Advances in Geophysics

1 - Front Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Advances in Geophysics: Issues in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modeling, Volume 28 [Seite 4]
3 - Copyright Page [Seite 5]
4 - Contents [Seite 6]
5 - Contributors [Seite 10]
6 - Foreword [Seite 12]
7 - Preface [Seite 16]
8 - Part I: Numerical Weather Prediction [Seite 18]
8.1 - Chapter 1. Mediurn-Range Forecasting at the ECMWF [Seite 20]
8.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 20]
8.1.2 - 2. The Physical and Mathematical Basis for Medium-Range Forecasting [Seite 22]
8.1.3 - 3. Numerical Methods and Modeling Technique [Seite 24]
8.1.4 - 4. Observations, Their Use and Importance [Seite 32]
8.1.5 - 5. Operational Application and Results [Seite 41]
8.1.6 - 6. Problems and Prospects in Numerical Weather Prediction [Seite 52]
8.1.7 - 7. Concluding Remarks [Seite 67]
8.1.8 - References [Seite 68]
8.2 - Chapter 2. Extended Range Forecasting [Seite 72]
8.2.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 72]
8.2.2 - 2. An Evolution of 10-Day Forecast Performance [Seite 73]
8.2.3 - 3. Examples of Monthly Forecasts [Seite 82]
8.2.4 - 4. A Projection of Seasonal Forecasts [Seite 96]
8.2.5 - 5. Postscript [Seite 99]
8.2.6 - References [Seite 100]
8.3 - Chapter 3. Predictability [Seite 104]
8.3.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 104]
8.3.2 - 2. Classical Predictability Studies [Seite 106]
8.3.3 - 3. Predictability of Space-Time Averages [Seite 127]
8.3.4 - 4. Some Outstanding Problems [Seite 133]
8.3.5 - 5. Concluding Remarks [Seite 136]
8.3.6 - References [Seite 138]
8.4 - Chapter 4. Data Assimilation [Seite 140]
8.4.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 140]
8.4.2 - 2. Evolution of Assimilation and the FGGE [Seite 142]
8.4.3 - 3. Components of Four-Dimensional Assimilation Systems [Seite 148]
8.4.4 - 4. Characteristics of Some Current Assimilation Schemes [Seite 155]
8.4.5 - 5. Role of Four-Dimensional Assimilation in Research and Operations [Seite 160]
8.4.6 - 6. Conclusion [Seite 168]
8.4.7 - References [Seite 168]
9 - Part II: Mesoscale Dynamics [Seite 174]
9.1 - Chapter 1. Predictability of Mesoscale Atmospheric Motions [Seite 176]
9.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 176]
9.1.2 - 2. Classic Predictability Experiments and Their Relationship to Mesoscale Predictability [Seite 181]
9.1.3 - 3. Preliminary Predictability Study with a Mesoscale Model [Seite 182]
9.1.4 - 4. Discussion and Comparison with a Predictability Study Using a Global Model [Seite 212]
9.1.5 - 5. Summary and Conclusions [Seite 215]
9.1.6 - References [Seite 217]
9.2 - Chapter 2. Thermal and Orographic Mesoscale Atmospheric Systems-An Essay [Seite 220]
9.2.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 220]
9.2.2 - 2. Summary of Major Research Accomplishments [Seite 221]
9.2.3 - 3. Research Areas [Seite 233]
9.2.4 - 4. Eventual Goals [Seite 235]
9.2.5 - References [Seite 236]
9.3 - Chapter 3. Advances in the Theory of Atmospheric Fronts [Seite 240]
9.3.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 240]
9.3.2 - 2. Baroclinic Waves and Fronts [Seite 242]
9.3.3 - 3. Mature Front [Seite 246]
9.3.4 - 4. What Observed Features Can Be Explained by Theory? [Seite 250]
9.3.5 - 5. What Other Processes Are Important in Frontogenesis? [Seite 254]
9.3.6 - References [Seite 267]
10 - Part Ill: Tropical Dynamics [Seite 270]
10.1 - Chapter 1. Numerical Modeling of Tropical Cyclones [Seite 272]
10.1.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 272]
10.1.2 - 2. Numerical Models of Hurricanes [Seite 273]
10.1.3 - 3. Numerical Simulation of Tropical Cyclones [Seite 278]
10.1.4 - 4. Some Challenging Issues in the Future [Seite 293]
10.1.5 - Appendix. GFDL Hurricane Models [Seite 295]
10.1.6 - References [Seite 297]
10.2 - Chapter 2. Numerical Weather Prediction in Low Latitudes [Seite 300]
10.2.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 300]
10.2.2 - 2. Initialization: Dynamic, Normal Mode, and Physical [Seite 308]
10.2.3 - 3. Parameterization of Physical Processes [Seite 323]
10.2.4 - 4. Medium-Range Prediction of Monsoon Disturbances [Seite 331]
10.2.5 - 5. On the Prediction of the Quasi-Stationary Component [Seite 340]
10.2.6 - 6. Scope of Future Research [Seite 347]
10.2.7 - References [Seite 348]
11 - Part IV: Turbulence and Convection [Seite 352]
11.1 - Chapter 1. Sub-Grid-Scale Turbulence Modeling [Seite 354]
11.1.1 - 1. Introduction: The Need for Grid-Scale Reynolds Averaging [Seite 354]
11.1.2 - 2. The Effect of Grid-Volume Reynolds Averaging [Seite 355]
11.1.3 - 3. The Sub-Grid-Scale Eddy Coefficient [Seite 357]
11.1.4 - 4. Recent Developments [Seite 358]
11.1.5 - 5. Future Outlook [Seite 358]
11.1.6 - References [Seite 359]
11.2 - Chapter 2. Ensemble Average, Turbulence Closure [Seite 362]
11.2.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 362]
11.2.2 - 2. The Turbulence Macroscale and Turbulence Closure [Seite 364]
11.2.3 - 3. Averaging Distance for Measurements in the Atmosphere and Oceans and for Numerical Models [Seite 371]
11.2.4 - 4. Numerical Modeling Applications and Horizontal Diffusion [Seite 372]
11.2.5 - 5. Concluding Remarks [Seite 373]
11.2.6 - References [Seite 374]
11.3 - Chapter 3. The Planetary Boundary Layer [Seite 376]
11.3.1 - 1. General Characteristics [Seite 376]
11.3.2 - 2. The Equations in the PBL [Seite 381]
11.3.3 - 3. The Surface Layer [Seite 384]
11.3.4 - 4. First- and Second-Order Closures [Seite 394]
11.3.5 - 5. Boundary-Layer Models [Seite 397]
11.3.6 - 6. Boundary-Layer Parameterization [Seite 400]
11.3.7 - References [Seite 400]
11.4 - Chapter 4. Modeling Studies of Convection [Seite 404]
11.4.1 - 1. Introduction [Seite 404]
11.4.2 - 2. Bénard-Rayleigh Convection [Seite 405]
11.4.3 - 3. Complexity of Convection in the Atmosphere [Seite 408]
11.4.4 - 4. Shallow Moist Convection [Seite 409]
11.4.5 - 5. Deep Moist Convection [Seite 414]
11.4.6 - 6. Feedback Effects of Cumulus Clouds on Larger-Scale Environments [Seite 425]
11.4.7 - 7. Concluding Remarks [Seite 430]
11.4.8 - References [Seite 433]
12 - Index [Seite 440]