Social Support, Life Events, and Depression

ContributorsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsPart I Identifying Basic Issues and Approach 1 Social Support in Epidemiological Perspective Introduction Conceptualization Measurements Causal Modeling Specifications and Elaborations 2 Conceptualizing Social Support Introduction Conceptualizations of Social Support The Synthetic Definition of Social Support Further Discussion of the Synthetic Definition A Theory of Social Resources and Social Support Discussion 3 Study Design and Data The Albany Area Health Survey The Pretest Sampling Design Representativeness of the Sample The Interview Schedules Time Frames for Questions The Interviewing Staff SummaryPart II Measuring Depression, Life Events, and Psychological Resources 4 Measuring Depression: the CES-D Scale Introduction Measuring Depression: Mood, Symptom, or Syndrome? The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale: History of Development Types of Depressive Symptomatology Reliability and Validity of the CES-D Scale in the Current Study: A Comparison with Previous Work Relationship of the CES-D Scale over Time The CES-D and Clinical Caseness Summary 5 Measuring Life Events Introduction The Stress(or) Construct Analytic Tasks Our Measurement of Life Events Statistical Description of Life-Events Scales Conclusions 6 Measuring Psychological Resources Introduction Present Objectives The Concept of Personal Competence The Concept of Self-Esteem Over-Time Correlations Testing the Proxy Issue Factor Analyses of Personal Competence and Self-Esteem SummaryPart III Measuring Social Support 7 Measuring Intimate Support: the Family and Confidant Relationships Introduction Analysis of the Medalie-Goldbourt Scale of Family Relationships Confidant Support: Conceptualization and Measurement Discussion Summary and Conclusions 8 Measuring the Instrumental and Expressive Functions of Social Support Scale Development Total Scale Reliability and Validity Determining Dimensions of the Instrumental and Expressive Items Factor Analysis Further Development: Strong-Tie Support Reliability and Validity of Strong-Tie Support Criticisms of the Instrumental and Expressive Supportive Scales: An Empirical Test Summary and Implications 9 Measuring Community and Network Support Introduction Community Support Network Support Concluding RemarksPart IV Constructing and Estimating Basic Models 10 Modeling the Effects of Social Support Introduction Modeling the Effects of Social Support Properties and Implications of the Models Evidence from Other Studies Data and the Analytic Technique The Additive Models (Models 2, 3, and 4) Class A Models Class ¿ Models Class C Models The Interactive Models Models of Joint Additive and Interactive Effects ConclusionsPart V Exploring Basic Models 11 The Age Structure and the Stress Process Relationship between Age and Depression Construction of Age Categories Age-Related Effects of Life Events and Social Support on Depression Further Age-Group Refinements Summary and Implications 12 Sex, Marital Status, and Depression: the Role of Life Events and Social Support Gender, Marital Status, and Depression: a Review The Confounding Issue: Marital Status as a Stressor or as a Social Support The Model of Sex, Marital Status, Life Events, Social S