
Reeds Introductions: Essential Sensing and Telecommunications for Marine Engineering Applications
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Knowledge regarding electromagnetic waves and electromagnetic devices is an established merchant navy sea service requirement, particularly for the Standards in Training and Certification in Watchkeeping (STCW95) qualification in various Maritime Coastguard Agency exams, but it is also a practical matter for the amateur as well. This vital introductory book is written as simply as possible to educate an increasing number of maritime users who wish to become familiar and competent with the latest technologies as well as a growing number of overseas students for whom English is not their first language.
This volume provides a comprehensive study of maritime sensors and telecommunications principles and provides a firm foundation prior to reading and studying textbooks in the Reeds Marine Engineering series. Students having read this easy-to-read volume will be better prepared for the more in depth study of that series.
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Content
- Cover
- Half Title
- Series
- Title Page
- Imprint
- Dedication
- Contents
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Basic Principles of Communications
- 1.1 The purpose of maritime communications
- 1.2 History of key telecommunications maritime-.related advances
- 1.2.1 Maritime signalling
- 1.3 The communications channel
- 1.3.1 Input and output transducers
- 1.3.2 Transmitters and receivers
- 1.4 Bearers and typical communications devices
- 1.4.1 Twisted pair
- 1.4.2 Coaxial Cables
- 1.4.3 Guided Electromagnetic Waves
- 1.4.4 Waveguides
- 1.4.5 Optical fibres
- 1.4.5.1 History of optical fibres
- 1.4.5.2 Optical fibre losses
- 1.4.5.3 Transmitters for optical fibres
- 1.4.5.4 Advantages of optical fibres
- 1.4.5 Optical Repeaters
- 1.5 Multi-.channelling
- 1.6 Multiplexing
- 1.7 Basebands
- 1.7.1 Analogue basebands
- 1.7.2 Digital basebands
- 1.8 Noise, amplifiers, filters and signal to noise (S/.N) ratio
- 1.8.1 External noise
- 1.8.2 Internal noise
- 1.8.3 Amplifiers
- 1.8.4 Filters
- 1.8.5 Signal to noise (S/.N) ratio
- 1.9 Networks
- 1.9.1 Star networks
- 1.9.2 Linear or serial networks
- 1.9.3 Meshed or gridded networks
- 1.10 Switching
- 1.11 Computer networks
- 1.11.1 The Internet
- Self-.assessment questions
- References
- 2 Atmospheric Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas
- 2.1 Atmospheric propagation of waves near a surface
- 2.2 Ground wave propagation
- 2.3 Sky wave propagation
- 2.3.1 Prediction of MUFs [2.9]
- 2.4 Space wave propagation
- 2.5 Tropospheric and ionospheric scatter communications
- 2.5.1 Tropospheric interference
- 2.6 Vertical coverage lobes
- 2.7 Tropospheric refraction
- 2.8 Atmospheric ducting
- 2.8.1 Surface ducts
- 2.8.2 Elevated ducts
- 2.9 Communications antennas
- 2.9.1 Dipole and monopole transmit antennas
- 2.9.2 Highly directional Yagi-.Uda antenna
- 2.9.3 Broadband antennas
- 2.9.4 Receive antennas
- Self-.assessment questions
- References
- 3 Analogue Modulation Techniques and Receiver Principles
- 3.1 Reasons for modulation
- 3.2 Types of modulation
- 3.2.1 Amplitude Modulation
- 3.2.1.1 AM modulation Index
- 3.2.1.2 Single Sideband (SSB) signals
- 3.2.1.2.1 Power in sidebands
- 3.3 Angle modulation
- 3.3.1 Frequency Modulation (FM)
- 3.3.2 Bessel functions
- 3.4 Radio receiver principles
- 3.4.1 Receivers
- 3.4.2 Selectivity
- 3.4.3 Sensitivity
- 3.4.4 The basic superheterodyne (superhet) receiver
- Self-.assessment questions
- References
- 4 Digital Signalling Methods and Digital Keying
- 4.1 The bandwidth of a digital signal
- 4.2 Capacity of a channel
- 4.3 Capacity of a noisy channel
- 4.4 Advantages of digital signalling
- 4.5 Error Detection and Correction (EDAC)
- 4.6 Analogue to digital conversion
- 4.6.1 Sampling
- 4.6.2 Quantisation
- 4.6.3 Encoding
- 4.6.4 Encryption
- 4.6.4.1 Cryptography
- 4.6.4.2 Modulo-.2 addition
- 4.6.4.3 Pseudo Random Numbers (PRNs)
- 4.6.4.4 The encryption process
- 4.7 Digital bit rate and bandwidth
- 4.8 Keying techniques
- 4.8.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
- 4.8.2 Two-.tone keying systems
- 4.8.2.1 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
- 4.8.2.2 Frequency Exchange Keying (FEK)
- 4.8.2.3 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
- 4.9 Spread spectrum techniques
- 4.9.1 Frequency hopping
- 4.9.2 Burst transmission
- 4.9.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
- 4.9.4 Civil Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
- 4.10 Wireless technology examples
- 4.10.1 Civilian wireless technologies
- 4.10.2 Military wireless technology examples
- 4.10.3 Wireless links
- 4.10.4 Li-.Fi
- Self-.assessment questions
- References
- 5 Radar
- 5.1 Early history of radar
- 5.2 The echo ranging principle
- 5.3 Fundamental radar parameter definitions
- 5.4 Maximum Detection Range (MDR)
- 5.5 Maximum Unambiguous Range (MUR)
- 5.6 Data rate
- 5.7 Angular resolution
- 5.8 Range resolution
- 5.9 Primary and secondary radars
- 5.10 Typical radar characteristics
- 5.10.1 Surveillance radars
- 5.10.2 Pointing radars
- 5.11 Doppler radars
- 5.11.1 The Doppler effect
- 5.11.2 Use of Doppler radar for target identification
- 5.12 Radar antennas
- 5.12.1 Dish antennas
- 5.13 Phased arrays
- 5.14 Radomes
- 5.15 The radar block diagram
- 5.15.1 Comment on radar RF microwave production
- 5.16 Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA)
- Self-.assessment questions
- References
- 6 Radar Echo Signal Processing in a Real Operational Environment
- 6.1 Operating environment
- 6.1.1. Processing functions
- 6.2 Threshold detection
- 6.3 Integration
- 6.4 Clutter
- 6.4.1 Common maritime clutter sources
- 6.5 Logarithmic amplification
- 6.6 Differentiation (anti-.rain)
- 6.7 Swept gain
- 6.8 Pulse compression
- 6.9 Radiation hazards
- 6.10 Phased array
- 6.10.1 Passive arrays
- 6.10.2 Active arrays
- 6.10.3 Principle of operation
- 6.10.4 Linear array beam steering
- 6.10.5 Phased array radar advantages
- 6.11 Synthetic aperture radar
- 6.11.1 SAR imaging moving targets
- 6.11.2 Maritime monitoring with SAR
- Self-.assessment questions
- References
- 7 Electro-.Optical and Thermal Systems
- 7.1 Reasons for maritime imaging systems
- 7.2 Image intensifiers
- 7.3 The Micro Channel Plate (MCP) Image Intensifier
- 7.4 Photoelectric emission of electrons
- 7.5 Secondary emission of electrons
- 7.6 Maritime II applications
- 7.7 Colour Image Intensifier (CII)
- 7.8 Future wide-.angle night vision systems
- 7.9 Lasers for marine applications
- 7.9.1 Laser theory
- 7.10 Laser classes
- 7.11 Types of laser
- 7.11.1 Solid state laser
- 7.11.2 Gas laser
- 7.11.3 Semiconductor diode laser
- 7.11.4 Liquid laser
- 7.11.5 Optical fibre laser
- 7.12 Military and civilian maritime uses of lasers
- 7.12.1 Laser range finding and maintaining ships' proximity in RAS
- 7.12.2 Laser ranging and tracking
- 7.12.3 Lasers for underwater detection
- 7.12.4 Combined surveillance systems
- 7.12.5 Satellite laser communications
- 7.13 Infrared emission and transmission
- 7.14 The IR spectrum
- 7.15 Infrared emission laws
- 7.16 Properties of radiating thermal bodies
- 7.17 Infrared transmission
- 7.18 Thermal Imaging
- 7.19 Future infrared systems
- 7.20 Thermal imagers and surveillance
- 7.21 Typical ship's IR emissions
- 7.22 Thermal contrast
- 7.23 Operating environment
- Self-.assessment Questions
- References
- 8 Common Maritime System Monitoring Sensors and Transducers
- 8.1 Sensor types covered
- 8.2 Temperature transducers
- 8.2.1 Thermoelectric sensor
- 8.2.2 Resistance type sensors
- 8.2.3 Potentiometer
- 8.2.4 The thermistor
- 8.2.5 Bimetallic types
- 8.3 Liquid expansion glass thermometers and vapour pressure sensors
- 8.4 Aneroid and manometer pressure transducers
- 8.4.1 Aneroid gauge
- 8.4.2 Liquid pressure column difference
- 8.5 Electrical pressure transducers
- 8.5.1 Piezoelectric types
- 8.5.2 Strain gauge types
- 8.5.3 Other pressure transducer types
- 8.6 Typical optical sensors
- 8.6.1 Optical position sensors
- 8.6.2 Proximity sensor
- 8.6.3 Photoresistor
- 8.7 Flow meters
- 8.7.1 Positive displacement types
- 8.7.2 Inferential type meters
- 8.7.3 Variable area types
- 8.7.4 Differential pressure flow meters
- 8.8 Force sensors
- 8.8.1 Mechanical types
- 8.8.2 Strain gauges
- 8.8.2.1 Further comments on the gauge factor
- 8.8.3 Hydraulic types
- 8.9 Depth gauges
- Self-.assessment questions
- References
- Appendix 1: Answers to Numerical Questions
- APPENDIX 1ANSWERS TO NUMERICAL QUESTIONS
- GLOSSARY
- Index
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