Advanced Concrete Technology

Preface xi 1 Introduction to Concrete 1 1.1 Concrete Definition and Historical Development 1 1.2 Concrete as a Structural Material 7 1.3 Characteristics of Concrete 10 1.4 Types of Concrete 14 1.5 Factors Influencing Concrete Properties 16 1.6 Approaches to Study Concrete 19 Discussion Topics 21 References 22 2 Materials for Making Concrete 23 2.1 Aggregates 23 2.2 Cementitious Binders 31 2.3 Admixtures 68 2.4 Water 85 Discussion Topics 88 Problems 89 References 90 3 Fresh Concrete 94 3.1 Workability of Fresh Concrete 94 3.2 Mix Design 107 3.3 Procedures for Concrete Mix Design 116 3.4 Manufacture of Concrete 122 3.5 Delivery of Concrete 123 3.6 Concrete Placing 125 3.7 Early-Age Properties of Concrete 135 Discussion Topics 137 Problems 137 References 138 4 Structure of Concrete 140 4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 Structural Levels 141 4.3 Structure of Concrete in Nanometer Scale: C-S-H Structure 145 4.4 Transition Zone in Concrete 152 4.5 Microstructural Engineering 156 Discussion Topics 162 References 163 5 Hardened Concrete 164 5.1 Strengths of Hardened Concrete 164 5.2 Stress-Strain Relationship and Constitutive Equations 189 5.3 Dimensional Stability--Shrinkage and Creep 197 5.4 Durability 216 Discussion Topics 246 Problems 246 References 248 6 Advanced Cementitious Composites 251 6.1 Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites 251 6.2 High-Strength Cementitious Composites 270 6.3 Polymers in Concrete 281 6.4 Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete 292 6.5 Self-Compacting Concrete 296 6.6 Engineered Cementitious Composite 310 6.7 Tube-Reinforced Concrete 312 6.8 High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete 316 6.9 Structural Lightweight Concrete 317 6.10 Heavyweight Concrete 317 Discussion Topics 317 Problems 319 References 320 7 Concrete Fracture Mechanics 326 7.1 Introduction 326 7.2 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics 330 7.3 The Crack Tip Plastic Zone 337 7.4 Crack Tip Opening Displacement 340 7.5 Fracture Process in Concrete 342 7.6 Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics for Concrete 346 7.7 Two-Parameter Fracture Model 348 7.8 Size Effect Model 355 7.9 The Fictitious Model by Hillerborg 364 7.10 R-Curve Method for Quasi-Brittle Materials 369 Discussion Topics 374 Problems 375 References 379 8 Nondestructive Testing in Concrete Engineering 381 8.1 Introduction 381 8.2 Review of Wave Theory for a 1D Case 394 8.3 Reflected and Transmitted Waves 403 8.4 Attenuation and Scattering 406 8.5 Main Commonly Used NDT-CE Techniques 407 8.6 Noncontacting Resistivity Measurement Method 458 Discussion Topics 468 Problems 469 References 472 9 The Future and Development Trends of Concrete 476 9.1 Sustainability of Concrete 476 9.2 Deep Understanding of the Nature of Hydration 483 9.3 Load-Carrying Capability-Durability Unified Service Life Design Theory 485 9.4 High Toughness and Ductile Concrete 487 References 489 Index 491