
Regulation of Commodities Trading
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Content
- cover
- Half title
- Regulation of Commodities Trading
- Preface
- Table of Contents
- Table of Cases xvii
- Table of Legislation xix
- List of Abbreviations xxxiii
- List of Contributors xxxix
- 1: Introduction
- A. Commodities Trading in Europe and Worldwide 1.01
- 1. Some history 1.01
- 2. Modern financial futures markets 1.05
- B. Economics of Commodities Trading 1.11
- C. Regulation of Derivatives Prior to the Financial Crisis of 2008 1.29
- 1. US 1.29
- 2. UK 1.34
- 3. Germany 1.37
- 4. France 1.39
- 5. EU 1.40
- D. Rationale for Regulation of Trading in Commodities Related Financial Instruments
- E. The Impact of Brexit on the Regulation of Commodities Trading in Europe 1.47
- F. Authorized Supervision 1.59
- 1. ESMA 1.59
- 2. ACER 1.64
- G. National Competent Authorities 1.69
- 2. Anti- money laundering institutions 1.77
- 1. Securities commissions 1.69
- H. Supervision- Other Countries 1.80
- (a) Importance of commodities trading 1.89
- (b) Regulation of commodities trading in Switzerland 1.92
- 2. Switzerland 1.89
- 3. Singapore 1.94
- (b) Commodity trading regulation structure in Singapore 1.97
- (ii) Securities and Futures Act (SFA) 1.101
- (iii) Financial Advisers Act (FAA) 1.103
- (i) Commodity Trading Act (CTA) 1.99
- (a) Global commodity trading plays a vital role in Singapore's economy 1.94
- 1. US 1.80
- 2: Commodity Trading Houses
- A. Introduction 2.01
- B. Motives 2.06
- 1. Hedging 2.06
- 2. Speculation 2.09
- 3. Market making 2.12
- 4. Order execution 2.15
- 5. Algorithmic trading 2.17
- 6. High frequency trading 2.20
- 7. Direct electronic access 2.22
- C. Directive and Regulation on Markets in Financial Instruments 2.25
- 1. Introduction 2.25
- 2. Investment firm 2.30
- (a) Scope 2.30
- (b) Authorization process 2.35
- (c) Exemptions 2.40
- (i) Group company 2.42
- (ii) Ancillary activity exemption 2.44
- (d) Grid operators 2.57
- (e) Requirements 2.60
- (i) Organization 2.61
- (ii) Governance 2.73
- (iii) Investor protection 2.86
- (v) Assessment by the National Competent Authority 2.92
- (f) Capital 2.96
- (g) Business conduct rules 2.101
- 3. Systematic internalisers 2.120
- 4. Passport 2.132
- 5. Freedom to provide services 2.133
- 6. Right of establishment 2.136
- 7. Tied agents 2.142
- (b) Home and host state regulation and supervision 2.145
- (a) When will the MiFID passport be required? 2.143
- 8. Third country access 2.148
- 9. Cross- border provisions 2.150
- (a) Branch 2.160
- (b) Reverse solicitation 2.166
- D. REMIT 2.169
- 1. Introduction 2.169
- 2. Scope and obligations 2.171
- (a) Registration of market participants with the competent authority 2.171
- (b) Prohibition of insider dealing 2.174
- (i) Insider information 2.174
- (ii) No insider information 2.175
- (iii) Publication of insider information 2.176
- (c) Prohibition of market manipulation 2.182
- (d) Sanctions and fines 2.185
- 3. UK specific rules 2.187
- (a) Architecture of the UK regime 2.187
- (b) Authorization in the UK 2.192
- 4. Switzerland 2.197
- E. Regulation of Commodity Trading Houses in Third Countries 2.203
- 2. Switzerland 2.223
- (a) Regulation of trading in financial instruments related to commodities 2.223
- (b) Regulation of commodities trading houses as securities dealers-
- Swiss based commodities trading houses 2.224
- 1. Regulation of commodities trading houses in the US 2.203
- (i) Trading on own account (proprietary trading) 2.226
- (ii) Trading on own account (market makers) 2.227
- (iii) Issuing derivatives related to commodities as securities
- (iv) Acquiring or disposing of qualifying holdings 2.88
- (issuing houses) 2.228
- (a) Futures and options firms trading houses 2.203
- (i) Introduction 2.203
- (ii) Capital requirements 2.204
- (iii) Financial reporting requirements 2.206
- (iv) Record keeping requirements 2.207
- (v) Internal supervision 2.209
- (vi) Sales practices 2.211
- (vii) Suitability requirements 2.214
- (b) Swaps trading house regulation 2.217
- (c) Foreign securities dealers 2.229(
- 2.229(i) Branch 2.232
- (ii) Representation office 2.233
- (d) Requesting a licence 2.234
- (i) Organizational requirements 2.235
- (ii) Capital requirements 2.236
- (iii) Reporting, information, and approval obligations 2.237
- (e) Regulation of investment firms trading derivatives related to
- commodities under the new FinSA- and FINIA- regime 2.240
- (i) The applicable obligations for non- Swiss client advisers and non- Swiss financial service providers 2.243
- (ii) Behavioural rules in detail 2.244
- (iii) Organizational requirements 2.245
- (iv) Obligation to affiliate with an ombudsman 2.250
- (v) Obligation to enter non- Swiss client advisers of Swiss clients
- and client advisers who provide financial services in Switzerland
- into the client adviser register 2.251
- (vi) Sanctions in case of non- compliance with the new rules 2.254
- (f) Investment firms trading in securities under the FINIA regime 2.255
- (i) Obligations of an investment firm 2.258
- (g) The new rules for trade assayers in precious metals 2.264
- (i) The new regime applicable to trade assayers in precious metals 2.264
- (ii) The two types of trade assayers 2.265
- (iii) The new requirements 2.267
- (iv) Timeline 2.273
- (h) Banking Act 2.279
- (i) Requirements of a banking licence 2.279
- (ii) Foreign banks 2.281
- (iii) Obligations of a bank 2.284
- (i) Asset protection 2.290
- 3: Trading Venues
- A. Introduction 3.01
- B. Clearing Houses and Trade Repositories 3.02
- 1. Introduction 3.02
- 2. Direct and indirect clearing 3.07
- 3. Reporting 3.09
- C. Regulated Markets in the EU 3.13
- 1. Introduction 3.13
- 2. Organizational requirements 3.19
- (a) Management body 3.19
- (b) Significant influence 3.30
- (c) Organizational requirements 3.34
- 3. Access of market participants 3.38
- (a) Membership 3.38
- (b) Monitoring 3.45
- 4. Admission to trading of financial instruments 3.49
- (a) Admission 3.49
- (b) Suspension and removal 3.53
- (c) Systems and controls 3.57
- (d) Transparency 3.67
- (e) Pre- trade transparency 3.68
- (f) Post- trade transparency 3.75
- (g) Temporary suspension on transparency obligations 3.79
- (h) Publication of trade data 3.82
- D. Multilateral Trading Facilities in the EU 3.86
- 1. Introduction 3.86
- 2. Organizational requirements 3.93
- (a) Organization 3.93
- (b) Management body 3.94
- (c) Qualifying holdings 3.100
- (d) Organizational requirements 3.105
- 3. Access of market participants 3.106
- (a) Members 3.106
- (b) Fair and orderly trading 3.108
- (c) Structural limitations 3.111
- (d) Conflicts 3.112
- (e) Settlement 3.113
- 4. Risk management and financial resources 3.114
- 5. Information for the regulators 3.116
- 6. Investor protection 3.117
- (a) Admission 3.118
- (b) Suspension and removal 3.119
- (c) Systems and controls 3.120
- (d) Transparency 3.121
- E. Organized Trading Facilities in the EU 3.122
- 1. Introduction 3.122
- 2. Requirements 3.129
- (a) Organizational requirements 3.130
- (b) Access of market participants 3.131
- (c) Fair and orderly trading 3.133
- (d) Structural limitations 3.135
- (e) Conflicts 3.138
- 3. Settlement 3.139
- 4. Financial resources 3.140
- 5. Information for the regulators 3.141
- 6. Discretion and investor protection 3.143
- 7. Admission 3.147
- 8. Suspension and removal 3.149
- 9. Systems and controls 3.150
- 10. Transparency 3.151
- F. Organized Market Places in the EU 3.152
- 1. Introduction 3.152
- 2. Becoming an OMP 3.155
- 3. Reporting function 3.156
- 4. Market surveillance function 3.157
- 5. Trade matching systems in the EU 3.159
- G. Emission Allowance Platforms in the EU 3.162
- H. Passport in the EU 3.168
- 1. Passporting within the EU 3.168
- 2. Third country regime 3.171
- I. Specific Trading Venues 3.176
- 1. CME 3.176
- 2. LME 3.179
- 3. ICE 3.184
- 4. EEX 3.188
- 5. globalCOAL 3.190
- 6. Platts 3.195
- J. UK Specific Rules 3.197
- 1. Introduction 3.197
- (a) Recognized investment exchanges 3.197
- (b) Application for recognition and revocation 3.198
- (c) Recognition requirements 3.200
- (i) Financial resources 3.201
- (ii) Safeguards for investors 3.205
- (iii) Publication of data regarding execution of transactions 3.207
- (iv) Promotion and maintenance of standards 3.208
- (v) Rules and consultation 3.209
- (vi) Discipline 3.210
- (vii) Complaints 3.211
- (viii) Whistleblowing 3.212
- (ix) Default rules in respect of market contracts 3.213
- (x) Excessive regulatory provision 3.216
- (xi) Supervision 3.218
- (d) Overseas investment exchanges 3.230
- (e) MTFs and OTFs 3.234
- (f) Third countries 3.236
- (i) US 3.236
- (ii) Switzerland 3.252
- (iii) Singapore 3.258
- 4: Trading Regulations
- A. Introduction 4.01
- B. Financial Instruments 4.06
- 1. Forms 4.06
- (a) OTC markets 4.06
- (b) Exchange traded contracts 4.10
- 2. UK specific regulations 4.14
- 3. Third countries 4.19
- (a) US 4.19
- (i) OTC markets 4.19
- (ii) Exchange trading 4.24
- C. OTC Trading in the EU 4.28
- 1. Obligations 4.29
- (a) Clearing 4.29
- (b) Reporting 4.35
- (c) Risk mitigation 4.41
- (i) Confirmation obligation 4.43
- (ii) Portfolio compression 4.44
- (iii) Portfolio reconciliation 4.46
- (iv) Dispute resolution 4.48
- (v) Collateral 4.49
- (vi) Trading 4.52
- 2. Exchange trading 4.59
- (a) Obligations 4.59
- (i) Clearing 4.59
- (b) Reporting 4.60
- 3. UK specific rules 4.61
- 4. Third countries 4.63
- (a) US 4.63
- (i) Exchange Trading Regulation by the CFTC 4.63
- (ii) Securities Markets 4.74
- (b) Switzerland 4.84
- (i) Regulation of commodities derivatives 4.84
- (ii) Status of commodities trading houses under the FMIA 4.88
- (iii) Obligations applicable to the trading in derivatives according to FMIA 4.89
- (iv) Clearing 4.98
- (v) Platform trading obligation 4.100
- (vi) Group internal transactions 4.101
- (vii) Emission allowances 4.103
- D. Short Selling 4.106
- 1. Scope 4.106
- 2. Obligations 4.110
- 3. Third countries 4.121
- (a) US 4.121
- (b) Switzerland 4.130
- (c) Singapore 4.132
- E. Transparency 4.135
- 1. Position limits 4.135
- (a) Scope 4.135
- (b) Thresholds 4.139
- 2. Trade reporting 4.144
- 3. UK specific rules 4.151
- (a) Position limits 4.151
- (b) Transparency/ trade reporting 4.156
- 4. Third countries 4.160
- (a) US 4.160
- (i) Position limits 4.160
- (ii) Trade reporting 4.169
- (iii) Swaps reporting 4.174
- (b) Switzerland 4.176
- (i) Position limits 4.176
- (ii) Trade reporting 4.180
- (c) Singapore 4.182
- (i) Position limits 4.182
- (ii) Trade reporting 4.183
- F. Securities and Finance Transaction Regulation 4.187
- 1. Scope 4.187
- 2. Activities in scope: Securities finance transaction and reuse 4.189
- 3. Parties in scope 4.194
- 4. Reporting obligation 4.196
- 5. Reuse of financial instruments as collateral 4.198
- 6. Entry into force 4.201
- 7. Third countries 4.203
- (a) US 4.203
- (b) Switzerland 4.214
- (c) Singapore 4.215
- 5: Market Abuse
- A. Introduction 5.01
- B. Scope 5.05
- C. Commodity Trading Houses 5.17
- 1. Scope of Market Abuse Regulation 5.17
- 2. Scope of Regulation on Energy Market Integrity and Transparency 5.25
- 3. Insider information 5.30
- (a) Definition 5.30
- (b) Unlawful disclosure of insider information 5.36
- 4. Insider dealing 5.38
- (a) Definition 5.38
- (b) Legitimate behaviour 5.42
- 5. Market manipulation 5.48
- (a) Definition 5.48
- (b) Patterns 5.55
- (c) Accepted market practices 5.60
- 6. Trade surveillance 5.66
- (a) Organization 5.66
- (b) Technical requirements for PPAETs 5.72
- (c) Technical requirements for market operators and investment
- firms operating a trading venue 5.85
- (d) Best practices in a trade surveillance programme 5.97
- 7. Suspicious transactions and order reporting 5.98
- 8. Whistleblowing 5.109
- (i) Commodity futures markets 4.203
- (ii) Securities markets 4.209
- D. Supervision 5.115
- E. Cooperation within the EU 5.121
- F. Cooperation with Third Countries 5.126
- G. Sanctions 5.129
- 1. Administrative sanctions 5.131
- 2. Criminal sanctions 5.136
- H. Third Countries 5.148
- 1. US 5.148
- 2. Switzerland 5.161
- (a) Prohibition to exploit insider information 5.164
- (b) Price manipulation 5.167
- 3. Singapore 5.170
- 6: Benchmark
- A. Introduction 6.01
- B. Scope 6.10
- C. Administration 6.19
- D. Contribution to Benchmarks 6.32
- E. Use of Benchmarks 6.40
- F. UK Specific Rules 6.48
- G. Third Countries 6.56
- 1. US 6.56
- 2. Switzerland 6.68
- 3. Singapore 6.70
- 7: Illicit Behaviour
- A. Embargoes and Sanctions 7.01
- 1. Introduction 7.01
- 2. United Nations 7.06
- 3. OECD 7.13
- 4. EU 7.17
- 5. UK specific sanctions 7.24
- 6. Third countries 7.30
- (a) US 7.30
- (b) Switzerland 7.38
- (c) Singapore 7.44
- (i) For financial institutions 7.45
- (ii) For non- financial institutions and natural persons in Singapore 7.48
- B. Bribery of Government Officials 7.52
- C. Anti- Money Laundering 7.58
- 1. Introduction 7.58
- 2. International recommendations on money laundering 7.62
- 3. EU Fifth Anti- Money Laundering Directive 7.66
- (a) Introduction 7.66
- (b) Key change No. 1 for commodities trading houses: high risk jurisdictions 7.67
- (c) Key change No. 2 for commodities trading houses: beneficial ownership 7.70
- 4. EU Fourth Anti- Money Laundering Directive 7.73
- (a) Introduction 7.73
- (b) Key themes in 4MLD 7.75
- (c) Risk 7.79
- (d) Due diligence 7.83
- (e) Politically exposed persons 7.94
- (f) Beneficial ownership 7.99
- (g) Reporting obligations 7.109
- (h) Firms, directors, and employees 7.111
- (i) Disclosure 7.115
- (j) Record keeping- data retention 7.117
- (k) Policies, procedures, and supervision 7.122
- 5. UK specific rules 7.126
- (a) Introduction 7.126
- (b) Risk assessment 7.131
- (c) Policies, controls, and procedures 7.136
- (d) Internal controls 7.138
- (e) Training 7.140
- (f) Customer due diligence 7.141
- (i) Timing of due diligence 7.149
- (ii) Enhanced due diligence 7.151
- (iii) Simplified due diligence 7.152
- (iv) Reliance 7.154
- (g) Reporting suspicions 7.156
- (h) Record keeping 7.157
- (i) Corporate bodies: obligations 7.162
- (j) Register of beneficial ownership 7.166
- (k) Investigation and enforcement 7.167
- (l) 5MLD 7.169
- 6. Third countries 7.170
- (a) US 7.170
- (b) Switzerland 7.180
- (i) Commodities trading activities subject to AML obligations 7.180
- (ii) Trading in physical commodities 7.181
- (iii) Trading in bankable precious metals 7.182
- (iv) Banks and securities dealers 7.184Bibliography
- 7.184Bibliography 361Index
- 361Index 363
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