Reeds Introductions: Principles of Earth Observation for Marine Engineering Applications
1st Edition
Published on 19. September 2019
272 pages
978-1-4729-5001-7 (ISBN)
Description
An essential, introductory text for marine engineering students covering the fundamental earth-observation concepts that underpin all space-based terrestrial and maritime remote sensing methods.
Satellite-based earth observation provides key weather and environmental information to all nations, including key maritime users such as navy, coastguard and merchant vessels.
The application and understanding of electromagnetic wave-based devices and sensors is an established merchant sea service requirement, found in the Standards in Training and Certification in Watchkeeping (STCW95) qualification and various Maritime Coastguard Agency exams. It is vital that maritime and land-based users have a basic understanding of the concepts upon which these essential earth-observation systems now operate.
The book is written as simply as possible to support the growing numbers of overseas students for whom English is not their first language. It provides a firm foundation prior to reading and studying of the Reeds Marine Engineering series, and is complementary to other volumes in the Introductions series. Maritime and land-based students and scientists having read this easy-to-read volume will be better prepared for more in-depth study.
Satellite-based earth observation provides key weather and environmental information to all nations, including key maritime users such as navy, coastguard and merchant vessels.
The application and understanding of electromagnetic wave-based devices and sensors is an established merchant sea service requirement, found in the Standards in Training and Certification in Watchkeeping (STCW95) qualification and various Maritime Coastguard Agency exams. It is vital that maritime and land-based users have a basic understanding of the concepts upon which these essential earth-observation systems now operate.
The book is written as simply as possible to support the growing numbers of overseas students for whom English is not their first language. It provides a firm foundation prior to reading and studying of the Reeds Marine Engineering series, and is complementary to other volumes in the Introductions series. Maritime and land-based students and scientists having read this easy-to-read volume will be better prepared for more in-depth study.
More details
Series
Edition
1. Auflage
Language
English
Place of publication
London
United Kingdom
Publishing group
Bloomsbury Publishing PLC
Target group
College/higher education
Professional and scholarly
Illustrations
Black and white diagrams throughout and a 16-page colour plate section of photographs and diagrams
ISBN-13
978-1-4729-5001-7 (9781472950017)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Additional editions
Christopher Lavers
Reeds Introductions: Principles of Earth Observation for Marine Engineering Applications
Book
09/2019
Reeds
€50.95
Article exhausted; check different version
Person
Christopher Lavers is a lecturer in Marine Engineering and has taught Maritime and Remote Sensing topics at Britannia Royal Naval College since 1993. He is Subject Matter Expert (Radar and Telecommunications) at Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, UK.
Content
- Cover
- Half Title
- Series
- Title
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contents
- Introduction
- What is remote sensing?
- References
- 1 Monitoring the Earth Environment: Requirements, Historical Review and Key Principles
- 1.1 Requirements for Earth observation in the 21st century
- 1.2 A brief historical review of Earth observation
- 1.3 Classification of remote sensing systems
- 1.4 Electromagnetic radiation
- 1.4.1 Gamma rays & 0.03nm
- 1.4.2 X-rays 0.03-30nm
- 1.4.3 Ultraviolet radiation 0.2-0.4µm
- 1.4.4 Visible 0.4-0.7µm
- 1.4.5 Infrared 0.7-15.0µm
- 1.4.6 Reflected near infrared 0.7-3.0µm
- 1.4.7 Thermal infrared 3.0-15µm
- 1.4.8 Microwaves 0.1-100cm
- 1.4.9 Radio waves & 100cm
- 1.5 Remote sensing application sensing bands
- 1.5.1 Coastal aerosol band (0.43-0.4µm)
- 1.5.2 Blue (0.45-0.51µm)
- 1.5.3 Green (0.53-0.59µm)
- 1.5.4 Red (0.64-0.67µm)
- 1.5.5 Yellow (0.585-0.625µm)
- 1.5.6 Red edge (0.705-0.745µm)
- 1.5.7 Near InfraRed 1 NIR1 (0.76-0.9µm)
- 1.5.8 Near InfraRed 2 NIR2 (0.86-1.0µm)
- 1.5.9 Cirrus (1.36-1.38µm)
- 1.5.10 Short Wave InfraRed 1 SWIR1 (1.5-1.78µm)
- 1.5.11 Short Wave InfraRed 2 SWIR2 (2.08-2.35µm)
- 1.5.12 Water vapour detection channels (5.35-7.15µm and 6.85-7.85µm)
- 1.5.13 Panchromatic (0.50-0.68µm)
- 1.5.14 Thermal InfraRed Sensor TIRS1 (10.60-12.51µm)
- 1.6 Some common remote sensing terms and units
- 1.6.1 Radiation sources
- 1.6.2 Types of remote sensing imagery
- 1.7 Resolution issues
- 1.8 Attenuation and radiation propagation
- 1.8.1 Attenuation
- 1.8.2 Scattering
- 1.8.3 Absorption
- 1.9 Albedo
- 1.10 Spectral radiant flux, reflectance, absorbance and transmittance
- 1.11 Radiation emission
- 1.12 Hemispherical reflectance
- 1.13 A remote sensing system
- 1.13.1 Source: the source may be natural, such as the sun, or man-made, such as radar (figure 1.11).
- 1.14 The remote sensing process
- Questions
- References
- 2 Visible, Near Infrared and Ultraviolet Electromagnetic Radiation Interactions at the Earth's Surface
- 2.1 The interaction of visible, NIR and ultraviolet with Earth's surface
- 2.2 Water properties
- 2.3 The interaction of visible light and NIR with water (the hydrosphere)
- 2.4 Underwater light attenuation
- 2.4.1 The Beer-Lambert law
- 2.4.2 The optical distance (.)
- 2.4.3 The beam transmissometer
- 2.4.4 Diffuse attenuation coefficients and the Beer-Lambert irradiance law
- 2.4.5 Optical refraction underwater
- 2.5 The interaction of ultraviolet with water (the hydrosphere)
- 2.6 Vegetation
- 2.6.1 The interaction of visible and NIR with vegetation
- 2.6.2 Visible pigment absorption
- 2.6.3 Leaf structure and NIR reflectance
- 2.7 Time dependent characteristics
- 2.7.1 The effect of solar and sensor elevation (height)
- 2.7.2 The effect of solar and sensor azimuth
- 2.8 Canopy geometry changes
- 2.8.1 The effect of vegetation decay or senescence (phenological cycles)
- 2.9 The interaction of UV with vegetation
- 2.10 Vegetation, and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index
- 2.11 The interaction of visible and NIR with soil
- 2.11.1 Soil moisture, structure and texture
- 2.11.2 Organic matter and iron oxide
- 2.11.3 The interaction of ultraviolet radiation with soil
- 2.12 The interaction of visible, NIR and ultraviolet radiation with rock and minerals
- 2.13 The interaction of ultraviolet with rocks and minerals
- 2.14 The interaction of visible and NIR radiation with snow and ice (the cryosphere)
- 2.15 The interaction of ultraviolet with snow and ice (the cryosphere)
- Questions
- References
- 3 Thermal Sensors
- Introduction
- 3.1 Thermal radiation and its interactions with the Earth's surface
- 3.2 Emissivity
- 3.3 Spatial variability
- 3.4 Principal wavebands
- 3.5 Kinetic temperature
- 3.6 Thermal crossover
- 3.7 Heating rate
- 3.8 Interaction of thermal infrared wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation with water (the hydrosphere)
- 3.8.1 Sea Surface Temperature
- 3.9 Interaction of thermal infrared wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation with vegetation and chlorophyll
- 3.9.1 Vegetation moisture content
- 3.9.2 Sensor angle
- 3.10 Interaction of thermal infrared wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation with snow and ice
- 3.11 Interaction of thermal infrared wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation with soil
- 3.11.1 Soil temperature
- 3.12 Interaction of thermal infrared wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation with rocks and minerals
- 3.13 Satellite thermal IR systems
- 3.13.1 Space-borne thermal imagers
- 3.13.2 Thematic Mapper (TM)
- 3.13.3 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)
- 3.13.4 Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM)
- 3.14 Thermal IR spectra
- 3.15 Non-imaging systems
- 3.15.1 Infrared radiometer
- 3.15.2 Spectrometer
- 3.16 Far infrared thermal imaging sensors
- 3.16.1 Thermal scanners
- 3.17 Detectors for thermal infrared radiation
- 3.18 Advanced cooled FPAs
- 3.19 Emerging Uncooled FPA (UFPA)
- Questions
- References
- 4 Microwave Sensors
- 4.1 Problems with visible imagery
- 4.2 Passive microwave sensors
- 4.3 Active microwave sensors
- 4.4 The echo ranging principle
- 4.5 Radar parameters
- 4.5.1 Angular resolution
- 4.5.2 Range resolution
- 4.6 Doppler radar
- 4.6.1 The Doppler effect
- 4.7 Radar antennas
- 4.7.1 Dish antennas
- 4.8 Phased arrays
- 4.8.1 Active arrays
- 4.8.2 Principle of operation
- 4.8.3 Linear array beam steering
- 4.8.4 Phased array radar advantages
- 4.9 Radar imaging
- 4.9.1 Side-Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR)
- 4.9.2 Image distortions
- 4.9.3 Synthetic aperture radar
- 4.9.4 SAR imaging targets
- 4.9.5 SAR maritime monitoring
- 4.9.6 SLAR and SAR images
- 4.9.7 Polarisation and 3D images
- 4.10 Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR)
- 4.11 Sensor system types
- 4.11.1 The European Remote Sensing (ERS) Satellite
- 4.12 Interaction of microwaves with different surfaces
- 4.12.1 Interactions of microwaves with water
- 4.12.2 Interactions of microwaves with vegetation
- 4.12.3 Interactions of microwaves with soil
- 4.12.4 Interactions of microwaves with rocks and minerals
- 4.12.5 Interactions of microwaves with snow and ice (the cryosphere)
- 4.12.5.1 Sea and land applications
- Questions
- References
- 5 Atmospheric Interactions with Electromagnetic Radiation
- 5.1 Radiation from the sun and the solar radiation spectrum
- 5.2 The atmospheric absorption spectrum
- 5.3 Atmospheric transmission
- 5.4 Radiation from Earth
- 5.5 Atmospheric composition
- 5.6 Atmospheric and ionospheric turbulence
- 5.7 Cloud, rain and snow
- 5.8 Radiation propagation
- 5.9 Absorbance and transmittance
- 5.10 Ocean attenuation
- 5.11 The remote sensing inverse problem
- Questions
- References
- 6 Hydrosphere and Cryosphere Applications
- 6.1 Water resource applications: the hydrosphere and the cryosphere
- 6.2 Water pollution detection
- 6.3 Lake eutrophication
- 6.4 Ice shelves visible
- 6.5 Water security issues
- 6.5.1 Aral Sea case study - optical
- 6.6 Ocean colour visible
- 6.6.1 Optical chlorophyll detection of phytoplankton blooms with SeaWiFS
- 6.7 Ocean wind microwave
- 6.8 Rivers
- 6.9 Wetland mapping
- 6.10 Surveillance maritime applications
- 6.10.1 Terrestrial
- 6.10.1.1 Terrestrial maritime visible imagery
- 6.10.1.2 Terrestrial maritime thermography
- 6.10.2 Space-based maritime applications
- 6.10.2.1 Space-based visible
- 6.10.2.2 Space-based radar
- Active radar
- Sea Surface Temperature
- Sea Surface Height
- Sea snow and ice mapping
- Passive microwave
- 6.11 Oil spillages
- 6.11.1 UV fluorescence
- 6.11.2 Visible and IR oil spillage imagery: Gulf War case study
- 6.11.3 Thermal IR oil images
- 6.11.4 Radar imagery
- 6.12 Sea and ice radar interferometry
- Questions
- References
- 7 Land Resource Applications
- 7.1 Land resource applications
- 7.2 Land cover
- 7.3 Rocks
- 7.4 Geological mapping
- 7.4.1 Geological deposits
- 7.4.2 Desert sands
- 7.4.3 Geological oil exploration
- 7.5 Soil mapping and evaluation
- 7.6 Soil salinity
- 7.7 Land use/cover mapping classification
- 7.8 Vegetation cover
- 7.8.1 Agricultural crop yields
- 7.9 Forest applications
- 7.10 Archaeology
- 7.11 Land glaciers visible
- 7.12 Urban and regional planning applications
- 7.12.1 Monitoring urban growth visible
- 7.12.2 Terrestrial building heat surveys
- 7.13 Land surveillance
- 7.14 Disaster monitoring
- 7.14.1 Humanitarian aid for natural and man-made disasters
- Questions
- References
- 8 Atmospheric Applications
- 8.1 Atmospheric remote sensing applications
- 8.2 Measurement geometries
- 8.3 Atmospheric layer sensing
- 8.3.1 Exosphere
- 8.3.2 Ionospheric measurements
- 8.3.2.1 Terrestrial measurements of the ionosphere
- 8.3.2.2 Thermosphere: space-based methods
- 8.3.2.3 Mesosphere space-based methods
- 8.3.3 Stratosphere satellite-based sensing
- 8.3.4 Troposphere
- 8.3.4.1 Terrestrial measurements of the atmosphere
- 8.3.4.2 Space-based tropospheric measurements
- 8.4 Satellite validation principles
- 8.5 Available products
- Questions
- References
- 9 Satellite Platforms for Remote Sensing
- 9.1 An early history of non-terrestrial platforms
- 9.2 Rocketry
- 9.3 What is a satellite?
- 9.4 Satellite physics basics
- 9.4.1 Circular orbit and velocity
- 9.4.2 Elliptical orbits and escape trajectories
- 9.4.3 Kepler's laws
- 9.5 Types of satellite
- 9.5.1 Polar orbiting satellites or Polar Orbiters
- 9.5.2 Geostationary satellites
- 9.6 Comparison of polar orbiting and geostationary satellites
- 9.6.1 Advantages of polar orbiting satellites
- 9.6.2 Disadvantages of polar orbiting satellites
- 9.6.3 Advantages of geostationary satellites
- 9.6.4 Disadvantages of geostationary satellites
- 9.7 Weather sensing satellites
- 9.8 Earth observation satellites
- 9.9 High-resolution satellite missions
- 9.10 Small satellite missions and nanosats
- 9.11 Other notable Earth observation satellites
- Questions
- References
- 10 Introduction to Satellite Image Processing and Other Imagery Sources
- 10.1 Introduction to image processing
- 10.2 Pre-processing
- 10.3 Image enhancement
- 10.4 Image transformations
- 10.4.1 Land clearance case study
- 10.5 Image interpretation
- 10.6 Change detection
- 10.7 Image classification and analysis
- 10.8 Other imagery sources
- 10.9 Web-based satellite image sources
- Questions
- References
- Appendix 1: Numerical Solutions
- Glossary
- Index
