Lakes

1 Heat Budgets of Lakes.- Basic concepts.- Thermal properties of water.- Heat exchange processes.- Thermal behavior of lakes.- Heat balance of lakes.- Frozen lakes.- Antarctic lakes.- Synthesis of the heat budget.- References.- 2 Water Circulation and Dispersal Mechanisms.- Fundamental equations.- Parameterization of Reynolds stresses.- Transport equations.- Vorticity equation.- Setup and seiche.- Wind-driven coastal currents.- Topographic gyre model.- The special case of long and narrow basins.- Comparison with observation.- Effect of bottom friction.- Effect of the Coriolis force.- Spontaneous current reversals.- The topographic wave conceptual model.- A simple shore-zone model.- Vorticity balance.- Comparison with observation.- Coastal jets.- Simple coastal jet conceptual model.- Observations on coastal jets.- Spontaneous thermocline movements near shore.- The internal Kelvin wave conceptual model.- Generation of internal Kelvin waves.- Comparison with observation.- Near-inertial oscillations of currents and thermocline.- The internal Poincaré wave conceptual model.- Comparison with observation.- The coastal boundary layer.- Current climatology nearshore and offshore.- References.- 3 Sedimentary Processes in Lakes.- Lake types.- Basin changes.- Lake response to various forms of physical input.- Controlling factors.- Physical inputs and sediment response.- Energy levels.- Summary.- References.- 4 Man-Made Chemical Perturbation of Lakes.- Factors regulating the chemical composition of lake water systems.- Disturbance of balance between photosynthesis and respiration.- Impact of xenobiotic substances on aquatic ecosystems.- Heavy metals and acidity.- Conclusions.- References.- 5 Organic Compounds in Lake Sediments.- Fatty acids.- Isoprenoid compounds.- Alcohols andketones.- Pentacyclic triterpenoid acids.- Steranes and triterpanes.- Hydrocarbons.- Sterols.- Pigments.- Carbohydrates.- Amino acids and amino sugars.- Purines and pyrimidines.- Summary.- References.- 6 Radionuclide Limnochronology.- Delivery of radionuclides to lakes.- Limnochronology.- Dating methods.- Particle reworking processes in lake sediments.- Summary.- References.- 7 The Mineralogy and Related Chemistry of Lake Sediments.- Mineral sources.- Driving forces.- Factors of importance in sediment-water interaction.- Chemical composition of lake sediments.- Mineral composition of lake sediments.- Modern techniques for mineralogic and chemical study of lacustrine sediments.- Origin of major mineral groups.- Summary.- References.- 8 Saline Lakes.- Conditions for saline lake formation.- Compositional variability of saline lake waters.- Brine evolution.- Modes of occurrence and accumulation of saline minerals.- Diagenetic reactions.- Examples of active salt lakes.- Great Salt Lake.- Fossil salt lakes.- Conclusions.- References.- 9 Freshwater Carbonate Sedimentation.- Source of carbonate clastics.- Chemistry of calcite precipitation.- Chemistry of other carbonate minerals.- Case history of Lake Zurich calcite deposition.- Summary.- References.- 10 Stable Isotope Studies of Lakes.- Hydrogen and oxygen.- Carbon.- Nitrogen.- Sulfur.- Summary.- References.- 11 Chemical Models of Lakes.- Time scales.- One-box models.- Two-box models: stratified lakes.- Multi-box models.- Models for lake water and sediments.- References.- Index of Lakes.