
Decentralised Sanitation and Reuse
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Content
- Cover
- Copyright
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Part I: The DESAR concept for environmental protection
- 1. Environmental protection technologies for sustainable development
- 1.1 Sustainable development and environmental protection
- 1.2 Sustainability in environmental protection technologies
- 1.3 References
- 2. Historical aspects of wastewater treatment
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Early historic times
- 2.3 Roman times: 800 BC to 450 AD
- 2.4 The sanitary Dark Ages: 450 to 1750
- 2.5 The age of sanitary enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution: 1750 to 1950
- 2.6 Developing the basic treatment processes: 1870 to 1914
- 2.7 The age of process development: 1914 to 1965
- 2.8 Process refinement to standards dictated by environmental protection: 1965 to 2000
- 2.9 Concluding remarks
- 2.10 Timeline for wastewater treatment
- 2.11 References
- 3. Decentralized versus centralized wastewater management
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Evaluation of centralized water/wastewater management systems
- 3.3 Decentralized water/wastewater management systems
- 3.4 Summary and conclusions
- 3.5 References
- Part II: Waste and wastewater characteristics and its collection
- 4. Types, characteristics and quantities of classic, combined domestic wastewaters
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Wastewater components
- 4.3 Population equivalent and person load
- 4.4 Coloured wastewater
- 4.5 Wastes from households
- 4.6 Water consumption
- 4.7 Wastewater design for households
- 4.8 Wastewater changes by waste transport
- 4.9 References
- 5. Types, characteristics and quantities of domestic solid waste
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Types of domestic solid waste
- 5.3 Characteristics of domestic solid waste
- 5.4 Management of domestic solid waste
- 5.5 References
- 6. The collection and transport of wastewater
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Types of sewer systems
- 6.3 Combined sewer systems
- 6.4 Separate sewer systems
- 6.5 Sedimentation
- 6.6 Source control
- 6.7 References
- 7. The urban sanitation dilemma
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 The rationale behind the need for change in present sanitary systems
- 7.3 The wastewater sludge problem
- 7.4 Human urine as fertiliser
- 7.5 Present sanitation practices and sustainable development
- 7.6 Present trends in sustainable management of organic materials
- 7.7 A global perspective
- 7.8 References
- Part III: Technological aspects of DESAR
- 8. DESAR treatment concepts for combined domestic wastewater
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 The decentralised approach
- 8.3 Technology options
- 8.4 Conclusions
- 8.5 References
- 9. Design of highly efficient source control sanitation and practical experiences
- 9.1 Welcome to the future - zero emissions in municipal wastewater management
- 9.2 What is wrong with conventional sanitation?
- 9.3 Regional planning in wastewater management
- 9.4 Basic considerations for the design of source control sanitation and proper water management
- 9.5 New development 1: separation toilets and gravity flow
- 9.6 New development 2: vacuum toilets and vacuum transport to a biogas plant
- 9.7 New development 3: low cost, low maintenance on-site systems
- 9.8 New development 4: upgrade existing wastewater infrastructure
- 9.9 Risks, obstacles and restrictions
- 9.10 Welcome to the future!
- 9.11 References
- 10. Potentials of anaerobic treatment of domestic sewage under temperate climate conditions
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Fundamental aspects of anaerobic treatment at lower temperatures
- 10.3 Technological aspects of anaerobic treatment at lower temperatures
- 10.4 Cost evaluation
- 10.5 Acknowledgements
- 10.6 References
- 11. Potentials of anaerobic pre-treatment (AnWT) of domestic sewage under tropical conditions
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Treatment of sewage using the UASB concept
- 11.3 Discussion and conclusions
- 11.4 References
- 12. Anaerobic treatment systems for high-strength domestic waste (water) streams
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Anaerobic wastewater treatment systems in relation to concentration
- 12.3 Model calculations
- 12.4 References
- 13. Compact on-site treatment methods for communities - Norwegian experiences
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Norwegian experience of compact, prefabricated on-site treatment units (mini treatment plants)
- 13.3 Norwegian experience of compact,small treatment plants (35-2000 pe)
- 13.4 Summary and conclusions
- 13.5 References
- 14. On-site systems for domestic wastewater treatment (johkasous) in Japan
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 The structure of johkasous
- 14.3 Treatment performance of small-scale johkasous
- 14.4 Treatment performance of small-scale johkasous using a waste disposal unit
- 14.5 Newly developed johkasous with membrane separation
- 14.6 Maintenance and desludging of small-scale johkasous
- 14.7 Further developments in johkasou technology
- 14.8 References
- 15. Extensive water-based post-treatment systems for anaerobically pre-treated sewage
- 15.1 Effluent standards
- 15.2 Effluent quality from anaerobic pre-treatment
- 15.3 Waste stabilisation ponds
- 15.4 Facultative ponds
- 15.5 Maturation ponds
- 15.6 Other considerations in pond design
- 15.7 Aerated lagoons
- 15.8 References
- 16. Management of wastewater by natural treatment systems with emphasis on land-based systems
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 The need for natural treatment systems
- 16.3 Characteristics and objectives of natural treatment systems
- 16.4 On-site wastewater treatment systems
- 16.5 Slow-rate treatment
- 16.6 Rapid infiltration
- 16.7 Overland flow
- 16.8 Floating aquatic plants
- 16.9 Wetland systems
- 16.10 Ponds
- 16.11 Combination systems
- 16.12 References
- 17. Treatment methods for grey water
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 Characterisation of grey water
- 17.3 Water recycling standards
- 17.4 Technologies
- 17.5 References
- 18. Aspects of groundwater recharge using grey wastewater
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 Characteristics of grey wastewater
- 18.3 The fate of pollutants in soil and water
- 18.4 References
- 19. Potentials of water reuse in houses and other buildings
- 19.1 Introduction
- 19.2 Household water use
- 19.3 Intrinsic water quality and water use
- 19.4 Models for sustainable water supply systems
- 19.5 Estimation of water savings with dynamic simulation
- 19.6 Feasibility and compatibility
- 19.7 References
- 20. Perspectives of nutrient recovery in DESAR concepts
- 20.1 Introduction
- 20.2 Origin and speciation of wasted nutrients
- 20.3 Possible waste streams
- 20.4 Options for nutrient recovery
- 20.5 Technologies for nutrient recovery
- 20.6 Suitability for DESAR concepts
- 20.7 Urine separation (AN technology): an example
- 20.8 How well does AN technology correspond with the DESAR concept?
- 20.9 Conclusions
- 20.10 References
- 21. Potentials of irrigation and fertilization
- 21.1 Introduction
- 21.2 Materials and methods
- 21.3 Results
- 21.4 Discussion
- 21.5 References
- 22. Potentials of urban and peri-urban agriculture in Africa by the valorization of domestic waste in DESAR
- 22.1 The growth of urban agglomeration in Africa
- 22.2 Environmental problems in African cities
- 22.3 Urban agriculture in Africa
- 22.4 Different locations of urban agriculture in and around the city
- 22.5 Problems of urban agriculture
- 22.6 An integrative solution
- 22.7 Decentralized or centralized solutions?
- 22.8 Problems with integrated solutions
- 22.9 A case study of Western Africa
- 22.10 The use of liquid wastes
- 22.11 Conclusions
- 22.12 References
- 23. Guidelines and regulations on wastewater reuse
- 23.1 Introduction
- 23.2 Uses for reclaimed wastewater
- 23.3 Reuse conditions
- 23.4 Factors affecting the development of effluent quality criteria
- 23.5 Historical developments
- 23.6 Existing regulations
- 23.7 References
- Part IV: Environmental and public health aspects of DESAR
- 24. Hygienic aspects of DESAR: water circuits
- 24.1 Introduction
- 24.2 The concept of risk
- 24.3 Discussion
- 24.4 Conclusions
- 24.5 References
- 25. Hygienic aspects of solid fractions of waste water
- 25.1 Introduction
- 25.2 Types of solid fractions of waste water
- 25.3 Reduction rates of different treatment methods
- 25.4 Decentralized sludge treatment
- 25.5 Dry sanitation
- 25.6 Existing potential vectors
- 25.7 Level of pathogens necessary for disease to occur
- 25.8 DESAR risk management
- 25.9 References
- 26. The environmental impact of decentralised compared to centralised treatment concepts
- 26.1 Introduction
- 26.2 Environmental impacts to be considered
- 26.3 A strategic view of wastewater treatment
- 26.4 Comparison of current wastewater treatment systems
- 26.5 References
- Part V: Sociological and economic aspects of DESAR
- 27. The role of public acceptance in the application of DESAR technology
- 27.1 Introduction
- 27.2 The need for the on-site treatment of wastewater
- 27.3 Developing DESAR in the Lake Pyhäjärvi area
- 27.4 Operation and maintenance
- 27.5 References
- 28. Public awareness and mobilization for sanitation
- 28.1 Introduction
- 28.2 Strategies, approaches and steps
- 28.3 Methods and tools for communication and mobilization
- 28.4 References
- 29. Perspectives and hindrances for the application of anaerobic digestion in DESAR concepts
- 29.1 Introduction
- 29.2 The anaerobic treatment process
- 29.3 Economic aspects
- 29.4 Favourable frame conditions
- 29.5 Anaerobic DESAR - examples
- 29.6 References
- 30. The micro and macro economic aspects of decentralized sewage treatment
- 30.1 Introduction
- 30.2 Costs of providing adequate sanitation
- 30.3 Economic evaluation of technical measures
- 30.4 Economic assessment of alternative sewage disposal systems
- 30.5 The financial evaluation of decentralized treatment
- 30.6 References
- Part VI: Architectural and urban aspects of DESAR
- 31. Town planning aspects of the implementation of DESAR in new and existing townships
- 31.1 Introduction
- 31.2 Closed cycles are sustainable
- 31.3 Public acceptance of DESAR
- 31.4 Implementing DESAR in townships
- 31.5 Integration of decentralised sanitation systems into a built environment
- 31.6 References
- 32. Architectural and urban aspects of the development and implementation of DESAR concepts
- 32.1 Introduction
- 32.2 DESAR and quality of life
- 32.3 A non-Western approach to aesthetics
- 32.4 Architects' and urbanists' interaction with DESAR
- 32.5 References
- Index
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