The Physics of Welding

Chapter 1: Symbols, Units and Dimensions 1.1 SI Units 1.2 EMU and ESU Systems 1.3 This BookChapter 2: The Physical Of Fluids at Elevated Temperatures 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Gases 2.2.1 Dissociation and Ionization 2.2.2 The Equation of State of a Gas at Elevated Temperature 2.2.3 The Equilibrium Constant 2.2.4 Evaluating the Degree of Dissociation and Ionization 2.2.5 Specific Heat 2.2.6 Transport Phenomena 2.2.7 Particle Encounters in a Slightly Ionized Gas 2.2.8 Particle Encounters in a Highly Ionized Plasma 2.2.9 Electrical Conductivity 2.2.10 Thermal Conductivity 2.2.11 Viscosity 2.2.12 Calculating the Transport Coefficients 2.3 Liquid Metals 2.3.1 Vapor Pressure 2.3.2 Surface Tension 2.3.3 ViscosityChapter 3: Electricity and Magnetism 3.1 Electrons and Ions 3.2 Electrostatics 3.3 Gauss's Law 3.4 The Magnetic Force 3.5 The Law of Biot and Savart 3.6 Electromagnetic Induction 3.7 The Maxwell Stress and the Force on a Conducting Body 3.7.1 The Force Acting on a Liquid Drop Carrying an Electric Current 3.8 The Current Density and Ohms Law 3.9 The Pinch Instability: an Approximate Solution 3.10 The Dynamics of Instability in Fluid Cylinder 3.11 Predicted Behavior of Perturbed Cylinder: Radial Pinch (m = 0) 3.12 The Higher Unstable Modes (m > 0) 3.13 The Effect of an Externally-Applied Magnetic Field 3.14 The Growth Rate Constant 3.15 The Effect of Viscosity on the Instability of a Fluid Cylinder 3.16 Instability of a Viscous Liquid Cylinder with a Surface Charge and Carrying an Axial CurrentChapter 4: Fluid and Magneto Fluid Dynamics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Continuity Equation 4.3 The Momentum Equation 4.4 Momentum 4.5 Pressure 4.6 Viscosity 4.7 Lorentz Force 4.8 Other Forces, and the Equilibrium Condition 4.9 The Stream Function 4.10 The Components of Stress 4.11 The Bernoulli Equation 4.12 Solutions of the Momentum Equation 4.13 Laminar Flow from a Point Source of Momentum with no Electric Current: the Steady Jet 4.14 The Fluid Pressure in the Jet 4.15 The Steady Jet with a Heat Source 4.16 Laminar Flow from a Point Source in a Semi-Infinite Fluid (No Electric Current) 4.17 Laminar Flow in a Semi-Infinite Fluid having a Point Source of Current in the Plane ¿ = tt/2 4.18 Laminar Flow in a Semi-Infinite Fluid: the Linear Solution 4.19 The Time-Dependant Development of Flow due to a Point Source of Current in a Semi-Infinite Region 4.20 Breakdown of the Solution to the Non-Linear Problem 4.21 Other Limitations to Analytical Solutions of the Momentum Equation 4.22 Laminar Flow in a Liquid Drop Immersed in a Conducting Fluid Carrying an Electric Current 4.23 Distortion of the Liquid Drop 4.24 An Ellipsoid of Revolution in a Conducting Fluid: the Drag Coefficient 4.25 Laminar Flow in a Hemisphere having a Point Source of Current at the Origin 4.26 Flow in a Container Induced by a Distributed Current Source 4.27 Flow Induced by a Gradient of Surface TensionChapter 5: The Electric Arc 5.1 Introduction 5.2 General Description of Glow and Arc Discharges 5.3 Principal Characteristics of the Electrode Regions of Arcs 5.3.1 High Electric and Thermal Fields 5.3.2 Contraction 5.4 Classification based on Degree of Contraction: Range of Observed Current Density 5.5 Glow and Arc Cathode, Glow and Arc Plasma, Glow and Arc Cathode and Anode Falls 5.6 Distinction between Thermionic and Non-Thermionic Cathodes 5.7 The Low-Voltage Non-Thermionic Cathode 5.7.1 Surface Clean Up and Movement in Magnetic Field including Retrograde Motion 5.7.2 Vapor and Plasma Jets. Force on Cathode 5.7.3 Electrode Material and Surface State 5.7.