
Apache: The Definitive Guide
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Content
- Intro
- Table of Contents
- Preface
- Who Wrote Apache, and Why?
- The Demonstration Code
- Conventions Used in This Book
- Typographic Conventions
- Icons
- Pathnames
- Directives
- Directive
- ServerAdmin
- Organization of This Book
- Acknowledgments
- Getting Started
- What Does a Web Server Do?
- Criteria for Choosing a Web Server
- Why Apache?
- How Apache Works
- Apache and Networking
- What to Know About TCP/IP
- How Apache Uses TCP/IP
- Apache and Domain Name Servers
- Multiple sites: Unix
- Multiple sites: Win32
- How HTTP Clients Work
- What Happens at the Server End?
- Planning the Apache Installation
- Fitting Apache into Your Network
- Which Operating System?
- Which Unix?
- Windows?
- Which Apache?
- Apache 2.0
- Apache 2.0 and Win32
- Installing Apache
- Apache Executables for Unix
- Making Apache 1.3.X Under Unix
- Modules Under Unix
- Compiled in modules
- DSO modules
- APXS
- Building Apache 1.3.X Under Unix
- Out of the Box
- Semimanual Build Method
- Choosing Modules
- Shared Objects
- Configuration Settings and Rules
- Making Apache
- New Features in Apache v2
- Config File Changes in v2
- httpd Command-Line Changes
- Module Changes in v2
- Making and Installing Apache v2 Under Unix
- Apache Under Windows
- Modules Under Windows
- Compiling Apache Under Win32
- Configuring Apache: The First Steps
- What's Behind an Apache Web Site?
- Running Apache from the Command Line
- site.toddle
- Setting Up a Unix Server
- webuser and webgroup
- User
- Group
- "Out of the Box" Default Problems
- Running Apache Under Unix
- Several Copies of Apache
- Unix Permissions
- A Local Network
- Setting Up a Win32 Server
- Console Window
- Apache as a Service
- Directives
- ServerName
- DocumentRoot
- ServerRoot
- ErrorLog
- PidFile
- TypesConfig
- Inclusions into the Config file
- Shared Objects
- Shared Objects Under Unix
- LoadModule
- Shared Modules Under Win32
- LoadFile
- ClearModuleList
- AddModule
- Toward a Real Web Site
- More and Better Web Sites: site.simple
- ErrorDocument
- Butterthlies, Inc., Gets Going
- Default Index
- index.html
- Block Directives
- &VirtualHost&
- &Directory& and &DirectoryMatch&
- &Files& and &FilesMatch&
- &Location& and &LocationMatch&
- &IfDefine&
- &IfModule&
- Other Directives
- ServerName
- UseCanonicalName
- ServerAdmin
- ServerSignature
- ServerTokens
- ServerAlias
- ServerPath
- ScoreBoardFile
- CoreDumpDirectory
- SendBufferSize
- LockFile
- AcceptMutex
- KeepAlive
- KeepAliveTimeout
- TimeOut
- HostNameLookups
- Include
- Limit
- &LimitExcept&
- LimitRequestBody Directive
- LimitRequestFields
- LimitRequestFieldsize
- LimitRequestLine
- HTTP Response Headers
- HeaderName
- Header
- Header
- Options
- FollowSymLinks, SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
- Restarts
- .htaccess
- CERN Metafiles
- MetaFiles
- MetaDir
- MetaSuffix
- Expirations
- ExpiresActive
- ExpiresByType
- ExpiresDefault
- Virtual Hosts
- Two Sites and Apache
- Virtual Hosts
- Name-Based Virtual Hosts
- NameVirtual host
- IP-Based Virtual Hosts
- Mixed Name/IP-Based Virtual Hosts
- Port-Based Virtual Hosting
- Two Copies of Apache
- BindAddress
- Port
- Listen
- ListenBacklog
- ServerType
- Dynamically Configured Virtual Hosting
- Examples
- VirtualDocumentRoot
- VirtualDocumentRootIP
- VirtualScriptAlias
- VirtualScriptAliasIP
- Authentication
- Authentication Protocol
- site.authent
- Authentication Directives
- AuthType
- AuthName
- AuthGroupFile
- AuthUserFile
- AuthAuthoritative
- AuthDBAuthoritative
- AuthDBMAuthoritative
- require
- satisfy
- Passwords Under Unix
- Passwords Under Win32
- Passwords over the Web
- From the Client's Point of View
- The Config File
- CGI Scripts
- Variations on a Theme
- Order, Allow, and Deny
- allow from
- allow from env
- deny from
- deny from env
- Order
- DBM Files on Unix
- AuthDBUserFile
- Security
- AuthDBMUserFile
- Security
- Digest Authentication
- ContentDigest
- Anonymous Access
- Anonymous
- Anonymous_NoUserID
- Anonymous_LogEmail
- Anonymous_VerifyEmail
- Anonymous_Authoritative
- Anonymous_MustGiveEmail
- Experiments
- Access.conf
- Automatic User Information
- IdentityCheck
- Using .htaccess Files
- AccessFileName
- Overrides
- AllowOverride
- Content Description and Modification
- MIME Types
- TypesConfig
- AddType
- DefaultType
- ForceType
- RemoveType
- AddEncoding
- RemoveEncoding
- AddDefaultCharset
- AddCharset
- RemoveCharset Directive
- AddHandler
- SetHandler
- RemoveHandler Directive
- AcceptFilter
- Content Negotiation
- MultiviewsMatch
- Image Negotiation
- Language Negotiation
- LanguagePriority
- AddLanguage
- DefaultLanguage
- RemoveLanguage
- Type Maps
- Browsers and HTTP 1.1
- Filters
- AddInputFilter
- AddOutputFilter
- SetInputFilter
- SetOutputFilter
- RemoveInputFilter
- RemoveOutputFilter
- Indexing
- Making Better Indexes in Apache
- IndexOptions
- IndexOrderDefault
- ReadmeName
- FancyIndexing
- IndexIgnore
- AddIcon
- AddAlt
- AddDescription
- DefaultIcon
- AddIconByType
- AddAltByType
- AddIconByEncoding
- AddAltByEncoding
- HeaderName
- Making Our Own Indexes
- DirectoryIndex
- Imagemaps
- HTML File
- Map File
- Image Map Directives
- ImapBase
- ImapMenu
- ImapDefault
- Redirection
- Alias
- A Subtle Problem
- Script
- ScriptAlias
- ScriptAliasMatch
- ScriptInterpreterSource
- Alias
- AliasMatch
- UserDir
- Redirect
- RedirectMatch
- RedirectTemp
- RedirectPermanent
- Rewrite
- RewriteEngine
- RewriteLog
- RewriteLogLevel
- RewriteMap
- RewriteBase
- RewriteCond
- RewriteLock
- RewriteOptions
- RewriteRule
- A Rewrite Example
- Speling
- CheckSpelling
- Proxying
- Security
- Proxy Directives
- AllowCONNECT
- ProxyRequests
- ProxyRemote
- ProxyPass
- ProxyDomain
- NoProxy
- ProxyPassReverse
- ProxyVia
- ProxyReceiveBufferSize
- ProxyBlock
- Apparent Bug
- Performance
- Inward Caching
- CacheRoot
- CacheSize
- CacheGcInterval
- CacheMaxExpire
- CacheLastModifiedFactor
- CacheDefaultExpire
- CacheDirLevels and CacheDirLength
- CacheNegotiatedDocs
- NoCache
- Setup
- Reverse Proxy
- Logging
- Logging by Script and Database
- Apache's Logging Facilities
- ErrorLog
- TransferLog
- AgentLog
- LogLevel
- LogFormat
- CustomLog
- site.authent-Another Example
- Configuration Logging
- AddModuleInfo
- Status
- Server Status
- ExtendedStatus
- Security
- Internal and External Users
- Binary Signatures, Virtual Cash
- Certificates
- Firewalls
- Packet Filtering
- Separate Networks
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Legal Issues
- Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
- Apache's Security Precautions
- SSL with Apache v1.3
- Apache-SSL
- OpenSSL
- Rebuild Apache
- Config file
- Environment variables
- mod_ssl with Apache 1.3
- SSL with Apache v2
- Config file
- Environment variables
- Make a Test Certificate
- Getting a Server Certificate
- The Global Session Cache
- SSL Directives
- Apache-SSL Directives for Apache v1.3
- SSLDisable
- SSLEnable
- SSLRequireSSL
- SSLDenySSL
- SSLCacheServerPath
- SSLCacheServerRunDir
- SSLCacheServerPort
- SSLSessionCacheTimeout
- SSLCACertificatePath
- SSLCACertificateFile
- SSLCertificateFile
- SSLCertificateKeyFile
- SSLVerifyClient
- SSLVerifyDepth
- SSLFakeBasicAuth
- SSLNoCAList
- SSLRandomFile
- SSLRandomFilePerConnection
- CustomLog
- SLLExportClientCertificates
- SSL Directives for Apache v2
- SSLPassPhraseDialog
- SSLMutex
- SSLRandomSeed
- SSLSessionCache
- SSLEngine
- SSLProtocol
- SSLCertificateFile
- SSLCertificateKeyFile
- SSLCertificateChainFile
- SSLCACertificatePath
- SSLCACertificateFile
- SSL CAR evocation path
- SSL CAR evocation file
- SSLVerifyClient
- SSLVerifyDepth
- Slog
- SSLLogLevel
- SSLOptions
- SSLRequireSSL
- SSLRequire
- Cipher Suites
- Cipher Directives for Apache v1.3
- SSLRequiredCiphers
- SSLRequireCipher
- SSLCheckClientDN
- SSLBanCipher
- Cipher Directives for Apache v2
- SSLCipherSuite
- Security in Real Life
- Cookbook Security
- Demo Client Certificate
- Get the CA Certificate
- Future Directions
- SE Linux
- EROS
- E
- Running a Big Web Site
- Machine Setup
- Server Security
- Root Password
- File Positions and Ownerships
- The Apache Web Site
- Permissions on ServerRoot directories
- Server-side includes
- Nonscript-aliased CGI
- Script-aliased CGI
- CGI in general
- Stopping users overriding system-wide settings...
- Protect server files by default
- Managing a Big Site
- Development Machines
- Beta Test
- The Live Site
- Upgrade Procedures
- Maintenance Pages
- Supporting Software
- Database Manager
- Mailserver
- PGP
- SSH Access to Server
- Credit Cards
- Passwords
- Turn Off Unwanted Services
- Backend Networks
- SuEXEC
- SSL
- Certificates
- Scalability
- Performance
- Tools
- Apache's mod_info
- Bandwidth
- Load balancing
- Image server, text server
- Shared Versus Replicated DBs
- Load Balancing
- Spreading the Load
- mod_backhand
- Installation of mod_backhand
- Directives
- Backhand
- BackhandFromSO
- UnixSocketDir
- MulticastStats
- AcceptStats
- HTTPRedirectToIP
- HTTPRedirectToName
- BackhandSelfRedirect
- BackhandLogLevel
- BackhandModeratorPIDFile
- Candidacy Functions
- byAge
- byLoad
- byBusyChildren
- byCPU
- byLogWindow
- byRandom
- byCost
- bySession
- addPrediction
- byHostname
- The Config File
- Example Site
- Building Applications
- Web Sites as Applications
- A Closer Look at HTTP
- Creating a Form
- Other Approaches to Application Building
- Providing Application Logic
- Server-Side Includes
- PHP
- Perl
- Java
- Other Options
- XML, XSLT, and Web Applications
- Server-Side Includes
- File Size
- File Modification Time
- Includes
- Execute CGI
- Echo
- Apache v2: SSI Filters
- SSIEndTag
- SSIErrorMsg
- SSIStartTag
- SSITimeFormat
- SSIUndefinedEcho
- XBitHack
- XSSI
- PHP
- Installing PHP
- Site.php
- Errors
- Standalone PHP Scripts
- CGI and Perl
- The World of CGI
- Writing and Executing Scripts
- Scripts and Apache
- Executable script
- Telling Apache About the Script
- Script in cgi-bin
- Script in DocumentRoot
- Perl
- Databases
- HTML
- Running a Script via Apache
- Quote Marks
- HTTP Header
- Getting Data from the Client
- Data from a link
- CGI.pm
- Questions and answers
- Environment Variables
- Setting Environment Variables
- SetEnv
- UnsetEnv
- PassEnv
- Cookies
- Apache Cookies
- CookieName
- CookieLog
- CookieTracking
- The Config File
- Search Engines and CGI
- Debugging
- Debuggers
- Security
- Script Directives
- ScriptAlias
- ScriptAliasMatch
- ScriptLog
- ScriptLogLength
- ScriptLogBuffer
- RLimitCPU
- RLimitMEM
- RLimitNPROC
- suEXEC on Unix
- A Demonstration of suEXEC
- Handlers
- AddHandler
- SetHandler
- RemoveHandler
- Actions
- Action
- Browsers
- SetEnvIf and SetEnvIfNoCase
- BrowserMatch and BrowserMatchNoCase
- nokeepalive
- force-response-1.0
- downgrade-1.0
- mod_perl
- How mod_perl Works
- mod_perl Documentation
- Installing mod_perl-The Simple Way
- Linking More Than One Module
- Test
- Installation Gotchas
- Modifying Your Scripts to Run Under mod_perl
- Global Variables
- Perl Flags
- Strict Pregame
- Loading Changes
- Opening and Closing Files
- Configuring Apache to Use mod_perl
- Performance Tuning
- Making Scripts Run Faster
- Preloading modules and compiling
- Database interface persistence
- KeepAlives and MaxClients
- Profiling
- mod_jserv and Tomcat
- mod_jserv
- Making gmake
- Building JServ
- JServ Directives
- ApJservManual
- ApJServProperties
- ApJServLogFile
- ApJServLogLevel
- ApJServDefaultProtocol
- ApJServDefaultHost
- ApJServDefaultPort
- ApJServVMTimeout
- ApJServProtocolParameter
- ApJServSecretKey
- ApJServMount
- ApJServMountCopy
- ApJServAction
- JServ Status
- Writing a Servlet
- Tomcat
- Installing the JDK
- Installation of Tomcat
- Tomcat's Directory Structure
- Bin
- Conf
- Writing and Testing a Servlet
- Connecting Tomcat to Apache
- mod_jk
- XML and Cocoon
- XML
- XML and Perl
- Cocoon
- Cocoon 1.8 and JServ
- Cocoon 2.0.3 and Tomcat
- Testing Cocoon
- The Apache API
- Documentation
- APR
- Pools
- Per-Server Configuration
- Per-Directory Configuration
- Per-Request Information
- Access to Configuration and Request Information
- Hooks, Optional Hooks, and Optional Functions
- Hooks
- Optional Hooks
- Optional Hook Example
- Optional Functions
- Optional Function Example
- Filters, Buckets, and Bucket Brigades
- Bucket Interface
- Output Filters
- Input Filters
- Modules
- Writing Apache Modules
- Overview
- Status Codes
- The Module Structure
- Create Per-Server Config Structure
- Create Per-Directory Config Structure
- Pre-Config (2.0)
- Per-Server Merger
- Per-Directory Merger
- Command Table
- Initializer
- Child Initialization
- Post Read Request
- Quick Handler (2.0)
- Translate Name
- Map to Storage (2.0)
- Header Parser
- Check Access
- Check User ID
- Check Auth
- Type Checker
- Prerun Fixups
- Handlers
- Logger
- Child Exit
- A Complete Example
- Overview
- Example Output
- General Hints
- Porting to Apache 2.0
- The Apache 1.x API
- Pools
- Per-Server Configuration
- Per-Directory Configuration
- Per-Request Information
- Access to Configuration and Request Information
- Functions
- Pool Functions
- ap_make_sub_pool
- ap_clear_pool
- ap_destroy_pool
- ap_bytes_in_pool
- ap_bytes_in_free_blocks
- ap_palloc
- ap_pcalloc
- ap_pstrdup
- ap_pstrndup
- ap_pstrcat
- Array Functions
- ap_make_array
- ap_push_array
- ap_array_cat
- ap_copy_array
- ap_copy_array_hdr
- ap_append_arrays
- Table Functions
- ap_make_table
- ap_copy_table
- ap_table_elts
- ap_is_empty_table
- ap_table_set
- ap_table_setn
- ap_table_merge
- ap_table_mergen
- ap_table_add
- ap_table_addn
- ap_table_unset
- ap_table_ get
- ap_table_do
- ap_overlay_tables
- ap_clear_table
- Cleanup Functions
- ap_register_cleanup
- ap_kill_cleanup
- ap_cleanup_for_exec
- ap_note_cleanups_for_fd
- ap_kill_cleanups_for_fd
- ap_note_cleanups_for_socket
- ap_kill_cleanups_for_socket
- ap_note_cleanups_for_file
- ap_run_cleanup
- File and Socket Functions
- ap_popenf
- ap_pclosef
- ap_pfopen
- ap_pfdopen
- ap_pfclose
- ap_psocket
- ap_pclosesocket
- Regular Expression Functions
- ap_pregcomp
- ap_pregsub
- ap_pregfree
- ap_os_is_path_absolute
- Process and CGI Functions
- ap_note_subprocess
- ap_spawn_child
- ap_bspawn_child
- ap_call_exec
- ap_can_exec
- ap_add_cgi_vars
- ap_add_common_vars
- ap_scan_script_header_err
- ap_scan_script_header_err_buff
- ap_scan_script_header
- MD5 Functions
- ap_md5
- ap_md5contextTo64
- ap_md5digest
- ap_MD5Init
- ap_MD5Final
- ap_MD5Update
- Synchronization and Thread Functions
- Mutex functions
- ap_create_mutex
- ap_open_mutex
- ap_acquire_mutex
- ap_release_mutex
- ap_destroy_mutex
- Semaphore functions
- create_semaphore
- acquire_semaphore
- release_semaphore
- destroy_semaphore
- Event functions
- create_event
- open_event
- acquire_event
- set_event
- reset_event
- destroy_event
- Thread functions
- create_thread
- kill_thread
- await_thread
- exit_thread
- free_thread
- Time and Date Functions
- ap_ get_time
- ap_ht_time
- ap_ gm_timestr_822
- ap_ get_ gmtoff
- ap_tm2sec
- ap_parseHTTPdate
- String Functions
- ap_strcmp_match
- ap_strcasecmp_match
- ap_is_matchexp
- ap_ getword
- ap_ getword_white
- ap_ getword_nulls
- ap_ getword_conf
- ap_ get_token
- ap_find_token
- ap_find_last_token
- ap_escape_shell_cmd
- ap_uudecode
- ap_escape_html
- ap_checkmask
- ap_str_tolower
- ap_psprintf
- ap_pvsprintf
- ap_ind
- ap_rind
- Path, Filename, and URL Manipulation Functions
- ap_ getparents
- ap_no2slash
- ap_make_dirstr
- ap_make_dirstr_parent
- ap_make_dirstr_prefix
- ap_count_dirs
- ap_chdir_file
- ap_unescape_url
- ap_construct_server
- ap_construct_url
- ap_escape_path_segment
- ap_os_escape_path
- ap_is_directory
- ap_make_full_path
- ap_is_url
- ap_fnmatch
- ap_is_fnmatch
- ap_server_root_relative
- ap_os_canonical_filename
- User and Group Functions
- ap_uname2id
- ap_ gname2id
- TCP/IP and I/O Functions
- ap_ get_virthost_addr
- ap_ get_local_host
- ap_ get_remote_host
- ap_send_fd
- ap_send_fd_length
- ap_send_fb
- ap_send_fb_length
- ap_send_mmap
- ap_rwrite
- ap_rputc
- ap_rputs
- ap_rvputs
- ap_rprintf
- ap_rflush
- ap_setup_client_block
- ap_should_client_block
- ap_ get_client_block
- ap_send_http_header
- ap_send_size
- Request-Handling Functions
- ap_sub_req_lookup_uri
- ap_sub_req_lookup_file
- ap_run_sub_req
- ap_destroy_sub_req
- ap_internal_redirect
- ap_internal_redirect_handler
- Timeout and Alarm Functions
- ap_hard_timeout
- ap_keepalive_timeout
- ap_soft_timeout
- ap_reset_timeout
- ap_kill_timeout
- ap_block_alarms( )
- ap_unblock_alarms( )
- ap_check_alarm
- Configuration Functions
- ap_pcfg_openfile
- ap_pcfg_open_custom
- ap_cfg_ getc
- ap_cfg_ getline
- ap_cfg_closefile
- ap_check_cmd_context
- ap_set_file_slot
- ap_set_flag_slot
- ap_set_string_slot
- ap_set_string_slot_lower
- Configuration Information Functions
- ap_allow_options
- ap_allow_overrides
- ap_auth_type
- ap_auth_name
- ap_requires
- ap_satisfies
- Server Information Functions
- ap_ get_server_built
- ap_ get_server_version
- ap_add_version_component
- Logging Functions
- ap_error_log2stderr
- ap_log_error
- ap_log_reason
- Piped Log Functions
- ap_open_piped_log
- ap_close_piped_log
- ap_piped_log_write_fd
- Buffering Functions
- ap_bcreate
- ap_bpushfd
- ap_bpushh
- ap_bsetopt
- ap_bgetopt
- ap_bsetflag
- ap_bgetflag
- ap_bonerror
- ap_bnonblock
- ap_bfileno
- ap_bread
- ap_bgetc
- ap_bgets
- ap_blookc
- ap_bskiplf
- ap_bwrite
- ap_bputc
- ap_bputs
- ap_bvputs
- ap_bprintf
- ap_vbprintf
- ap_bflush
- ap_bclose
- URI Functions
- ap_parse_uri_components
- ap_parse_hostinfo_components
- ap_unparse_uri_components
- ap_pgethostbyname
- ap_pduphostent
- Miscellaneous Functions
- ap_child_terminate
- ap_default_port
- ap_is_default_port
- ap_default_port_for_scheme
- ap_http_method
- ap_default_type
- ap_ get_basic_auth_pw
- ap_ get_module_config
- ap_ get_remote_logname
- ap_ get_server_name
- ap_ get_server_port
- ap_is_initial_req
- ap_matches_request_vhost
- ap_os_dso_load
- ap_os_dso_unload
- ap_os_dso_sym
- ap_os_dso_error
- ap_popendir
- ap_pclosedir
- ap_psignature
- ap_vformatter
- Index
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