Modification and Grain Refinement of Eutectics to Improve Performance of Al-Si Castings [Seite 778]
12.6.7 - Production of Al-Ti-C Grain Refiners with the Addition of Elemental Carbon and K2TiF6 [Seite 784]
12.6.8 - Effect of Mechanical Vibrations on Microstructure Refinement of Al-7mass% Si Alloys [Seite 789]
12.6.9 - Predicting the Response of Aluminum Casting Alloys to Heat Treatment [Seite 793]
13 - Electrode Technology for Aluminium Production [Seite 799]
13.1 - Organizers [Seite 799]
13.2 - Anode Baking [Seite 800]
13.2.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 800]
13.2.2 - Determination of Coke Calcination Level and Anode Baking Level - Application and Reproducibility of L-sub-c Based Methods [Seite 801]
13.2.3 - Operation of an Open Type Anode Baking Furnace with a Temporary Crossover [Seite 807]
13.2.4 - Recent Developments in Anode Baking Furnace Design [Seite 813]
13.2.5 - Sohar Aluminium's Anode Baking Furnace Operation [Seite 819]
13.2.6 - Meeting the Challenge of Increasing Anode Baking Furnace Productivity [Seite 824]
13.2.7 - Wireless Communication for Secured Firing and Control Systems in Anode Baking Furnaces [Seite 830]
13.2.8 - Full Control of Pitch Burn during Baking: It's Impact on Anode Quality, Operational Safety, Maintenance and Operational Costs [Seite 834]
13.2.9 - High Performance Sealing for Anode Baking Furnaces [Seite 840]
13.3 - Anode Raw Materials and Green Carbon [Seite 845]
13.3.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 845]
13.3.2 - Property Profile of Lab-scale Anodes Produced with 180°C Mettler Coal Tar Pitch [Seite 846]
13.3.3 - Quality and Process Performance of Rotary Kilns and Shaft Calciners [Seite 851]
13.3.4 - Sub-surface Carbon Dioxide Reaction in Anodes [Seite 857]
13.3.5 - Paste Quality Improvements at Alcoa Poços de Caldas Plant [Seite 863]
13.3.6 - Prebaked Anode from Coal Extract (2) - Effects of the Properties of Hypercoal-coke on the Preformance of Prebaked Anodes [Seite 869]
13.3.7 - The New Generation of Vertical Shaft Calciner Technology [Seite 873]
13.4 - Petroleum Coke VBD [Seite 878]
13.4.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 878]
13.4.2 - Historical and Future Challenges with the Vibrated Bulk Density Test Methods for Determining Porosity of Calcined Petroleum Coke [Seite 879]
13.4.3 - Prediction of Calcined Coke Bulk Density [Seite 885]
13.4.4 - Calcined Coke Particle Size and Crushing Steps Affect Its VBD Result [Seite 891]
13.4.5 - Bulk Density - Overview of ASTM and ISO Methods with Examples of Between Laboratory Comparisons [Seite 894]
13.4.6 - Improving the Repeatability of Coke Bulk Density Testing [Seite 900]
13.4.7 - ASTM D7454 Vibrated Bulk Density Method - Principles and Limitations [Seite 906]
13.4.8 - Vibrated Bulk Density (VBD) of Calcined Petroleum Coke and Implications of Changes in the ASTM Method D4292 [Seite 911]
13.5 - Anode Quality and Rodding Processes [Seite 916]
13.5.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 916]
13.5.2 - Multivariate Monitoring of the Prebaked Anode Manufacturing Process and Anode Quality [Seite 917]
13.5.3 - Characterization of a Full Scale Prebaked Carbon Anode using X-Ray Computerized Tomography [Seite 923]
13.5.4 - FEM Analysis of the Anode Connection in Aluminium Reduction Cells [Seite 929]
13.5.5 - Development of Industrial Benchmark Finite Element Analysis Model to Study Energy Efficient Electrical Connections for Primary Aluminium Smelters [Seite 935]
13.5.6 - Real Time Temperature Distribution During Sealing Process and Room Temperature Air Gap Measurements of a Hall-Héroult Cell Anode [Seite 941]
13.5.7 - Effects of High Temperatures and Pressures on Cathode and Anode Interfaces in a Hall-Heroult Electrolytic Cell [Seite 947]
13.5.8 - New Apparatus for Characterizing Electrical Contact Resistance and Thermal Contact Conductance [Seite 953]
13.5.9 - Carbon Anode Modeling for Electric Energy Savings in the Aluminium Reduction Cell [Seite 959]
13.6 - Cathode Design and Operation [Seite 965]
13.6.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 965]
13.6.2 - Preheating Collector Bars and Cathode Blocks Prior to Rodding with Cast Iron by Passing an AC Current Through the Collector Bars [Seite 966]
13.6.3 - Development and Application of an Energy Saving Technology for Aluminum Reduction Cells [Seite 972]
13.6.4 - Study of Electromagnetic Field in 300kA Aluminium Reduction Cells with Innovation Cathode Structure [Seite 977]
13.6.5 - Evaluation of the Thermophysical Properties of Silicon Carbide, Graphitic and Graphitized Carbon Sidewall Lining Materials Used in Aluminium Reduction Cell in Function of Temperature [Seite 982]
13.6.6 - Advanced Numerical Simulation of the Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Behaviour of Hall-Héroult Cells under Electrical Preheating [Seite 988]
13.6.7 - Influence of Technological and Constructive Parameters on the Integrity of the Bottom of Aluminum Reduction Cells during Flame Preheating [Seite 994]
13.6.8 - Creep Behaviors of Industrial Graphitic and Graphitized Cathodes during Modified Rapoport Tests [Seite 1000]
13.7 - Cathode Materials and Wear [Seite 1005]
13.7.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 1005]
13.7.2 - Measurement of Cathode Surface Wear Profiles by Laser Scanning [Seite 1006]
13.7.3 - Coke Selection Criteria for Abrasion Resistant Graphitized Cathodes [Seite 1012]
13.7.4 - Determination of the Effect of Pitch-Impregnation on Cathode Erosion Rate [Seite 1018]
13.7.5 - Simplifying Protection System to Prolong Cell Life [Seite 1024]
13.7.6 - Aluminate Spinels as Sidewall Linings for Aluminum Smelters [Seite 1030]
13.7.7 - A New Ramming Paste with Improved Potlining Working Conditions [Seite 1036]
13.7.8 - Towards a Better Understanding of Carburation Phenomenon [Seite 1042]
13.7.9 - Characterization of Sodium and Fluorides Penetration into Carbon Cathodes by Image Analysis and SEM-EDS Techniques [Seite 1048]
13.8 - Inert Anodes and Wettable Cathodes [Seite 1053]
13.8.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 1053]
13.8.2 - Pressureless Sintering of TiB2-based Composites using Ti and Fe Additives for Development of Wettable Cathodes [Seite 1054]
13.8.3 - Furan Resin and Pitch Blends as Binders for TiB2-C Cathodes [Seite 1060]
13.8.4 - Influence of Cobalt Additions on Electrochemical Behaviour of Ni-Fe-Based Anodes for Aluminium Electrowinning [Seite 1065]
13.8.5 - Effects of the Additive ZrO2 on Properties of Nickel Ferrite Cermet Inert Anode [Seite 1071]
13.8.6 - Effect of Sintering Atmosphere on Phase Composition and Mechanical Property of 5Cu/(10NiO-NiFe2O4) Cermet Anodes for Aluminum Electrolysis [Seite 1077]
13.9 - Poster Session - Electrode [Seite 1082]
13.9.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 1082]
13.9.2 - Influence of Ultrafine Powder on the Properties of Carbon Anode Used in Aluminum Electrolysis [Seite 1083]
13.9.3 - Preparation NiFe2O4 Matrix Inert Anode Used in Aluminum Electrolysis by Adding Nanopowder [Seite 1088]
13.9.4 - Cold Water Model Simulation of Aluminum Liquid Fluctuations Induced by Anodic Gas in New Tape of Cathode Structure Aluminum Electrolytic Cell [Seite 1093]
13.9.5 - Effects of Physical Properties of Anode Raw Materials on the Paste Compaction Behavior [Seite 1099]
14 - Furnace Efficiency - Energy and Throughput [Seite 1103]
14.1 - Organizers [Seite 1103]
14.2 - Session I [Seite 1104]
14.2.1 - Furnaces Designed for Fuel Efficiency [Seite 1105]
14.2.2 - Latest Trends in Post Consumer and Light Gauge Scrap Processing to include Problematic Materials such as UBC, Edge Trimming and Loose Swarf [Seite 1109]
14.2.3 - Investigation of Heat Transfer Conditions in a Reverberatory Melting Furnace by Numerical Modeling [Seite 1115]
14.2.4 - Oxyfuel Optimization using CFD Modeling [Seite 1121]
14.2.5 - Operational Efficiency Improvements Resulting from Monitoring and Trim of Industrial Combustion Systems [Seite 1124]
14.2.6 - New Technology for Electromagnetic Stirring of Aluminum Reverberatory Furnaces [Seite 1127]
14.2.7 - Evaluation of Effects of Stirring in a Melting Furnace for Aluminum [Seite 1133]
14.2.8 - Business Analysis of Total Refractory Costs [Seite 1138]
14.2.9 - Improved Furnace Efficiency through the Use of Refractory Materials [Seite 1144]
14.2.10 - Study on the Energy-saving Technology of Chinese Shaft Calciners [Seite 1150]
15 - Author Index [Seite 1153]
16 - Subject Index [Seite 1159]
2 - Title Page [Seite 3]
3 - Copyright Page [Seite 4]
4 - Table of Contents [Seite 5]
5 - Preface [Seite 21]
6 - About the Editor [Seite 22]
7 - Program Organizers [Seite 23]
8 - Aluminum Committee [Seite 29]
9 - Alumina and Bauxite [Seite 30]
9.1 - Organizers [Seite 30]
9.2 - Bauxite Resources and Utilisation [Seite 31]
9.2.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 31]
9.2.2 - New Development Model for Bauxite Deposits [Seite 32]
9.2.3 - Study on the Characterization of Marginal Bauxite from Pará/Brazil [Seite 39]
9.2.4 - Resource Utilization of High-sulfur Bauxite of Low-median Grade in Chongqing China [Seite 45]
9.2.5 - Development of Bauxite and Alumina Resources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [Seite 49]
9.2.6 - Digestion Studies on Central Indian Bauxite [Seite 55]
9.2.7 - Effects of Roasting Pretreatment in Intense Magnetic Field on Digestion Performance of Diasporic Bauxite [Seite 59]
9.3 - Bayer Process I [Seite 64]
9.3.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 64]
9.3.2 - Application of Operation Integrity Management in the Alumina Industry [Seite 65]
9.3.3 - Influence of Solid Concentration, Particle Size Distribution, Ph And Temperature on Yield Stress of Bauxite Pulp [Seite 70]
9.3.4 - A New Method for Removal Organics in the Bayer Process [Seite 74]
9.3.5 - Alunorte Expansion 3 - The New Lines Added to Reach 6.3 Million Tons per Year [Seite 79]
9.3.6 - One Green Field Megaton Grade Large Alumina Refinery with Successful Engineering & Operation Experience [Seite 85]
9.3.7 - Advanced Process Control in the Evaporation Unit [Seite 90]
9.3.8 - Improvements in Smelter Grade Alumina Quality at Clarendon Alumina Works [Seite 95]
9.4 - Red Mud [Seite 98]
9.4.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 98]
9.4.2 - Application of Nanofiltration Technology to Improve Sea Water Neutralization of Bayer Process Residue [Seite 99]
9.4.3 - Caustic and Alumina Recovery from Bayer Residue [Seite 106]
9.4.4 - Investigation on Alumina Discharge into the Red Mud Pond at Nalco's Alumina Refinery, Damanjodi, Orissa, India [Seite 109]
9.4.5 - Production of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) from NALCO Red Mud [Seite 113]
9.4.6 - Recovery of Metal Values from Red Mud [Seite 119]
9.4.7 - Red Mud Flocculants used in the Bayer Process [Seite 123]
9.4.8 - Reductive Smelting of Greek Bauxite Residues for Iron Production [Seite 129]
9.5 - Precipitation, Calcination and Properties [Seite 134]
9.5.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 134]
9.5.2 - Effect of Technological Parameters on PSD of Aluminum Tri-Hydroxide from Seed Precipitation in Seeded Sodium Aluminate Solutions [Seite 135]
9.5.3 - Methods to Reduce Operating Costs in Circulating Fluidized Bed Calcination [Seite 138]
9.5.4 - Pressure Calcination Revisited [Seite 144]
9.5.5 - Dynamic Simulation of Gas Suspension Calciner (GSC) for Alumina [Seite 150]
9.5.6 - Physical Simulation and Numerical Simulation of Mixing Performance in the Seed Precipitation Tank with a Improved Intermig Impeller [Seite 157]
9.5.7 - Two Perspectives on the Evolution and Future of Alumina [Seite 163]
9.5.8 - Significant Improvement of Energy Efficiency at Alunorte's Calcination Facility [Seite 168]
9.5.9 - Attrition of Alumina in Smelter Handling and Scrubbing Systems [Seite 174]
9.6 - Energy and Environment [Seite 180]
9.6.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 180]
9.6.2 - Perspective on Bayer Process Energy [Seite 181]
9.6.3 - Optimization of Heat Recovery from the Precipitation Circuit [Seite 185]
9.6.4 - Alunorte Global Energy Efficiency [Seite 189]
9.6.5 - Opportunities for Improved Environmental Control in the Alumina Industry [Seite 195]
9.6.6 - Alumina Refinery Wastewater Management: When Zero Discharge Just Isn't Feasible- [Seite 201]
9.6.7 - High Purity Alumina Powders Extracted from Aluminum Dross by the Calcining-Leaching Process [Seite 207]
9.6.8 - Effect of Calcium/Aluminium Ratio on MgO Containing Calcium Aluminate Slags [Seite 211]
9.6.9 - Study on Extracting Aluminum Hydroxide from Reduction Slag of Magnesium Smelting by Vacuum Aluminothermic Reduction [Seite 215]
9.6.10 - Application of Thermo-gravimetric Analysis for Estimation of Tri-hydrate Alumina in Central Indian Bauxites-An Alternative for Classical Techniques [Seite 220]
9.6.11 - Determination of Oxalate Ion in Bayer Liquor Using Electrochemical Method [Seite 224]
9.7 - Alternative Alumina Sources - Poster Session [Seite 227]
9.7.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 227]
9.7.2 - The Effect of Ultrasonic Treatment on Alumina Leaching from Calcium Aluminate Slag [Seite 228]
9.7.3 - Theory and Experiment on Cooling Strategy during Seeded Precipitation [Seite 233]
9.7.4 - Extraction of Alumina from Red Mud by Divalent Alkaline Earth Metal Soda Ash Sinter Process [Seite 237]
9.7.5 - Dissolution Kinetics of Silicon from Sintering Red Mud in Pure Water [Seite 243]
9.7.6 - The Effect of Cooling Rate on the Leachability of Calcium Aluminate Slags [Seite 247]
9.7.7 - Preparing Polymerized Aluminum-ferrum Chloride with Red Mud [Seite 251]
9.7.8 - Adsorption of Polyethylene Glycol at the Interface of Dicalcium Silicate - Sodium Aluminate Solution [Seite 256]
9.7.9 - Production of Hematite Ore from Red Mud [Seite 260]
10 - Aluminum Reduction Technology [Seite 264]
10.1 - Organizers [Seite 264]
10.2 - Enviroment- Emissions/ Anode Effect I [Seite 265]
10.2.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 265]
10.2.2 - HF Measurements Inside an Aluminium Electrolysis Cell [Seite 266]
10.2.3 - LasIRTM-R - The New Generation RoHS-Compliant Gas Analyzers Based on Tunable Diode Lasers [Seite 272]
10.2.4 - Use of Spent Potlining (SPL) in Ferro Silico Manganese Smelting [Seite 277]
10.2.5 - Reduction of PFC Emissions at Pot Line 70 kA of Companhia Brasileira de Alumínio [Seite 283]
10.2.6 - Towards Redefining the Alumina Specifications Sheet - The Case of HF Emissions [Seite 287]
10.2.7 - Design of Experiment to Minimize Fluoride and Particulate Emissions at Alumar [Seite 293]
10.2.8 - Innovative Distributed Multi-Pollutant Pot Gas Treatment System [Seite 297]
10.2.9 - Fluoride Emissions Management Guide (FEMG) for Aluminium Smelters [Seite 303]
10.3 - Enviroment- Emissions/ Anode Effect II [Seite 309]
10.3.1 - On Continuous PFC Emission Unrelated to Anode Effects [Seite 310]
10.3.2 - Monitoring Air Fluoride Concentration around ALUAR Smelter in Puerto Madryn (Chubut Province, Argentina) [Seite 316]
10.3.3 - Reduction of Anode Effect Duration in 400kA Prebake Cells [Seite 319]
10.3.4 - Sustainable Anode Effect Based Perfluorocarbon Emission Reduction [Seite 324]
10.3.5 - The Initiation, Propagation and Termination of Anode Effects in Hall-Héroult Cells [Seite 328]
10.3.6 - Towards Eliminating Anode Effects [Seite 332]
10.3.7 - Correlation between Moisture and HF Formation in the Aluminium Process [Seite 337]
10.3.8 - Particulate Emissions from Electrolysis Cells [Seite 343]
10.3.9 - Investigation of Solutions to Reduce Fluoride Emissions from Anode Butts and Crust Cover Material [Seite 349]
10.3.10 - PFC Survey in Some Smelters of China [Seite 355]
10.3.11 - Considerations Regarding High Draft Ventilation as an Air Emission Reduction Tool [Seite 359]
10.4 - Cells Thermal Balance [Seite 365]
10.4.1 - Increasing the Power Modulation Window of Aluminium Smelter Pots with Shell Heat Exchanger Technology [Seite 366]
10.4.2 - New Approaches to Power Modulation at TRIMET Hamburg [Seite 372]
10.4.3 - Some Aspects of Heat Transfer Between Bath and Sideledge in Aluminium Reduction Cells [Seite 377]
10.4.4 - Towards a Design Tool for Self-heated Cells Producing Liquid Metal by Electrolysis [Seite 383]
10.4.5 - Heat Recovery from Aluminium Reduction Cells [Seite 389]
10.4.6 - Effects of Composition and Granulometry on Thermal Conductivity of Anode Cover Materials [Seite 395]
10.4.7 - Restart of 300kA Potlines after 5 Hours Power Failure [Seite 401]
10.4.8 - Multiblock Monitoring of Aluminum Reduction Cells Performance [Seite 403]
10.5 - Cells Technology, Development and Sustainability [Seite 409]
10.5.1 - High Amperage Operation of AP18 pots at Karmøy [Seite 410]
10.5.2 - Aluminium Smelter Manufacturing Simulation - Can These Bring Real Cost Savings? [Seite 415]
10.5.3 - Simultaneous Preheating and Fast Restart of 50 Aluminium Reduction Cells in an Idled Potline - A New Soft Re-start Technique for a Pot Line [Seite 418]
10.5.4 - SWOT Perspectives of Midage Prebaked Aluminium Smelter [Seite 424]
10.5.5 - Integrated Approach for Safe and Efficient Plant Layout Development [Seite 430]
10.5.6 - New Progress on Application of NEUI400kA Family High Energy Efficiency Aluminum Reduction Pot ("HEEP") Technology [Seite 435]
10.5.7 - Improving Current Efficiency of Aged Reduction Lines at Aluminium Bahrain (Alba) [Seite 441]
10.5.8 - Development of NEUI500kA Family High Energy Efficiency Aluminum Reduction Pot ("HEEP") Technology [Seite 446]
10.5.9 - Current Efficiency for Aluminium Deposition from Molten Cryolite-alumina Electrolytes in a Laboratory Cell [Seite 452]
10.6 - Improvement in Cell Equipment and Design [Seite 455]
10.6.1 - Retrofit of a Combined Breaker Feeder with a Chisel Bath Contact Detection System to Reduce Anode Effect Frequency in a Potroom [Seite 456]
10.6.2 - Anode Dusting from a Potroom Perspective at Nordural and Correlation with Anode Properties [Seite 460]
10.6.3 - The Application of Continuous Improvement to Aluminium Potline Design and Equipment [Seite 466]
10.6.4 - Alcoa STARprobeTM [Seite 472]
10.6.5 - Active Pot Control using Alcoa STARprobeTM [Seite 479]
10.6.6 - Technology & Equipment for Starting Up & Shutting Down Aluminium Pots under Full Amperage [Seite 485]
10.6.7 - Study on Solution of Al2O3 in Low Temperature Aluminum Electrolyte [Seite 491]
10.6.8 - Applications of New Structure Reduction Cell Technology in Chalco's Smelters [Seite 496]
10.6.9 - Transport Numbers in the Molten System NaF-KF-AlF3-Al2O3 [Seite 500]
10.7 - Cells Process Modeling [Seite 504]
10.7.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 504]
10.7.2 - Development and Application of an ANSYS Based Thermo-electro-mechanical Collector Bar Slot Design Tool [Seite 505]
10.7.3 - Impact of Amperage Creep on Potroom Busbars and Electrical Insulation: Thermal-Electrical Aspects [Seite 511]
10.7.4 - Modern Design of Potroom Ventilation [Seite 517]
10.7.5 - A Preliminary Finite Element Electrochemical Model for Modelling Ionic Species Transport in the Cathode Block of a Hall-Héroult Cell [Seite 522]
10.7.6 - CFD Modelling of Alumina Mixing in Aluminium Reduction Cells [Seite 528]
10.7.7 - Bubble Transport by Electro-Magnetophoretic Foces at Anode Botttom of Aluminium Cells [Seite 534]
10.7.8 - Anodic Voltage Oscillations in Hall-Héroult Cells [Seite 540]
10.8 - Energy Savings by Cell Design Improvements [Seite 546]
10.8.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 546]
10.8.2 - Electrical Conductivity of the KF-NaF- AlF3 Molten System at Low Cryolite Ratio with CaF2 Additions [Seite 547]
10.8.3 - Study of ACD Model and Energy Consumption in Aluminum Reduction Cells [Seite 550]
10.8.4 - Modeling of Energy Savings by Using Cathode Design and Inserts [Seite 552]
10.8.5 - Experimental Investigation of Single Bubble Characteristics in a Cold Model of a Hall-Héroult Electrolytic Cell [Seite 558]
10.8.6 - Large Gas Bubbles under the Anodes of Aluminum Electrolysis Cells [Seite 564]
10.8.7 - Initiatives to Reduction of Aluminum Potline Energy Consumption Alcoa Poços de Caldas/Brazil [Seite 570]
10.8.8 - Overview of High-Efficiency Energy Saving for Aluminium Reduction Cell [Seite 574]
10.8.9 - Cell Voltage Noise Reduction Based on Wavelet in Aluminum Reduction Cell [Seite 582]
10.9 - Poster Session [Seite 585]
10.9.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 585]
10.9.2 - Human Factors in Operational and Control Decision Making in Aluminium Smelters [Seite 586]
11 - Aluminum Rolling [Seite 591]
11.1 - Organizers [Seite 591]
11.2 - Session I [Seite 592]
11.2.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 592]
11.2.2 - An Investigation of Deformation Behavior of Bimetal Clad Sheets by Asymmetrical Rolling at Room Temperature [Seite 593]
11.2.3 - Coil Build Up Compensation during Cold Rolling to Improve Off-line Flatness [Seite 598]
11.2.4 - Through Process Effects on Final Al-sheet Flatness [Seite 602]
12 - Cast Shop for Aluminum Production [Seite 608]
12.1 - Organizers [Seite 608]
12.2 - Casthouse Productivity and Safety [Seite 609]
12.2.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 609]
12.2.2 - New Casthouse Smelter Layout for the Production of Small Non-Alloyed Ingots: Three Furnaces/Two Lines [Seite 610]
12.2.3 - Use of Process Simulation to Design a Billet Casthouse [Seite 615]
12.2.4 - Optimizing Scrap Reuse as a Key Element in Efficient Aluminium Cast Houses [Seite 621]
12.2.5 - Implementation of an Effective Energy Management Program Supported by a Case Study [Seite 626]
12.2.6 - Molten Metal Safety Approach through a Network [Seite 630]
12.2.7 - Improved Monolithic Materials for Lining Aluminum Holding & Melting Furnaces [Seite 636]
12.3 - Direct Chill Casting [Seite 640]
12.3.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 640]
12.3.2 - Cold Cracking during Direct-chill Casting [Seite 641]
12.3.3 - Surface Defects Structures on Direct Chill Cast 6xxx Aluminium Billets [Seite 647]
12.3.4 - Effect of Cooling Water Quality on Dendrite Arm Spacing of DC Cast Billets [Seite 653]
12.3.5 - Mould Wall Heat Flow Mechanism in a DC Casting Mould [Seite 659]
12.3.6 - Productivity Improvements at Direct Chill Casting Unit in Aluminium Bahrain (ALBA) [Seite 664]
12.3.7 - The Coupling of Macrosegregation with Grain Nucleation, Growth and Motion in DC Cast Aluminum Alloy Ingots [Seite 669]
12.3.8 - Investment Casting of Surfaces with Microholes and Their Possible Applications [Seite 675]
12.3.9 - Using SEM and EDX for a Simple Differentiation of Alpha- and Beta-AlFeSi-Phases in Wrought Aluminum Billets [Seite 680]
12.4 - Dross Formation, Control and Handling [Seite 686]
12.4.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 686]
12.4.2 - Oxidation of AlMg in Dry and Humid Atmospheres [Seite 687]
12.4.3 - Study of Early Stage Interaction of Oxygen with Al [Seite 693]
12.4.4 - Quality Assessment of Recycled Aluminium [Seite 699]
12.5 - Melt Quality Control [Seite 704]
12.5.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 704]
12.5.2 - In-Line Salt-ACDTM: A Chlorine-Free Technology for Metal Treatment [Seite 705]
12.5.3 - The Effect of TiB2 Granules on Metal Quality [Seite 711]
12.5.4 - Thermodynamic Analysis of Ti, Zr, V and Cr Impurities in Aluminium Melt [Seite 717]
12.5.5 - Current Technologies for the Removal of Iron from Aluminum Alloys [Seite 723]
12.5.6 - Electromagnetically Enhanced Filtration of Aluminum Melts [Seite 729]
12.5.7 - A Review of the Development of New Filter Technologies Based on the Principle of Multi Stage Filtration With Grain Refiner Added in the Intermediate Stage [Seite 735]
12.5.8 - Wettability of Aluminium with SiC and Graphite in Aluminium Filtration [Seite 741]
12.5.9 - Study of Microporosity Formation under Different Pouring Conditions in A356 Aluminum Alloy Castings [Seite 749]
12.6 - Grain Refinement, Alloying, Solidification and Casting [Seite 756]
12.6.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 756]
12.6.2 - Hycast Gas Cushion (GC) Billet Casting System [Seite 757]
12.6.3 - Studies of Fluid Flow and Meniscus Behavior during Horizontal Single Belt Casting (HSBC) of Thin Metallic Strips [Seite 761]
12.6.4 - Development of Alba High Speed Alloy [Seite 767]
12.6.5 - Dissolution Studies of Si Metal in Liquid Al under Different Forced Convection Conditions [Seite 0]
12.6.6 - Modification and Grain Refinement of Eutectics to Improve Performance of Al-Si Castings [Seite 778]
12.6.7 - Production of Al-Ti-C Grain Refiners with the Addition of Elemental Carbon and K2TiF6 [Seite 784]
12.6.8 - Effect of Mechanical Vibrations on Microstructure Refinement of Al-7mass% Si Alloys [Seite 789]
12.6.9 - Predicting the Response of Aluminum Casting Alloys to Heat Treatment [Seite 793]
13 - Electrode Technology for Aluminium Production [Seite 799]
13.1 - Organizers [Seite 799]
13.2 - Anode Baking [Seite 800]
13.2.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 800]
13.2.2 - Determination of Coke Calcination Level and Anode Baking Level - Application and Reproducibility of L-sub-c Based Methods [Seite 801]
13.2.3 - Operation of an Open Type Anode Baking Furnace with a Temporary Crossover [Seite 807]
13.2.4 - Recent Developments in Anode Baking Furnace Design [Seite 813]
13.2.5 - Sohar Aluminium's Anode Baking Furnace Operation [Seite 819]
13.2.6 - Meeting the Challenge of Increasing Anode Baking Furnace Productivity [Seite 824]
13.2.7 - Wireless Communication for Secured Firing and Control Systems in Anode Baking Furnaces [Seite 830]
13.2.8 - Full Control of Pitch Burn during Baking: It's Impact on Anode Quality, Operational Safety, Maintenance and Operational Costs [Seite 834]
13.2.9 - High Performance Sealing for Anode Baking Furnaces [Seite 840]
13.3 - Anode Raw Materials and Green Carbon [Seite 845]
13.3.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 845]
13.3.2 - Property Profile of Lab-scale Anodes Produced with 180°C Mettler Coal Tar Pitch [Seite 846]
13.3.3 - Quality and Process Performance of Rotary Kilns and Shaft Calciners [Seite 851]
13.3.4 - Sub-surface Carbon Dioxide Reaction in Anodes [Seite 857]
13.3.5 - Paste Quality Improvements at Alcoa Poços de Caldas Plant [Seite 863]
13.3.6 - Prebaked Anode from Coal Extract (2) - Effects of the Properties of Hypercoal-coke on the Preformance of Prebaked Anodes [Seite 869]
13.3.7 - The New Generation of Vertical Shaft Calciner Technology [Seite 873]
13.4 - Petroleum Coke VBD [Seite 878]
13.4.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 878]
13.4.2 - Historical and Future Challenges with the Vibrated Bulk Density Test Methods for Determining Porosity of Calcined Petroleum Coke [Seite 879]
13.4.3 - Prediction of Calcined Coke Bulk Density [Seite 885]
13.4.4 - Calcined Coke Particle Size and Crushing Steps Affect Its VBD Result [Seite 891]
13.4.5 - Bulk Density - Overview of ASTM and ISO Methods with Examples of Between Laboratory Comparisons [Seite 894]
13.4.6 - Improving the Repeatability of Coke Bulk Density Testing [Seite 900]
13.4.7 - ASTM D7454 Vibrated Bulk Density Method - Principles and Limitations [Seite 906]
13.4.8 - Vibrated Bulk Density (VBD) of Calcined Petroleum Coke and Implications of Changes in the ASTM Method D4292 [Seite 911]
13.5 - Anode Quality and Rodding Processes [Seite 916]
13.5.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 916]
13.5.2 - Multivariate Monitoring of the Prebaked Anode Manufacturing Process and Anode Quality [Seite 917]
13.5.3 - Characterization of a Full Scale Prebaked Carbon Anode using X-Ray Computerized Tomography [Seite 923]
13.5.4 - FEM Analysis of the Anode Connection in Aluminium Reduction Cells [Seite 929]
13.5.5 - Development of Industrial Benchmark Finite Element Analysis Model to Study Energy Efficient Electrical Connections for Primary Aluminium Smelters [Seite 935]
13.5.6 - Real Time Temperature Distribution During Sealing Process and Room Temperature Air Gap Measurements of a Hall-Héroult Cell Anode [Seite 941]
13.5.7 - Effects of High Temperatures and Pressures on Cathode and Anode Interfaces in a Hall-Heroult Electrolytic Cell [Seite 947]
13.5.8 - New Apparatus for Characterizing Electrical Contact Resistance and Thermal Contact Conductance [Seite 953]
13.5.9 - Carbon Anode Modeling for Electric Energy Savings in the Aluminium Reduction Cell [Seite 959]
13.6 - Cathode Design and Operation [Seite 965]
13.6.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 965]
13.6.2 - Preheating Collector Bars and Cathode Blocks Prior to Rodding with Cast Iron by Passing an AC Current Through the Collector Bars [Seite 966]
13.6.3 - Development and Application of an Energy Saving Technology for Aluminum Reduction Cells [Seite 972]
13.6.4 - Study of Electromagnetic Field in 300kA Aluminium Reduction Cells with Innovation Cathode Structure [Seite 977]
13.6.5 - Evaluation of the Thermophysical Properties of Silicon Carbide, Graphitic and Graphitized Carbon Sidewall Lining Materials Used in Aluminium Reduction Cell in Function of Temperature [Seite 982]
13.6.6 - Advanced Numerical Simulation of the Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Behaviour of Hall-Héroult Cells under Electrical Preheating [Seite 988]
13.6.7 - Influence of Technological and Constructive Parameters on the Integrity of the Bottom of Aluminum Reduction Cells during Flame Preheating [Seite 994]
13.6.8 - Creep Behaviors of Industrial Graphitic and Graphitized Cathodes during Modified Rapoport Tests [Seite 1000]
13.7 - Cathode Materials and Wear [Seite 1005]
13.7.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 1005]
13.7.2 - Measurement of Cathode Surface Wear Profiles by Laser Scanning [Seite 1006]
13.7.3 - Coke Selection Criteria for Abrasion Resistant Graphitized Cathodes [Seite 1012]
13.7.4 - Determination of the Effect of Pitch-Impregnation on Cathode Erosion Rate [Seite 1018]
13.7.5 - Simplifying Protection System to Prolong Cell Life [Seite 1024]
13.7.6 - Aluminate Spinels as Sidewall Linings for Aluminum Smelters [Seite 1030]
13.7.7 - A New Ramming Paste with Improved Potlining Working Conditions [Seite 1036]
13.7.8 - Towards a Better Understanding of Carburation Phenomenon [Seite 1042]
13.7.9 - Characterization of Sodium and Fluorides Penetration into Carbon Cathodes by Image Analysis and SEM-EDS Techniques [Seite 1048]
13.8 - Inert Anodes and Wettable Cathodes [Seite 1053]
13.8.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 1053]
13.8.2 - Pressureless Sintering of TiB2-based Composites using Ti and Fe Additives for Development of Wettable Cathodes [Seite 1054]
13.8.3 - Furan Resin and Pitch Blends as Binders for TiB2-C Cathodes [Seite 1060]
13.8.4 - Influence of Cobalt Additions on Electrochemical Behaviour of Ni-Fe-Based Anodes for Aluminium Electrowinning [Seite 1065]
13.8.5 - Effects of the Additive ZrO2 on Properties of Nickel Ferrite Cermet Inert Anode [Seite 1071]
13.8.6 - Effect of Sintering Atmosphere on Phase Composition and Mechanical Property of 5Cu/(10NiO-NiFe2O4) Cermet Anodes for Aluminum Electrolysis [Seite 1077]
13.9 - Poster Session - Electrode [Seite 1082]
13.9.1 - Session Chairs [Seite 1082]
13.9.2 - Influence of Ultrafine Powder on the Properties of Carbon Anode Used in Aluminum Electrolysis [Seite 1083]
13.9.3 - Preparation NiFe2O4 Matrix Inert Anode Used in Aluminum Electrolysis by Adding Nanopowder [Seite 1088]
13.9.4 - Cold Water Model Simulation of Aluminum Liquid Fluctuations Induced by Anodic Gas in New Tape of Cathode Structure Aluminum Electrolytic Cell [Seite 1093]
13.9.5 - Effects of Physical Properties of Anode Raw Materials on the Paste Compaction Behavior [Seite 1099]
14 - Furnace Efficiency - Energy and Throughput [Seite 1103]
14.1 - Organizers [Seite 1103]
14.2 - Session I [Seite 1104]
14.2.1 - Furnaces Designed for Fuel Efficiency [Seite 1105]
14.2.2 - Latest Trends in Post Consumer and Light Gauge Scrap Processing to include Problematic Materials such as UBC, Edge Trimming and Loose Swarf [Seite 1109]
14.2.3 - Investigation of Heat Transfer Conditions in a Reverberatory Melting Furnace by Numerical Modeling [Seite 1115]
14.2.4 - Oxyfuel Optimization using CFD Modeling [Seite 1121]
14.2.5 - Operational Efficiency Improvements Resulting from Monitoring and Trim of Industrial Combustion Systems [Seite 1124]
14.2.6 - New Technology for Electromagnetic Stirring of Aluminum Reverberatory Furnaces [Seite 1127]
14.2.7 - Evaluation of Effects of Stirring in a Melting Furnace for Aluminum [Seite 1133]
14.2.8 - Business Analysis of Total Refractory Costs [Seite 1138]
14.2.9 - Improved Furnace Efficiency through the Use of Refractory Materials [Seite 1144]
14.2.10 - Study on the Energy-saving Technology of Chinese Shaft Calciners [Seite 1150]
15 - Author Index [Seite 1153]
16 - Subject Index [Seite 1159]
