Ethics in Practice
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Praise for ETHICS in PRACTICE
"This new edition of Ethics in Practice offers a cornucopia of 72 expertly-edited texts - both canonical and contemporary - on a wonderfully wide selection of topics in moral theory and applied ethics. Students, teachers, and researchers will find in it a practically endless source of thought-provoking and conversation-sparking readings." -STUART GREEN, Distinguished Professor of Law, Rutgers University
"Those of us who write and teach in practical ethics owe a debt of gratitude to Hugh LaFollette for assembling this superb collection of important contributions to the core theoretical questions and pressing contemporary issues in moral philosophy." -CHRISTOPHER HEATH WELLMAN, Washington University in St. Louis
Ethics in Practice has guided students through the ethical dimensions of controversial debates for more than two decades, providing the knowledge required to confront difficult questions in various practical moral contexts. Now in its sixth edition, this field-defining textbook explores a wide range of global, local, and personal ethical issues while presenting the historical basis of key developments in ethical theory.
Editor Hugh LaFollette, highly regarded for his contributions in the field of practical ethics, critically integrates ethical theory with discussion of applied examples of economic injustice, discrimination, incarceration, genetic modification, gun control, torture, euthanasia, hate speech, and more. Throughout the book, student-friendly introductions clarify complex concepts and highlight the theoretical and practical aspects of each issue discussed.
This new edition is fully revised to reflect the latest empirical evidence and applications, including new and updated case studies, examples, data, and references. Entirely new essays address topics such as punishment, sentencing, assassination, the environment, epistemic vices, pragmatic ethics, biomedical technologies, and abortion in the post-Dobbs era.
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HUGH LAFOLLETTE is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and Emeritus Cole Chair at the University of South Florida, St. Petersburg. He is the author of several books, most recently In Defense of Gun Control. He is the editor of numerous works, including the International Encyclopedia of Ethics and The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory. He primarily works on diverse issues in practical and normative ethics.
Content
Preface for Instructors ix
Acknowledgments xi
General Introduction 1
Theorizing about Ethics 3
Reading Philosophy 12
Writing a Philosophy Paper 16
Basics of Argumentation 22
KEY: N - New to this edition; R - Revised for this edition; W - Written for EIP
Part I Theory 25
Ethical Theory 27
1 Consequentialism [W] 29 William H. Shaw
2 Deontology [W] 38 David McNaughton and Piers Rawling
3 Rights [W] 51 George W. Rainbolt
4 Virtue Theory [W] 60 Rosalind Hursthouse
5 Intellectual Vices [N & W] 70 Quassim Cassam
6 Pragmatic Ethics [N & R] 80 Hugh LaFollette
Part II Death, Life, and Moral Status 91
Euthanasia 93
7 Justifying Physician-Assisted Deaths [W] 96 Tom L. Beauchamp
7a My Death is Close at Hand. But I Do Not Think of Myself as Dying Washington Post Opinion (April 27, 2023) 104 By Paul Woodruff
8 Against the Right to Die 106 J. David Velleman
9 Physician-Assisted Deaths: Policy Choices 115 Ronald A. Lindsay
10 Dying at the Right Time: Reflections on (Un)assisted Suicide [W] 126 John Hardwig
11 'For Now Have I My Death': The 'Duty to Die' Versus the Duty to Help the Ill Stay Alive 138 Felicia Nimue Ackerman Copyrighted Material
Abortion 148
12 A Defense of Abortion 150 Judith Jarvis Thomson
13 On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion 158 Mary Anne Warren
14 An Argument that Abortion is Wrong [W] 168 Don Marquis
15 Virtue Theory and Abortion 178 Rosalind Hursthouse
16 Abortion, Post Dobbs: The Need for Public Reason [N & W] 187 Leonard M. Fleck
Animals 198
17 All Animals are Equal 201 Peter Singer
18 Moral Standing, the Value of Lives, and Speciesism 210 R. G. Frey
19 The Case for Animal Rights 221 Tom Regan
20 The Vegetarian Imperative [W] 227 Michael Allen Fox
Biomedical Technologies 237
21 Is Women's Labor a Commodity? 239 Elizabeth S. Anderson
22 Neural Implants and the TRICK to Autonomy [N & W] 250 Maximilian Kiener and Thomas Douglas
23 Should We Edit the Human Genome? [N & W] 259 Christopher Gyngell
24 Cognitive Enhancement [R] 272 Jonathan Pugh
Environment 285
25 The Value of Nature 287 Ronald Sandler
26 A Place for Cost-Benefit Analysis 296 David Schmidtz
27 Ideals of Human Excellence and Preserving Natural Environments 305 Thomas E. Hill, Jr.
28 A Perfect Moral Storm: Climate Change, Intergenerational Ethics, and the Problem of Moral Corruption 315 Stephen M. Gardiner
29 Greed: Past, Present, and Future [N & W] 326 Elaine E. Englehardt and Michael S. Pritchard
Part III Liberty and Equality 337
Paternalism and Risk 339
30 Freedom of Action 341 John Stuart Mill
31 Against the Legalization of Drugs 345 James Q. Wilson
32 Why We Should Decriminalize Drug Use [R] 350 Douglas Husak
33 The Liberal Basis of the Right to Bear Arms 359 Todd C. Hughes and Lester H. Hunt
34 Gun Control 370 Hugh LaFollette
Free Speech 382
35 Freedom of Thought and Discussion 385 John Stuart Mill
36 "The Price We Pay?" Pornography and Harm 389 Susan J. Brison
37 The Right to Get Turned On: Pornography, Autonomy, Equality 398 Andrew Altman
38 Sticks and Stones [W] 408 John Arthur
39 Speech Codes and Expressive Harm [W] 419 Andrew Altman
Discrimination 428
40 Racism as an Ethical Issue [W] 430 Michele Moody-Adams
41 Servility and Self-Respect 438 Thomas E. Hill, Jr.
42 Implicit Bias [R] 445 Alex Madva
43 Affirmative Action as Equalizing Opportunity: Challenging the Myth of "Preferential Treatment" [W] 454 Luke Charles Harris and Uma Narayan
44 Sexual Harassment: Formal Complaints Are Not Enough 465 Jennifer Saul
45 Men in Groups: Collective Responsibility for Rape 476 Larry May and Robert Strikwerda
46 Ideals of Respect: Identity, Dignity and Disability [W] 486 Adam Cureton
Conscience, State, and Religion Introduction 497
47 Resolving Conflicts Between Religious Liberty and Other Values 500 Mark R. Wicclair
48 Religious Conviction, Parental Authority, and Children's Interests [W] 511 Christopher Meyers
49 Gay Rights and Religious Accommodations [W] 521 Andrew Koppelman
50 Conscientious Objection in Health Care 530 Mark R. Wicclair
51 My Conscience May Be My Guide, But You May Not Need to Honor It 544 Hugh LaFollette
Part IV Justice 557
Punishment 559
52 Prolegomenon to the Principles of Punishment [N] 561 H. L. A. Hart
53 Does Punishment Work? [W & R] 574 John Paul Wright, Francis T. Cullen, and Kevin M. Beaver
54 Sentencing Pluralism [N & W] 585 Douglas Husak
55 Just Deserts in Unjust Societies: A Case-Specific Approach 592 Stuart P. Green
56 To Protect and Serve: What is Wrong with the Policing of Minorities in the US? 603 John Kleinig
Economic Justice 615
57 A Theory of Justice 617 John Rawls
58 The Entitlement Theory of Justice 629 Robert Nozick
59 The Ethical Implications of Benefiting from Injustice [W] 641 Daniel Butt
60 A Bleeding Heart Libertarian View of Inequality 650 Andrew Jason Cohen
Global Justice 663
61 Refugees and the Right to Control Immigration [W] 665 Christopher Heath Wellman
62 The Case for Open Immigration 673 Chandran Kukathas
63 Famine, Affluence, and Morality 683 Peter Singer
64 Famine Relief and the Ideal Moral Code [W] 692 John Arthur
65 Eradicating Systemic Poverty: Brief for a Global Resources Dividend 701 Thomas W. Pogge
War and Torture 714
66 War and Moral Consistency 716 Jonathan Parry
67 Pacifism: Reclaiming the Moral Presumption 728 William J. Hawk
68 The Justifiability of Humanitarian Intervention 738 Charles R. Beitz
69 Assassination [N & W] 746 Adrian O'Connor
70 Terrorism and Torture [R] 755 Fritz Allhoff
71 Unthinking the Ticking Time Bomb 768 David Luban
An Afterword 778 Hugh LaFollette
72 Moral Dilemmas and Moral Injury [N & W] 779 Paul Woodruff
Source Acknowledgments
The editor and publisher gratefully acknowledge the permission granted by rightsholders to reproduce their copyright material in the following chapters:
- 1 William H. Shaw, revised and abridged version of "The Consequentialist Perspective," pp. 5-20 from James Dreier (ed.), Contemporary Debates in Moral Theory (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006). Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
- 2 Reproduced with permission of David McNaughton and Piers Rawling.
- 3 Reproduced with permission of George W. Rainbolt.
- 5 Reproduced with permission of Quassim Cassam.
- 6 Reproduced with permission of Hugh LaFollette.
- 7a Reproduced with permission of Paul Woodruff.
- 8 J. David Velleman, revised version of "Against the Right to Die," pp. 665-81 from Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 17:6 (1992). Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press and J. David Velleman.
- 10 Reproduced with permission of John Hardwig.
- 11 Felicia Nimue Ackerman, "'For Now Have I My Death': The 'Duty to Die' Versus the Duty to Help the Ill Stay Alive," Midwest Studies in Philosophy XXIV (2000). Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
- 12 Judith Jarvis Thomson, "A Defense of Abortion," pp. 47-62, 65-6 from Philosophy and Public Affairs 1:1. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
- 13 Mary Anne Warren, revised version of "On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion," pp. 43-61 from The Monist 57 (1973). Reproduced with permission of The Monist: An International Quarterly Journal of General Philosophical Inquiry, Peru, Illinois, USA 61354.
- 14 Reproduced with permission of Don Marquis.
- 15 Rosalind Hursthouse, revised version of "Virtue Theory and Abortion," pp. 223-246 from Philosophy and Public Affairs 20. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
- 16 Leonard M. Fleck, "The Dobbs Decision: Can It Be Justified by Public Reason?" pp. 310-322 from Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 32:3 (2023). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
- 17 Peter Singer, "All Animals are Equal," from Philosophical Exchange 1 (1974). © 1974 by Peter Singer. Reproduced with permission of the author.
- 18 R. G. Frey, "Moral Standing, the Value of Lives, and Speciesism," pp. 191-201 from Between the Species 4 (1988). Reproduced with permission of the author and online journal.
- 19 Tom Regan, "The Case for Animal Rights," pp. 13-26 from Peter Singer (ed.), In Defense of Animals. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
- 21 Elizabeth S. Anderson, "Is Women's Labor a Commodity?" pp. 71-92 from Philosophy and Public Affairs 19:1 (1990). Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
- 22 Reproduced with permission of Maximilian Kiener and Thomas Douglas.
- 23 Reproduced with permission of Christopher Gyngell.
- 25 Reproduced with permission of Ronald Sandler.
- 26 David Schmidtz, revised version of "A Place for Cost-Benefit Analysis," pp. 148-71 from Philosophical Issues 11 (Noûs supplement, 2001). Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
- 27 Thomas E. Hill, Jr., "Ideals of Human Excellence and Preserving Natural Environments," pp. 211-24 from Environmental Ethics 5 (1983). Reproduced with permission of the author and Environmental Ethics.
- 28 Stephen M. Gardiner, from A Perfect Moral Storm: The Ethical Tragedy of Climate Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, revised version of "A Perfect Moral Storm: Climate Change, Intergenerational Ethics and the Problem of Moral Corruption," Environmental Values 15:3 (2006) pp. 397-413. © 2006 The White Horse Press. Reproduced with permission.
- 29 Reproduced with permission of Elaine E. Englehardt and Michael S. Pritchard.
- 31 James Q. Wilson, "Against the Legalization of Drugs," from Commentary (February 1990). Reproduced with permission.
- 32 Douglas Husak, "Why We Should Decriminalize Drug Use," pp. 21-29 from Criminal Justice Ethics 22:1 (Winter/Spring 2003) © by John Jay College of Criminal Justice of The City University of New York. Reproduced with permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd, www.tandfonline.com on behalf of John Jay College of Criminal Justice of The City University of New York and of the author.
- 33 Todd C. Hughes and Lester H. Hunt, revised version of "The Liberal Basis of the Right to Bear Arms," pp. 1-25 from Public Affairs Quarterly 14 (2000). Reproduced with permission of Public Affairs Quarterly.
- 34 Hugh LaFollette, "Gun Control." This essay first appeared in Ethics 110:2 (2000), pp. 263-81. Reproduced with permission of The University of Chicago Press.
- 35 John Stuart Mill, abridged and edited from 2 of On Liberty. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co., 1978.
- 36 Susan J. Brison, revised version of "The Price We Pay?" pp. 236-50 from Christopher Heath Wellman and Andrew Cohen (ed.), Contemporary Debates in Applied Ethics. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
- 37 Andrew Altman, "The Right to Get Turned On: Pornography, Autonomy, Equality," pp. 223-35 from Christopher Heath Wellman and Andrew Cohen (ed.), Contemporary Debates in Applied Ethics. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 2004. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
- 39 Reproduced with permission of Andrew Altman.
- 41 Thomas E. Hill, Jr., "Servility and Self-Respect," pp. 87-104 from The Monist (1974). Reproduced with permission of The Monist: An International Quarterly Journal of General Philosophical Inquiry, Peru, Illinois, 61354.
- 42 Alex Madva, "Implicit Bias, Moods, and Moral Responsibility," pp. 53-78 from Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 99 (2017). Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
- 43 Reproduced with permission of Luke Charles Harris and Uma Narayan.
- 44 Jennifer Saul, updated and adapted version of "Stop Thinking So Much About 'Sexual Harassment'," Journal of Applied Philosophy 31:3 (2014), pp. 307-21. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
- 45 Larry May and Robert Strikwerda, revised version of "Men in Groups: Collective Responsibility for Rape," pp. 134-51 from Hypatia 9:2 (1994). Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press and Robert Strikwerda.
- 51 Hugh LaFollette, "My Conscience May Be My Guide, But You May Not Need to Honor It," Cambridge Quarterly for Healthcare Ethics 26:1 (January 2017), pp. 44-58. Reproduced with permission of Cambridge University Press.
- 52 H. L. A. Hart, "The Presidential Address: Prolegomenon to the Principles of Punishment," pp. 1-26 from Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 60 (1959-1960). Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.
- 54 Reproduced with permission of Douglas Husak.
- 55 Stuart P. Green, "Just Deserts in an Unjust Society," pp. 352-376 from R. A. Duff and Stuart P. Green (ed.), Philosophical Foundations of Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Reproduced with permission of Oxford University Press.
- 56 John Kleinig, "To Protect and Serve: What is Wrong with the Policing of Minorities in the U.S.," The Critique ("Black Lives Matter (Part II): Understanding The New Movement For Racial Justice," May/June 2016).
- 57 John Rawls, pp. 11-22, 60-5, 150-6 from A Theory of Justice. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971. © 1971, 1999 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Reproduced with permission of Harvard University Press.
- 58 Robert Nozick, "The Entitlement Theory of Justice," pp. 140-64, 167-74 from Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Basic Books, 1974. © 1974 by Basic Books, Inc. Reproduced with permission.
- 62 Chandran Kukathas, "Case for Open Immigration" from Andrew I. Cohen and Christopher Heath Wellman (ed.), Contemporary Debates in Applied Ethics, Second Edition. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
- 63 Peter Singer, "Famine, Affluence, and Morality," pp. 229-243 from Philosophy and Public Affairs. Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
- 65 Thomas W. Pogge, revised version of "Eradicating Systemic Poverty: Brief for a Global Resources Dividend," pp. 501-538 from D. Crocker and T. Linden (ed.), Ethics of Consumption. Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1997. Reproduced with permission of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
- 67 Reproduced with permission of William J. Hawk.
- 68 Charles R. Beitz, revised version of "The Justifiability of Humanitarian Intervention," from Bowdoin College...
