The Princeton Guide to Ecology

Preface vii

Contributors ix

Part I: Autecology 1

I.1 Ecological Niche 3

I.2 Physiological Ecology: Animals 14

I.3 Physiological Ecology: Plants 20

I.4 Functional Morphology: Muscles, Elastic Mechanisms, and Animal Performance 27

I.5 Habitat Selection 38

I.6 Dispersal 45

I.7 Foraging Behavior 51

I.8 Social Behavior 59

I.9 Phenotypic Plasticity 65

I.10 Life History 72

I.11 Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems 79

I.12 Geographic Range 87

I.13 Adaptation 93

I.14 Phenotypic Selection 101

I.15 Population Genetics and Ecology 109

I.16 Phylogenetics and Comparative Methods 117

I.17 Microevolution 126

I.18 Ecological Speciation: Natural Selection and the Formation of New Species 134

I.19 Adaptive Radiation 143

Part II: Population Ecology 153

II.1 Age-Structured and Stage-Structured Population Dynamics 155

II.2 Density Dependence and Single- Species Population Dynamics 166

II.3 Biological Chaos and Complex Dynamics 172

II.4 Metapopulations and Spatial Population Processes 177

II.5 Competition and Coexistence in Plant Communities 186

II.6 Competition and Coexistence in Animal Communities 196

II.7 Predator-Prey Interactions 202

II.8 Host-Parasitoid Interactions 213

II.9 Ecological Epidemiology 220

II.10 Interactions between Plants and Herbivores 227

II.11 Mutualism and Symbiosis 233

II.12 Ecology of Microbial Populations 239

II.13 Coevolution 247

Part III: Communities and Ecosystems 253

III.1 Biodiversity: Concepts, Patterns, and Measurement 257

III.2 Competition, Neutrality, and Community Organization 264

III.3 Predation and Community Organization 274

III.4 Facilitation and the Organization of Plant Communities 282

III.5 Indirect Effects in Communities and Ecosystems: The Role of Trophic and Nontrophic Interactions 289

III.6 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Regulation of Communities 296

III.7 The Structure and Stability of Food Webs 305

III.8 Spatial and Metacommunity Dynamics in Biodiversity 312

III.9 Ecosystem Productivity and Carbon Flows: Patterns across Ecosystems 320

III.10 Nutrient Cycling and Biogeochemistry 330

III.11 Terrestrial Carbon and Biogeochemical Cycles 340

III.12 Freshwater Carbon and Biogeochemical Cycles 347

III.13 The Marine Carbon Cycle 358

III.14 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning 367

III.15 Ecological Stoichiometry 376

III.16 Macroecological Perspectives on Communities and Ecosystems 386

III.17 Alternative Stable States and Regime Shifts in Ecosystems 395

III.18 Responses of Communities and Ecosystems to Global Changes 407

III.19 Evolution of Communities and Ecosystems 414

Part IV: Landscapes and the Biosphere 423

IV.1 Landscape Dynamics 425

IV.2 Landscape Pattern and Biodiversity 431

IV.3 Ecological Dynamics in Fragmented Landscapes 438

IV.4 Biodiversity Patterns in Managed and Natural Landscapes 445

IV.5 Boundary Dynamics in Landscapes 458

IV.6 Spatial Patterns of Species Diversity in Terrestrial Environments 464

IV.7 Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions in Landscapes 474

IV.8 Seascape Patterns and Dynamics of Coral Reefs 482

IV.9 Seascape Microbial Ecology: Habitat Structure, Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Function 488

IV.10 Spatial Dynamics of Marine Fisheries 501

Part V: Conservation Biology 511

V.1 Causes and Consequences of Species Extinctions 514

V.2 Population Viability Analysis 521

V.3 Principles of Reserve Design 529

V.4 Building and Implementing Systems of Conservation Areas 538

V.5 Marine Conservation 548

V.6 Conservation and Global Climate Change 557

V.7 Restoration Ecology 566

Part VI: Ecosystem Services 573

VI.1 Ecosystem Services: Issues of Scale and Trade-Offs 579

VI.2 Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functioning, and Ecosystem Services 584

VI.3 Beyond Biodiversity: Other Aspects of Ecological Organization 591

VI.4 Human-Dominated Systems: Agroecosystems 597

VI.5 Forests 606

VI.6 Grasslands 614

VI.7 Marine Ecosystem Services 619

VI.8 Provisioning Services: A Focus on Fresh Water 625

VI.9 Regulating Services: A Focus on Disease Regulation 634

VI.10 Support Services: A Focus on Genetic Diversity 642

VI.11 The Economics of Ecosystem Services 652

VI.12 Technological Substitution and Augmentation of Ecosystem Services 659

VI.13 Conservation of Ecosystem Services 670

Part VII: Managing the Biosphere 679

VII.1 Biological Control: Theory and Practice 683

VII.2 Fisheries Management 689

VII.3 Wildlife Management 695

VII.4 Managing the Global Water System 701

VII.5 Managing Nutrient Mobilization and Eutrophication 712

VII.6 Managing Infectious Diseases 718

VII.7 Agriculture, Land Use, and the Transformation of Planet Earth 724

VII.8 The Ecology, Economics, and Management of Alien Invasive Species 731

VII.9 Ecological Economics: Principles of Economic Policy Design for

Ecosystem Management 740

VII.10 Governance and Institutions 748

VII.11 Assessments: Linking

Ecology to Policy 754

Milestones in Ecology 761

Glossary 775

Index 793