
Transfer Pricing Developments Around the World 2020
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Content
- Intro
- Half-Title Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Editors
- Contributors
- Summary of Contents
- Table of Contents
- CHAPTER 1 Global Transfer Pricing Developments
- 1 Recent Developments on the Work of International Organizations
- 1.1 Transfer Pricing Developments at the OECD
- 1.1.1 Digitalization of the Economy
- 1.1.2 Pillar 1 and the Secretariat's Proposal for a "Unified Approach"
- 1.1.3 Pillar 2: Global Anti-Base Erosion Proposal
- 1.1.4 OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Financial Transactions
- 1.1.4.1 Determination of Whether a Purported Loan Should Be Regarded as a Loan
- 1.1.4.2 The Economically Relevant Characteristics of Actual Financial Transactions
- 1.1.4.3 Treasury Functions
- 1.1.4.4 Intra-Group Loans
- 1.1.4.5 Other Financial Instruments and Structures Covered by the Guidance
- 1.1.5 Country-by-Country Reporting
- 1.1.5.1 Treatment of Dividends for Purposes of "Profit (Loss) Before Income Tax"
- 1.1.5.2 Deemed Listing Provision
- 1.1.5.3 Short Accounting Periods/Long Accounting Periods
- 1.1.5.4 Information with Respect to the Sources of Data in Table 3
- 1.1.5.5 Local Filing
- 1.2 TP Developments at the EU
- 1.2.1 Fiscal State Aid and TP
- 1.2.2 The Work of the EU JTPF
- 1.3 TP Developments at the United Nations
- 1.4 Other Organizations
- 2 Recent Developments in Countries Specific TP Legislation, Guidelines, and Jurisprudence
- 2.1 Arm's Length Principle and TP Methods
- 2.2 Taxation of Digital Economy
- 2.3 Intangibles
- 2.4 Documentation
- 2.5 Dispute Resolution
- 2.6 Other Developments
- 2.7 Significant Domestic Case Law
- 2.8 Conclusions
- CHAPTER 2 Transfer Pricing Developments in the European Union
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Practical Assistance: The EU JTPF
- 2.1 The Application of the PSM Within the EU (March 2019)
- 2.1.1 When to Use the PSM
- 2.2 Coordinated Approach to TP Controls Within the EU (October 2018)
- 2.2.1 Implementation: A Mixed Picture
- 2.3 East Versus West
- 2.4 Remainders Versus Leavers
- 3 Transparency and Disclosures
- 3.1 DAC 6 and TP
- 3.2 Public CbCR
- 4 EU State Aid and TP
- 4.1 The State Aid Battle in 2019
- 4.2 The Decisions of the General Court
- 4.2.1 Belgium v. Commission
- 4.2.2 Luxembourg v. Commission
- 4.2.3 The Netherlands v. Commission
- 4.3 EU Commission State Aid Investigations
- 4.3.1 Alleged State Aid to Nike
- 4.3.2 Alleged State Aid to Huhtamäki
- 5 Digital Taxation
- 5.1 OECD Progress
- 5.1.1 U.S. Reaction
- 5.2 EU Response
- 6 Conclusion
- CHAPTER 3 Transfer Pricing Developments in the United States
- 1 Case Law Milestones
- 1.1 Altera Corp. v. Commissioner (2015, 2019)
- 1.2 Amazon.com v. Commissioner (2017, 2019)
- 1.3 Eaton v. Commissioner (2013, 2017, 2019)
- 1.4 Medtronic (2016, 2018)
- 1.5 Ongoing Matters
- 2 Developments in IRS Transfer Pricing Enforcement
- 2.1 LB&I Framework for Transfer Pricing Audits
- 2.2 APMA-Exam Consultations for Potential Competent Authority Issues
- 2.3 Directive on Mandatory Documentation Requests
- 2.4 Directive on Application of Transfer Pricing Penalties
- 2.5 Directive on Best Method Challenges
- 2.6 Withdrawn Directives
- 2.7 Improving Penalty Application: TIGTA's Penalty Report
- 2.8 Improving Documentation: LB&I FAQs
- 3 Conclusion
- CHAPTER 4 Transfer Pricing Developments in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Update on UN Work on Transfer Pricing
- 2.1 New Chapter on Financial Transactions
- 2.2 Revised Chapter B.2. on Comparability Analysis
- 2.3 Additional Guidance on Centralized Procurement Activities
- 2.4 Other Developments Relevant for Transfer Pricing
- 3 Focus on Selected Issues
- 3.1 Documentation
- 3.2 Dispute Resolution
- 3.3 Low Value-Added Services
- 3.4 Rules Limiting the Deductibility of Interest and Other Expenses
- 3.5 Commodity Transactions
- 4 Simplification Measures
- 4.1 Advance Pricing Agreements
- 4.2 Documentation
- 4.3 Deductibility of Certain Expenses
- 5 Special Focus: Brazil and India
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Brazil
- 5.3 India
- 6 Special Focus: Africa
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Some Notable Challenges
- 6.3 Case Law Analysis: Nestlé Zambia
- 7 Conclusions
- CHAPTER 5 Recent Developments on the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalization of the Economy: New Nexus Rules
- 1 Introduction
- 2 New Nexus Presented in the OECD Documents
- 2.1 Action Plan on BEPS
- 2.2 E-Commerce: Transfer Pricing and Business Profits Taxation (2005)
- 2.2.1 Transfer Pricing
- 2.2.2 Nexus Issues and Profit Allocation
- 2.3 The 2015 OECD BEPS Report Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy
- 2.4 The 2018 OECD Interim Report on Tax Challenges Arising from Digitalization
- 2.5 The Policy Note
- 2.6 Public Consultation Document on the Digitalization of the Economy
- 2.7 The Programme of Work
- 2.8 The "Unified Approach"
- 2.9 The Public Consultation
- 3 Statement by the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS on the Two-Pillar Approach to Address the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalization of the Economy
- 4 European Union
- 5 On the Unilateral Front: DST Aka Taxes with Cascading Effect
- 6 Some Views of Scholars and Practitioners
- 6.1 Nexus in General
- 6.2 Approaches for the New Nexus
- 6.3 Setting the Cat among the Pigeons
- 7 Some Thoughts
- 8 Conclusion
- CHAPTER 6 Recent Developments on the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalization of the Economy: New Profit Allocation Rules
- 1 Introduction: Background
- 2 Pillar 1 Proposal: Profit Allocation Rules
- 3 Amount A and Its Interplay with the Notion of Value Creation
- 3.1 The Mechanics of Profit Allocation under the Unified Approach Proposal: An Overlap of Two Antithetic Worlds
- 3.2 Amount A Computation: Some Critical Considerations
- 3.2.1 Financial Segmentation
- 3.2.2 Amounts B and C: Critical Considerations
- 3.3 What If Amount B Becomes the Center of the New World
- 4 Conclusions
- CHAPTER 7 Recent Developments on Transfer Pricing and Intra-Group Financing
- 1 Key Considerations: OECD Guidance and the UN Transfer Pricing Manual
- 2 Case Law
- 2.1 McKesson Canada Corporation v. The Queen (Canada)
- 2.2 General Electric Capital Canada Inc. v. The Queen (Canada)
- 2.3 Chevron Australia Holdings Pty Ltd v. Australian Commissioner of Taxation
- 2.4 Takeaways from Case Law
- 3 Changes in the Financial Services Landscape
- 4 Analytical Framework to Pricing Financing Arrangements
- 4.1 Establishing the Role of Financing Within a Multinational Group Context
- 4.2 Analysis of the Terms of the Transaction
- 4.2.1 Level of Funding
- 4.2.2 Timing of the Transaction
- 4.2.3 Existing Funding in Place and Conditions
- 4.2.4 Conditions Associated with Financing
- 4.3 Determining the Credit Risk Associated with the Transaction
- 4.3.1 Stand-Alone Credit Rating Assessment
- 4.3.1.1 Relationship Between the Issuer Rating and the Issue Rating
- 4.3.2 Measuring the Implicitness
- 4.3.2.1 Moody's Investor Services
- 4.3.2.2 Standard & Poor's
- 4.3.2.3 Fitch
- 4.3.2.4 Financial Markets Viewpoint
- 4.4 Pricing Methodologies
- 4.4.1 Comparable Uncontrolled Price Method (CUP Method)
- 4.4.1.1 Yield Data
- 4.4.1.2 Credit Default Swaps
- 4.4.2 Other Methods
- 4.4.2.1 The Actuarial Approach: Overview
- 4.4.2.2 The Actuarial Approach: Unexpected Losses and Impact on Pricing
- 4.4.2.3 The Actuarial Approach: Accounting for Marginal Benefit Achieved
- 4.4.3 Summary of Pricing Approaches
- 5 Conclusions
- CHAPTER 8 Recent Developments on the Use of New Technologies for Transfer Pricing
- 1 The Changing Global Transfer Pricing Landscape
- 2 Impact on MNE's Tax and TP Departments
- 3 Options and Technology Solutions Available
- 3.1 A General Approach Is a Mix of In-House and Outsourced Solutions
- 3.2 Critical Assessment of the Types of Technology Solutions Available
- 3.2.1 Leveraging Existing ERP Systems
- 3.2.2 Benchmarking Tools
- 3.2.3 "Total" TP Documentation Solutions
- 3.2.4 CbCR Solutions
- 3.2.5 Robotic Process Automation
- 3.2.6 Data Wrangling
- 3.2.7 Artificial Intelligence
- 3.2.8 Blockchain
- 4 Responses of the Surveyed Companies
- 4.1 Desired Outcomes Versus Limitations and Constraints
- 4.1.1 Enhance Risk Management: Better Control and Oversight (Dashboards) and Ability to React Quicker (Planning, E.g., Margin Control)
- 4.1.2 Increase Efficiency and Thus Realize Cost Savings, Automate Routine Activities, and Free Up Resources for Work That Adds More Value
- 4.1.3 Qualitative Constraints to Automation and Skill Constraints
- 4.1.4 Benchmarking Tools: Availability of Data, Necessity for Trained Resources to Operate the Tool and to Validate Results
- 4.1.5 Documentation Tools: Functional Analysis, Template Approach Risks Missing Out the Texture and Context When Describing Value Chain
- 4.1.6 Implementation Concerns: Stakeholder Buy in, Ease of First Time Set-Up and Compatibility with Existing Systems and Processes (Accounting, ERP)
- 4.1.6.1 Business or Investment Case
- 5 How Tax Authorities Are Using Technology
- 5.1 Building Own Databases Down to Transactional Levels
- 5.2 Using Big Data Analytics to Gain Insights with AI and Pattern Recognition
- 6 Conclusion and What the Future Might Bring
- Appendix: Three Case Studies
- Index
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