Research with the Locus of Control Construct

1 Overview Introduction Early Assessment Devices for Measuring Locus of Control New Developments in Scale Construction: Goal-Specific Measures Special Characteristics in the Use of Locus of Control Scales Other Conceptions Related to Locus of Control Overview ReferencesI An Update on Early Research Programs 2 Differentiating among Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance Conceptualization Measurement Empirical Work Implications and Future Directions Appendix A: I, P, and C Scales ReferencesII Disaggregation of the Control Variable by Outcome 3 Expectancies for Controllability, Performance Attributions, and Behavior Introduction Expectancies for Controllability Performance Attributions Consequences of Performance Attributions and/or Expectancies for Control Conclusion Appendix A: The Malevolent-Benevolent Questionnaire Appendix B: Desirable-Undesirable Events Locus of Control Items Appendix C: Rotter Internal-External Scale Items Corresponding to the Numbered Items in the Cluster Analysis ReferencesIII Ongoing Research Programs Using Innovative Techniques 4 The Desired Control Measure and Adjustment among the Elderly Introduction Cognitive Social Learning Theory and Adjustment Research Program Initial Survey Locus of Desired Control and Psychological Adjustment Psychometric Properties of the Desired Control Measure Desired Control-Short Form Discussion and Summary Appendix A: Desired Control Measure References 5 Spheres of Control: an Interactions Approach to Assessment of Perceived Control Introduction Scale Development The Nomological Network Validity Studies A Facet Analysis of Perceived Control Appendix A: Spheres of Control Battery Items References 6 Health Locus of Control Scales Introduction Development of the Health Locus of Control Scales Alternative Measures Normative Data Scale Properties How to Use the MHLC Scales Research Done with HLC and MHLC Scales Locus of Control as a Dependent Variable Correlations with Other Scales Health Locus of Control as an Independent Variable Conclusions Implications for Future Research Appendix A: Situational Inventory (Example) References 7 The Construction and Development of the Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causality Scales Introduction A Description of the MMCS Validity Research with the MMCS Discussion Summary Appendix A: MMCS Items Grouped according to Goal-Specific Subscales ReferencesIV Applications to Clinical Problems 8 Measuring Beliefs about Where Psychological Pain Originates and Who is Responsible for Its Alleviation: Two New Scales for Clinical Researchers The Need for Two Scales The Study Discussion Appendix A: The MHLC Questionnaire Appendix B: The MHLO Questionnaire References 9 The Measurement of Locus of Control among Alcoholics Summary Aspects Background Considerations The Alcoholic Responsibility Scale Method of Development Procedure Results and Discussion ReferencesV Other Approaches to the Study of Control 10 Personal Causation and Locus of Control: Two Different Traditions and Two Uncorrelated Measures Introduction Descriptions of the Origin Measure Comparison of Origin Scores and Locus of Control of Reinforcement Origin Scores and the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire Summary References 11 The Construct of Engagement Style: Theory and Res