Diagnostic Techniques in Public Health
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Dr. Yan Du is Professor at Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). She has been working on biosensing and molecular diagnosis for more than fifteen years and devoted herself into the development and application of new portable molecular diagnostic methods.
Content
1.1 Beyond Infectious Threats: Expanding the Horizons of Global Health Challenges
1.2 Tracing the Seven Public Health Emergencies of International Concerns (PHEICs) Announcements by WHO: From H1N1 to Monkeypox
1.3 A Close Look at Smallpox, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Influenza Variations
1.4 Analytical and Chemometric Approaches in Major Public Health Emergencies
1.5 Conclusion and Discussion
CHAPTER 2: MASTERING CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS: MODERN STRATEGIES FOR PHEIC RESPONSES
2.1 Clinical Evaluation Comprehensive Pathway: From Cutting-edge Laboratory Analysis
2.2 Recombinase-aided isothermal amplification of nucleic acids: A New Dawn in Detection and Analysis
2.3 Conclusion
CHAPTER 3: DIVING INTO THE ELISA TECHNIQUE: ITS ROLE AND INNOVATIONS IN PUBLIC HEALTH
3.1 Introduction to ELISA and its components
3.2 Recognition molecules
3.3 Signaling molecules, enzymes, nanozymes
3.4 Different assay formats
3.5 ELISA for viral detection: SARS-CoV-2 as an example
3.6 ELISA for bacterial identification
3.7 ELISA in microfluidic devices and other advanced applications
3.8 ELISA using aptamers
3.9 Conclusions and future directions
CHAPTER 4: METALLIC NANOMATERIALS FOR PLASMONIC BIOSENSORS AND FLEXIBLE BIOELECTRONICS
4.1 Overview of Plasmonic Nanostructures
4.2 Plasmonic ?meta-crystals?
4.3 Plasmonic Biosensors
4.4 Soft Bioelectronics
4.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
CHAPTER 5: THE ART OF MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS: TECHNIQUES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Criteria for developing molecular diagnostic technologies
5.3 Amplifying the invisible: PCR?s pivotal role in genetic detection
5.4 Isothermal amplification: revolutionizing molecular diagnostics with constant temperature
5.5 Isothermal and enzyme-free nucleic acid amplification
5.6 Summary and outlook
CHAPTER 6: CRISPR-BASED MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS: A REVOLUTION IN DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF DISEASES
6.1 Dissecting CRISPR: Its Classification, Tools, and Mechanisms
6.2 Pinpoint Accuracy: Utilizing CRISPR/Cas Systems for Pathogen Detection
6.3 The CRISPR-Based Diagnosis: Opportunities and Challenges.
CHAPTER 7: PRECISION AND SPEED: THE RISE OF HIGH-THROUGHPUT MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS IN DIAGNOSTICS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
7.1. Introduction
7.2. The origins and developments of microfluidics
7.3 Applications of microfluidic technology in detection of public infectious diseases
7.4. Limitations, Current trends, and Future prospects
CHAPTER 8: DECIPHERING PATHOGENS: THE POWER OF GENOMIC SEQUENCING IN PUBLIC HEALTH
8.1 Introduction
8.2 History of DNA sequencing technology
8.3 The principle and history of nanopore sequencing
8.4 Nanopore technology used in genomic sequencing
8.5 Nanopore technology used in pathogens? diagnosis
8.6 Conclusion
CHAPTER 9: THE FUTURE OF DETECTION: INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNIQUES ON THE HORIZON
9.1 The Electrifying World of Detection: New-age Electrochemical Methods
9.2 Probing the minuscule: SERS in enhanced vibrational spectroscopy
9.3 Sensor synthesis: merging technologies for superior diagnostic proficiency ELISA
CHAPTER 10 REDEFINING POINT-OF-CARE TESTING: RAPID DIAGNOSTIC INNOVATIONS
10.1 A New Wave in POCT: Tracking the Advances in Instruments and Methods
10.2 Enhancing the Existing: Integrating Viral Detection in Current POCT Platforms
10.3 Challenges in POCT
10.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
CHAPTER 11: LOOKING FORWARD: PERSPECTIVES ON THE FUTURE OF DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
11.1 Introduction: The Evolution of Diagnostic Techniques
11.2 The Paradigm Shift in Molecular Diagnostics
11.3 Advancements in Biosensing and Bioelectronics
11.4 The Fusion of Chemometric Approaches with AI-driven in Future Diagnostics
11.5 Overlook: Challenges and Future Directions in Diagnostic Techniques
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Analytical and Chemometric Approaches in Public Health Emergencies: Global Significance, Challenges, and Disease Detection Strategies
Yan Du1,2 and Jinghong Li3,4,5,6
1Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, State key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun 130000, China
2University of Science and Technology of China, School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, Hefei 230026, China
3Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 102209, China
4Tsinghua University, Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing 100084, China
5New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shenzhen 518054, China
6University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, Center for BioAnalytical Chemistry, Hefei 230026, China
CHAPTER MENU
- Beyond Infectious Threats: Expanding the Horizons of Global Health Challenges
- Tracing the Seven Public Health Emergencies of International Concern Announcements by the World Health Organization: From H1N1 to Monkeypox
- A Close Look at Smallpox, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, and Influenza Variations
- Analytical and Chemometric Approaches in Major Public Health Emergencies
- Conclusion and Discussion
- References
Public health emergencies (PHEs) are situations that pose significant threats to the health of populations across regions, requiring rapid and coordinated responses. These emergencies are unpredictable, with wide-reaching impacts that can overwhelm health systems and disrupt societal functions [1, 2]. Causes include pandemics, bioterrorism, and severe environmental disasters, necessitating comprehensive preparedness strategies that include legal, ethical, and logistical considerations [2-4]. Effective PHE management relies on systems capable of mobilizing resources swiftly and adapting to evolving threats, underscoring the importance of health infrastructure resilience and international cooperation [2, 3, 5].
In the landscape of global health, the role of international organizations is crucial in orchestrating unified responses to PHEs. Organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) not only coordinate these efforts but also foster cross-country collaborations to strengthen health system resilience and preparedness [6, 7]. This collective approach ensures rapid and effective responses to emerging health threats by leveraging shared resources, expertise, and surveillance systems [8, 9]. As health challenges become more interconnected globally, the emphasis on international cooperation and strategic partnerships has intensified, highlighting the need for a cohesive global health security framework [10-12].
Throughout history, these infectious diseases, such as smallpox, influenza, plague, and cholera, along with more recent outbreaks like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), COVID-19, and monkeypox, have posed serious threats to human health. This chapter explores the multifaceted nature of PHEs, emphasizing their unpredictability and widespread impact. As global health threats continue to evolve, there is an increasing need for a cohesive and integrated global health security framework. More importantly, chemical measurements of disease biomarkers plays a critical role in responding to major PHEs, addressing the growing demands for higher accuracy, faster and simpler methods, and increased detection throughput.
1.1 Beyond Infectious Threats: Expanding the Horizons of Global Health Challenges
Global health challenges are increasingly shaped by factors beyond infectious diseases, including climate change, urbanization, and social disparities. These issues now play a significant role in disease emergence and management, broadening the scope of threats to global health.
1.1.1 Introduction to Global Health Challenges
Global health challenges now encompass noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) like cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, driven by urbanization, globalization, and environmental changes, contributing significantly to global mortality [13]. The resurgence of tuberculosis, ongoing pandemic threats, antimicrobial resistance from antibiotic overuse, and rising mental health burdens underscore the complexity of modern health threats, especially in low-resource settings [14-16]. Addressing these interconnected challenges requires an integrated approach that combines the management of infectious and noninfectious diseases [15, 17, 18].
1.1.2 Determinants Influencing the Spread and Management of Diseases
Disease spread and management are influenced by various biological, environmental, social, and economic factors. Biological aspects, such as pathogen virulence and human immunity, play a crucial role in transmission dynamics [19]. Environmental conditions, including climate change, geography, and urbanization, impact vector populations and human behaviors, expanding the reach of diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Zika to new regions [20-25]. Social determinants, such as healthcare access, education, and infrastructure, significantly affect disease control, especially in regions with inadequate systems that struggle to manage outbreaks [26, 27]. Globalization and increased mobility complicate containment, while economic factors, including funding and resource allocation, are critical for effective prevention and response strategies [28, 29]. A multidisciplinary approach is essential to address these interconnected determinants for both infectious and noninfectious disease management.
1.2 Tracing the Seven Public Health Emergencies of International Concern Announcements by the World Health Organization: From H1N1 to Monkeypox
Since implementing the International Health Regulations (IHR) in 2005, the WHO has declared seven PHEICs to address significant global health threats. These declarations mobilize international cooperation and resources, highlighting outbreak severity and guiding a coordinated response. Covering crises from the H1N1 influenza pandemic to the recent monkeypox outbreak, these PHEICs reveal evolving health security measures and challenges posed by emerging infectious diseases.
1.2.1 Overview of the World Health Organization's Criteria for Declaring a Public Health Emergency of International Concern
Under the IHR, the WHO declares a PHEIC based on criteria assessing a health threat's global significance. The event must pose a serious public health risk, have the potential for international spread, threaten cross-border transmission, and require a coordinated international response [30-33]. An Emergency Committee reviews the evidence, considering if the event is unexpected or poses long-term risks that could overwhelm health systems. The goal is to raise awareness, mobilize resources, and implement temporary health measures to contain the outbreaks [34-36].
1.2.2 List of Public Health Emergencies of International Concern Declarations with Dates and Brief Descriptions
1.2.2.1 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic (2009)
The H1N1, or swine flu, pandemic began in April 2009 in Mexico, leading the WHO to declare a PHEIC on April 25, 2009, as the virus spread globally. Unlike seasonal flu, it mainly affected younger people without pre-existing conditions. By June, it was declared a pandemic, infecting an estimated 700 million to 1.4 billion people, with a death toll between 151,700 and 575,400. The rapid spread strained health systems and required extensive vaccination, travel restrictions, and quarantine measures [32, 37].
1.2.2.2 Poliovirus (2014)
In May 2014, the WHO declared a PHEIC due to the international spread of wild poliovirus, primarily affecting Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nigeria, where conflict and weak health systems hindered eradication efforts [32]. New cases in previously polio-free countries such as Syria and Cameroon heightened concerns about further spread. WHO responded with urgent vaccination campaigns and travel restrictions. While cases have declined, ongoing international cooperation and strengthened health systems are essential for complete eradication [37].
1.2.2.3 Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in West Africa (2014)
Beginning in December 2013 in Guinea, the Ebola outbreak spread to Liberia and Sierra Leone, becoming the largest and deadliest to date. The WHO declared a PHEIC on August 8, 2014, as the virus spread rapidly with high mortality, compounded by weak health systems and cultural practices [32, 38, 39]. With over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths, the crisis underscored the need for global coordination. In response, treatment centers, diagnostic tools, and an experimental vaccine were introduced [37, 40].
1.2.2.4 Zika Virus (2016)
The 2016 Zika outbreak raised global concerns due to its rapid spread and association with severe birth defects, particularly microcephaly. Initially identified...
