Advances in Geophysics

1 - Front Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Anomalous Atmospheric Flows and Blocking [Seite 4]
3 - Copyright Page [Seite 5]
4 - Contents [Seite 6]
5 - Foreword [Seite 12]
6 - Preface [Seite 14]
7 - Part I: Historical Introduction [Seite 18]
7.1 - Chapter 1. Global Scale Circulations -A Review [Seite 20]
7.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 20]
7.1.2 - 2. The Distant Past [Seite 20]
7.1.3 - 3. The Near Past [Seite 25]
7.1.4 - 4. Blocking as a Structural Entity [Seite 32]
7.1.5 - 5. Some General Considerations [Seite 41]
7.1.6 - 6. A Concluding Remark [Seite 42]
7.1.7 - References [Seite 43]
8 - Part II: Observations [Seite 46]
8.1 - Chapter 2. The Life Cycles of Persistent Anomalies and Blocking over the North Pacific [Seite 48]
8.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 48]
8.1.2 - 2. Data [Seite 49]
8.1.3 - 3. Procedure [Seite 50]
8.1.4 - 4. Development of 500-mbar Height Anomaly Patterns [Seite 51]
8.1.5 - 5. Vertical and Thermal Evolutions during Development [Seite 67]
8.1.6 - 6. Synoptic Characteristics of Development [Seite 71]
8.1.7 - 7. Breakdown [Seite 76]
8.1.8 - 8. Discussion [Seite 81]
8.1.9 - 9. Conclusions [Seite 83]
8.1.10 - References [Seite 85]
8.2 - Chapter 3. On Atmospheric Blocking Types and Blocking Numbers [Seite 88]
8.2.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 88]
8.2.2 - 2. Energy Parameters and Data [Seite 89]
8.2.3 - 3. Blocking Numbers [Seite 94]
8.2.4 - 4. Kinetic Energy Budget and Blocking Numbers [Seite 97]
8.2.5 - 5. Relevant Energy Fluxes [Seite 102]
8.2.6 - 6. Types of BIocking [Seite 106]
8.2.7 - 7. Conclusions [Seite 111]
8.2.8 - Appendix A [Seite 113]
8.2.9 - Appendix B [Seite 114]
8.2.10 - Appendix C [Seite 115]
8.2.11 - References [Seite 116]
8.3 - Chapter 4. Observational Characteristics of Atmospheric Planetary Waves with Bimodal Amplitude Distributions [Seite 118]
8.3.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 118]
8.3.2 - 2. Frequency Distribution of the Planetary-Wave Amplitude Indicator [Seite 120]
8.3.3 - 3. Wave Structure of the Two Modes [Seite 122]
8.3.4 - 4. Energetics and Enstrophy Budgets for the Two Modes [Seite 130]
8.3.5 - 5. Role of Cyclone Waves in Blocking [Seite 144]
8.3.6 - 6. Conclusion [Seite 148]
8.3.7 - References [Seite 149]
8.4 - Chapter 5. A Case Study of Eddy Forcing during an Atlantic Blocking Episode [Seite 152]
8.4.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 152]
8.4.2 - 2. The Eddy Straining Mechanism [Seite 153]
8.4.3 - 3. Data Manipulation and the Synoptic Situation [Seite 156]
8.4.4 - 4. E Vectors and the Sense of Momentum Forcing [Seite 159]
8.4.5 - 5. Eddy Vorticity Flux Divergence Patterns [Seite 162]
8.4.6 - 6. Ertel Potential Vorticity Analysis [Seite 164]
8.4.7 - 7. Summary and Discussion [Seite 175]
8.4.8 - References [Seite 178]
9 - Part III: Theory [Seite 180]
9.1 - Chapter 6. The Effect of Local Baroclinic Instability on Zonal lnhomogeneities of Vorticity and Temperature [Seite 182]
9.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 182]
9.1.2 - 2. Eddy Fluxes in the Two-Layer Model [Seite 184]
9.1.3 - 3. Fluxes and Tendencies Associated with Local Baroclinic Instability [Seite 186]
9.1.4 - 4. Conclusions [Seite 197]
9.1.5 - References [Seite 199]
9.2 - Chapter 7. Forcing of Planetary-Scale Blocking Anticyclones by Synoptic-Scale Eddies [Seite 200]
9.2.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 200]
9.2.2 - 2. Stochastically Forced Planetary Modes [Seite 201]
9.2.3 - 3. Results [Seite 203]
9.2.4 - References [Seite 214]
9.3 - Chapter 8. Deterministic and Statistical Properties of Northern Hemisphere, Middle Latitude Circulation: Minimal Theoretical Models [Seite 216]
9.3.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 216]
9.3.2 - 2. A Reexamination of CDV [Seite 217]
9.3.3 - 3. Modification of the CDV Wave Equation [Seite 226]
9.3.4 - 4. Baroclinic Energetics [Seite 232]
9.3.5 - 5. Resonance Bending in a Baroclinic Model Atmosphere [Seite 236]
9.3.6 - 6. Summary and Conclusions [Seite 240]
9.3.7 - References [Seite 241]
9.4 - Chapter 9. Probability Density Distribution of Large-Scale Atmospheric Flow [Seite 244]
9.4.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 244]
9.4.2 - 2. Theoretical Background [Seite 245]
9.4.3 - 3. The Data [Seite 247]
9.4.4 - 4. Nonparametric Probability Density Estimation [Seite 248]
9.4.5 - 5. Results [Seite 250]
9.4.6 - 6. Connection with Patterns of the 500-mbar Geopotential Height [Seite 252]
9.4.7 - 7. Discussion [Seite 260]
9.4.8 - 8. The Zonal Wind [Seite 263]
9.4.9 - 9. Conclusions [Seite 264]
9.4.10 - References [Seite 265]
9.5 - Chapter 10. Stationary Planetary Waves, Blocking, and lnterannual Variability [Seite 268]
9.5.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 268]
9.5.2 - 2. How Persistent Are Anomalies? [Seite 270]
9.5.3 - 3. Multiple Equilibria? [Seite 272]
9.5.4 - 4. Teleconnections-The Tropical Connection? [Seite 276]
9.5.5 - 5. Linearized Response to Stationary Forcing [Seite 279]
9.5.6 - 6. Free Rossby Waves and the Meaning of Persistence [Seite 286]
9.5.7 - 7. Concluding Remarks [Seite 288]
9.5.8 - References [Seite 289]
10 - Part IV: Numerical Experiments [Seite 292]
10.1 - Chapter 11. Instability Theory and Nonlinear Evolution of Blocks and Mature Anomalies [Seite 294]
10.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 294]
10.1.2 - 2. Three-Dimensional Instability Theory [Seite 295]
10.1.3 - 3. Time Evolution of Observed Mature Anomalies [Seite 306]
10.1.4 - 4. Nonlinear Simulation [Seite 308]
10.1.5 - References [Seite 318]
10.2 - Chapter 12. Numerical Prediction: Some Results from Operational Forecasting at ECMWF [Seite 322]
10.2.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 322]
10.2.2 - 2. The ECMWF Forecasting System [Seite 323]
10.2.3 - 3. Methods of Assessment [Seite 325]
10.2.4 - 4. The Accuracy of Forecasts in the Medium Range [Seite 327]
10.2.5 - 5. The Prediction of Blocking and Cutoff Lows [Seite 335]
10.2.6 - 6. Developments in Predictive Skill [Seite 340]
10.2.7 - 7. The Representation of Monthly-Mean Anomalies [Seite 345]
10.2.8 - 8. Systematic Model Errors [Seite 350]
10.2.9 - 9. Concluding Remarks [Seite 352]
10.2.10 - References [Seite 353]
10.3 - Chapter 13. Envelope Orography and Maintenance of the Quasi-Stationary Circulation in the ECMWF Global Models [Seite 356]
10.3.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 356]
10.3.2 - 2. Orographic Forcing and the Systematic Error of the ECMWF Gridpoint Model: The Envelope Orography [Seite 357]
10.3.3 - 3. The January 1981 Set of Experiments [Seite 360]
10.3.4 - 4. The Experiments with the Blended Orographies [Seite 372]
10.3.5 - 5. Mountain Torque and Zonal Flow [Seite 376]
10.3.6 - 6. The Effects of the Envelope Orography in the Tropical Regions [Seite 380]
10.3.7 - 7. Summary and Conclusions [Seite 387]
10.3.8 - References [Seite 389]
10.4 - Chapter 14. Numerical Forecasts of Tropospheric and Stratospheric Events during the Winter of 1979: Sensitivity to the Model's Horizontal Resolution and Vertical Extent [Seite 392]
10.4.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 392]
10.4.2 - 2. Selected Features of the Atmospheric Circulation during the Northern Hemisphere Winter of 1979 [Seite 394]
10.4.3 - 3. Description of the Model [Seite 397]
10.4.4 - 4. Tropospheric Forec asts [Seite 398]
10.4.5 - 5. Stratospheric Forecasts [Seite 409]
10.4.6 - 6. Impact of the Upper Boundary on Tropospheric Forecasts [Seite 415]
10.4.7 - 7. Conclusions [Seite 428]
10.4.8 - References [Seite 430]
10.5 - Chapter 15. Mechanistic Experiments to Determine the Origin of Short-Scale Southern Hemisphere Stationary Rossby Waves [Seite 432]
10.5.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 432]
10.5.2 - 2. Analysis and Control Experiments [Seite 434]
10.5.3 - 3. "No Andes" Experiment [Seite 444]
10.5.4 - 4. "Reduced Tropical Heating" Experiment [Seite 446]
10.5.5 - 5. "Suppressed Regional Heating" Experiments [Seite 452]
10.5.6 - 6. "Easterly Deceleration" Experiment [Seite 454]
10.5.7 - 7. Summary and Conclusions [Seite 456]
10.5.8 - References [Seite 458]
10.6 - Chapter 16. SST Anomalies and Blocking [Seite 460]
10.6.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 460]
10.6.2 - 2. Influence of Tropical SST Anomalies on Extratropical Circulation [Seite 462]
10.6.3 - 3. Influence of Extratropical SST Anomalies on Extratropical Circulation [Seite 466]
10.6.4 - References [Seite 468]
11 - Index [Seite 470]