Solar PV System: Design, Installation, Operation and Maintenance

Name: Solar PV System: Design, Installation, Operation and Maintenance
Brand: Nova Science Publishers Inc
Price: 284.99 EUR
Availability: OnlineOnly

Ashok Kumar L(Author)

Nova Science Publishers Inc

Published on 15. December 2021

337 pages

E-Book

PDF with Adobe-DRM

System requirements

978-1-68507-475-3 (ISBN)

€284.99incl. 7% vat

System requirements

for PDF with Adobe-DRM

E-Book Single Licence

Available for download

Description

More details

Other editions

Content

Intro
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About This Book
Book Description
Salient Features
Organization of the Book
Chapter 1
Solar Energy and Its Applications
1.1. Learning Outcomes
1.2. Introduction
1.2.1. The Sun
1.2.2. Basic Solar Radiation
1.2.3. Direct and Diffused Radiation at the Earth's Surface
1.2.4. The Solar Constant
1.2.5. Irradiance
1.2.6. Insolation
1.2.7. Peak Sun
1.2.8. Air Mass
1.2.9. Locating the Sun's Position
1.2.10. Declination
1.2.11. Solar Hour Angle and Sunset Hour Angle
1.2.12. Extra-Terrestrial Radiation and Clearness Index
1.2.13. True and Magnetic South
1.2.14. Manual and Automatic Tracking Systems
1.2.15. Gathering Data & Completing the Solar Site Analysis
1.2.16. Tilted Irradiance Calculation
1.2.17. Description of the Algorithm
1.2.18. Calculation of Hourly Global and Diffuse Irradiance
1.2.19. Calculation of Hourly Irradiance in the plane of the PV Array
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2
Basics of Solar PV System
2.1. Learning Outcomes
2.2. Solar Resources
2.2.1. Active/Thermal Solar System
2.2.2. Passive Solar System
2.2.3. Photovoltaic System
2.3. Advantages of PV System
2.4. The Demerits of PV Systems
2.5. Current and Emerging Opportunity
2.6. Environment, Health and Safety Issue
2.7. Photovoltaic Principle
2.8. History of Development of PV Technology
2.9. Photo Voltaic Effect
2.10. The Light from the Sun
2.11. Solar Cell: Construction & Working
2.12. Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Effect
2.12.1. P Type Semiconductor
2.12.2. N Type Semiconductor
2.12.3. The PN Junction or Internal Electric Field
2.12.4. The Solar Cell
2.13. Solar Cells
2.13.1. Types of Solar Cells
2.13.2. First Generation Solar Cells
2.13.3. Second Generation Solar Cells
2.13.4. Third Generation Solar Cells
2.13.5. Thin Film and Crystalline Silicon Technologies
2.14. Conversion Efficiency
2.15. The Influence of Temperature
2.16. Spectral Response
2.17. Solar Cell Electrical Parameters
2.18. Solar Cell Models
2.19. The Impact of the Environment on Cell Output
2.20. Solar Modules
2.21. Blocking Diode
2.22. By-Pass Diode
2.23. Characteristics of Module
2.24. Module Performance
2.24.1. Factors Affecting Module Performance
2.25. Solar Array
2.26. Isolation Diode
2.27. Module Types
2.28. Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products
2.29. Rated Power
2.30. PV System Voltage
2.31. Using Manufacturer's Product Information to Compare Modules
2.32. Module Cost per Watt
2.33. Module Efficiency (Watts per Area)
2.34. Amorphous Silicon in Cloudy Climates
2.35. Poly-Crystalline or Single-Crystalline Silicon?
2.36. Silicon Modules versus Other Module Types?
2.37. Warranty
2.38. Components of Solar PV System
2.38.1. Solar Array
2.38.2. Battery Bank
2.38.3. Solar Charge Controller
2.38.4. Field Junction Box (FJB)
2.38.5. Solar Module Mounting Structure
2.38.6. Earthing Kit
2.38.7. Cables
2.39. Array Mounting Racks
2.39.1. Adjustability
2.39.2. Tracking
2.39.3. General Installation Notes
2.39.4. Asphalt Composition Roofs
2.39.5. Metal Roofs
2.39.6. Other Roof Types
2.39.7. Roof Vents and Fans
2.40. Grounding Equipment
2.40.1. Check with the AHJ
2.40.2. Equipment Grounding
2.40.3. System Grounding
2.40.4. NEC 2005 and System Grounding
2.41. Combiner Box
2.42. Surge Protection
2.43. Inverter
2.43.1. Criteria for Selecting a Grid-Connected Inverter
2.43.2. Power Quality
2.43.3. Voltage Input
2.43.4. AC Power Output
2.43.5. Surge Capacity
2.43.6. Frequency and Voltage Regulation
2.43.7. Efficiency
2.43.8. Integral Safety Disconnects
2.43.9. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
2.43.10. Inverter-Chargers
2.43.11. Automatic Load Shedding
2.43.12. Warranty
2.43.13. To Consider When Researching Inverters
2.44. Disconnects
2.44.1. Array DC Disconnect
2.44.2. Inverter DC Disconnect
2.44.3. Inverter AC Disconnect
2.44.4. Exterior AC Disconnect
2.44.5. Battery DC Disconnect
2.45. Battery Bank
2.45.1. Lead-Acid Batteries
2.45.2. Alkaline Batteries
2.45.3. Sizing Battery Banks
2.45.4. Interaction with Solar Modules
2.46. Charge Controller
2.46.1. Types of Charge Controllers
2.46.2. Selection
2.46.3. Interaction with Inverter
2.46.4. Interaction with Batteries
2.47. Type of Solar PV System
2.47.1. Photovoltaic System Types
2.47.2. Common System Types
2.47.3. Is a Battery Bank Really Needed?
2.47.3.1. Standalone PV System
2.47.3.2. Direct PV System
2.47.3.3. Grid Tied PV System
2.47.3.3.1. Battery Free System
2.47.3.3.2. With Battery Back-up
2.48. Configurations of Solar PV Microgrid System
2.48.1. Small DC Microgrid System
2.48.2. Large DC Microgrid System
2.48.3. AC Power Microgrid System
2.48.4. AC - DC Combined Microgrid System
2.48.5. PV-Generator Hybrid Microgrid System
2.48.6. Connecting Microgrid System to Grid
2.49. Evaluating a Site for Solar PV Potential
2.49.1. Does the Location Have Good Solar Potential?
2.49.2. Evaluating a Building Site
2.49.3. Mounting Location
2.49.4. Shading
2.49.5. Orientation
2.49.6. Tilt
2.49.7. Required Area
2.49.8. Roof Types
2.50. Site Selection
2.50.1. Conducting a Site Assessment
2.51. Shading
2.52. Array Orientation
2.53. Array Location
2.54. Array Mounting Methods
2.55. BOS Locations
2.56. Selecting a System Design
2.57. Mechanical Design Adaptation
2.58. Roof Trusses
2.59. The State of the House Where the Solar Power System Will Be Installed
2.59.1. Roof Structure Examination
2.60. Points to Consider When Choosing an Installation Location
2.60.1. Inspection of the Roof Support System
2.61. Code Compliant Setup
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
Meters and Instrumentation
3.1. The Meters Employed in PV Systems for Measurement
3.1.1. Utility Kilowatt-Hour Meter
3.1.2. System Meter
3.2. Interpretation of Monitoring Equipment
3.2.1. Solar Array Meter
3.2.2. Wind Generator Meter
3.2.3. Pico-Hydro Meter
3.2.4. System Voltage Meter
3.3. Other Monitoring
3.4. Measurement of Voltage
3.5. Measurement of Specific Gravity
Chapter 4
Designing a Solar Photovoltaic System
4.1. Learning Outcomes
4.2. Definitions
4.2.1. Solar Cell
4.2.2. Solar Module
4.2.3. Solar Panel
4.2.4. Solar Array
4.2.5. Solar Irradiation
4.2.6. Insolation
4.2.6.1. Peak Sun Hours
4.2.7. Conversion Efficiency
4.3. General and Technical Requirements for Solar Photo Voltaic Module
4.3.1. General Requirements
4.3.2. Technical Requirements
4.4. Primary Phases of Designing a SPV System
4.4.1. Planning
4.4.2. Collection of Information/Data
4.4.3. Load Calculations
4.4.3.1. For DC Loads
4.4.3.2. For AC Loads
4.4.4. Sizing Solar Array
4.4.5. Deciding Battery Capacity
4.4.6. Selection of Charge Controller
4.4.7. Salient Feature of Charge Controller
4.4.8. Module Mounts
4.4.9. Structure
4.4.10. Wiring
4.5. Sample System Design
4.5.1. Step 1: Calculate the DC Load
4.5.2. Step 2: Determine the AC Load and Convert to DC
4.5.3. Step 3: Determine the Total System Load
4.5.4. Step 4: Determine Total DC Ampere Hours per Day
4.5.5. Step 5: Determine Total Ampere Hours per Day with Batteries
4.5.6. Step 6: Determine the Total PV Array Current
4.5.7. Step 7: Select PV Module Type
4.5.8. Step 8: Determine Number of Modules in Parallel
4.5.9. Step 9: Determine Number of Modules in Series
4.5.10. Step 10: Determine Total Number of Modules
4.5.11. Step 11: Determine the Battery's Minimum Capacity
4.5.12. Step 12: Choose a Battery
4.5.13. Step 13: Choose Charge Controller
4.5.14. Step 14: Choose Inverter
4.6. An Overview of System Design and It's Safety Measures
4.6.1. Fundamental Design Principles for Solar Microgrids
4.6.2. Design Criteria
4.6.3. System Voltage
4.6.3.1. Distribution System Voltage
4.6.3.2. Solar System (Battery) Voltage
4.6.4. Module Tilt Angle
4.6.5. Module Orientation
4.6.6. Determination of Solar Array Requirement and Battery Capacity
4.6.7. Capacity of Solar Array
4.6.8. Battery Capacity and Hours of Backup
4.6.9. DC Bus and AC Bus
4.7. System Protection and Safety
4.7.1. Cables & Wiring
4.7.1.1. Critical Cable Considerations
4.7.2. PV Array Maximum Voltage
4.7.2.1. Using Temperature Coefficients
4.7.2.2. Using Correction Factor
4.7.3. Over Current Protection
4.7.4. Array Fault Current Protection
4.7.5. Sizing Fault Current Protection Devices
4.7.6. Battery over Current Protection
4.7.7. Battery Over Current and Disconnect Requirement
4.7.7.1. Disconnection Devices
4.7.8. Main Battery Protection
4.7.9. Protection against Lightning
4.8. Photovoltaic Design Guidelines
4.8.1. Parameters for Photovoltaic Module Design
4.8.2. Automatic Transfer System and Inverter
4.8.3. Qualification of Installation Contractors
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5
Outcomes of Learning
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Electrical Wiring
5.2.1. Electrical Wiring for Photovoltaic Systems
5.3. Wire Construction
5.4. Worksheet for Sizing
5.4.1. Step 1: Estimation of Load and Consumption
5.4.2. Step 2: Determine the Size of the Battery Bank
5.4.3. Step 3: Determine the Size of the Array
5.4.4. Step 5: Determine the Size of the Inverter
5.5. Grid-Integrated Photovoltaic System
5.5.1. Benefits of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Systems
5.6. System Sizing and Economic Considerations
5.7. Important Points to Confirm before Wiring
5.8. Integration of the Solar Modules
5.9. Electrical Connection from Solar Arrays to the Inverter
5.10. Determining the Output Voltage of an Array
5.11. Communicating with the Mount
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6
Installation of Solar PV System
6.1. Learning Outcomes
6.2. Installation and Commissioning
6.2.1. Site Survey and Planning
6.2.2. Assessment of Occupational Health and Safety
6.2.3. Solar Array Location
6.2.4. Solar Pathfinder Utilization
6.2.5. Using Spacing Factor Graph
6.2.6. Applying Rule of Thumb
6.2.7. Space between Two Rows
6.2.8. Additional Equipment Locations
6.2.9. Testing before Installation
6.2.10. Installation Guidelines
6.3. Mounting Photovoltaic Modules
6.3.1. Introduction
6.3.1.1. Mounting the Solar Modules
6.3.2. Types of Mounting System
6.3.3. Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) System
6.3.4. Array Mounting Racks
6.3.4.1. Adjustability
6.3.4.2. Tracking
6.3.4.3. General Installation Notes
6.3.4.4. Asphalt Composition Roofs
6.3.4.5. Metal Roofs
6.3.4.6. Additional Roof Types
6.3.4.7. Roof Vents and Fans
6.3.5. Electrical Interconnections
6.3.6. Installation Tools
6.3.7. Installation Processes
6.3.7.1. Mounting Structure Installation
6.3.8. Alignment of the Foundation and Structure
6.3.8.1. Types of Mounting Structure Foundations
6.3.8.2. Array Installation and Wiring
6.3.8.2.1. 12 Volt Array Wiring
6.3.8.2.2. 24 Volt Array Wiring
6.3.8.2.3. 48 Volt Array Wiring
6.3.9. Correct Wiring Loops
6.3.10. Installation of the Battery
6.3.11. Battery Wiring
6.3.12. Control Centre Pre-Wiring
6.3.13. Power Distribution System
6.3.14. Commissioning of the System
6.3.15. Documentation
6.3.16. Mounting Methods
6.3.16.1. Mounting with Frame Bolt Holes
6.3.16.2. Mounting with Clamp Fixing
6.3.16.3. Middle Module Installation
6.3.17. Grounding
6.3.17.1. Method 1: Grounding Bolt # 2058729-1
6.3.17.2. Method 2: Grounding Bolt #1954381-2
6.3.17.3. Method 3: Erico Grounding Bolt # EL6CS14-6
6.3.18. Electrical Configuration
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7
Troubleshooting of Solar PV System
7.1. Learning Outcomes
7.2. Introduction
7.3. Inverter Troubleshooting and Service
7.3.1. Inverter Troubleshooting
7.3.2. Common Reported Inverter Errors
7.3.3. Inverter Service Procedures
7.3.4. Diagnosing and Testing for Low Power Production
7.3.5. Diagnostic Overview
7.4. Diagnostic Testing
7.4.1. Infrared (IR) Image Procedure
7.4.2. Conditions of Testing
7.4.3. Considerations for Safety
7.4.4. Procedure for Infrared Imaging
7.3.5. IR Camera Settings
7.4.6. IR Inspection
7.4.7. Megohmmeter Testing
7.5. Test Conditions
7.5.1. Tools Include
7.5.2. Safety Considerations Include
7.5.3. For Positively Grounded Systems
7.5.4. For Negatively Grounded Systems
7.5.5. For Ungrounded Systems
7.5.6. Fuse Checks
7.6. Test Conditions
7.6.1. Tools Include
7.6.2. Safety Considerations
7.6.3. Fuse Testing Procedure
7.6.4. Best Practices
7.6.5. DC System VocChecks
7.7. Test Conditions
7.7.1. Tools Include
7.7.2. Safety Considerations Include
7.7.3. DC System ImpChecks
7.8. Test Conditions
7.8.1. Tools Include
7.8.2. Safety Considerations Include
7.8.3. Imptesting Procedure
7.8.4. Grounding System Integrity Checks
7.9. Test Conditions
7.9.1. Tools Include
7.9.2. Safety Considerations Include
7.9.3. Procedure
7.9.3.1. DAS Check
7.9.3.2. Test Conditions
7.9.3.3. Tools Include
7.9.3.4. Safety Considerations Include
7.9.3.5. Testing Procedure
7.9.3.5.1. Global Horizontal Irradiance
7.9.3.6. Plane of Array Irradiance
7.9.3.7. Ambient Temperature Sensor
7.9.3.8. Back of Module Temperature Sensor
7.9.3.9. Anemometer
7.9.3.10. Current Transducers
7.9.3.11. Voltage Reference
7.9.3.12. Revenue Meter
7.9.3.13. Inverter Direct
7.9.3.14. Intermittent Data from Inverters Can Be the Result of Noise Induced by the Inverter
7.9.3.15. Combiner Box Level Monitoring
7.9.3.16. Module Level Monitoring
7.9.4. Ground Fault Troubleshooting
7.10. Test Conditions
7.10.1. Tools Include
7.10.2. Safety Considerations Include
7.10.3. Test Procedure-Small Residential-Scale Inverters
7.10.3.1. Test Procedure-Central Type Inverters
7.11. Array Washing Procedure
7.11.1. Safety Considerations
7.11.2. Before Washing Modules
7.11.3. Washing Modules
7.11.4. After Washing Modules
7.12. Vegetation Management
7.12.1. Safety Considerations
7.12.2. Vegetation Management
7.12.3. System Warranties
7.13. Troubleshooting and Repair
7.13.1. Troubleshooting
7.13.2. Warning Signs
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8
Maintenance of Solar PV System
8.1. Learning Outcomes
8.2. Maintenance
8.3. Precautionary and Preventive Measures
8.4. Care and Maintenance
8.5. SPS Maintenance in Brief
8.5.1. Security Comes First
8.6. Shutdown Procedure
8.7. Start up Procedure
8.8. Pre-Commission Tests
8.9. Visual Audit
8.10. Verification of Electrical Connections
8.11. Ensuring System Performance
8.12. Inspection/Routine Maintenance
8.13. Repair of Surface Damage
8.14. End of Life Product Recycling
8.15. Maintenance
8.15.1. Solar Array
8.15.2. Annually
8.15.3. Solar Array
8.15.4. Electrical Power
8.16. Operation and Maintenance
8.16.1. Required Tools for Operation and Maintenance
8.16.2. List of Recommended Items and Equipment for Repair or Maintenance
8.16.3. Preventive Maintenance
8.16.4. Weekly Maintenance
8.16.5. Monthly Maintenance
8.16.6. Annual Maintenance
8.16.7. Earthing and Lightening Protection Testing and Care
8.16.8. Inspection and Maintenance of the Wiring System
8.16.9. Battery Testing and Maintenance
8.16.9.1. Checking State of Charge
8.16.9.2. Battery Load Test
8.16.10. Solar Arrays Inspection and Care
8.16.10.1. Measuring Open Circuit Voltage
8.16.10.2. Short Circuit Current
8.16.11. Inspection and Maintenance of Inverters
8.16.12. Maintenance of Distribution System
8.16.13. Preventive Maintenance
8.17. Operation and Maintenance of the Microgrid (Commercial) System
8.17.1. Day-to-Day Operations
8.18. Maintaining a Service Manual
8.19. Billing and Revenue Collection
8.20. Payment Resolution Problems
8.20.1. Payment of the Bill
8.20.1.1. Do's
8.20.1.2. Dont's
8.21. Maintaining Complaint Book
8.22. Communication with Users Regarding Energy Usage
8.23. Maintenance
8.23.1. Safety First!
8.23.2. Maintenance of Battery Banks
8.23.3. Before You Begin
8.23.4. Security Equipment
8.24. Check Your Batteries
8.25. Charge Your Batteries
8.26. Electrical Voltage Checking
8.27. General Functions for Battery Storage
8.27.1. Preparing the Battery Storage System
8.28. Isolating the System for Maintenance
8.29. Cleaning Cells
8.30. Checking the Charging and Status of the Battery Bank
8.31. Voltage Measurement
8.32. Using Hydrometer to Check the Gravity of the Electrolyte in the Battery Bank
8.33. Specific Gravity Measurement
8.34. Neutrality of Acid Spill
8.35. Electrolyte Insertion
8.36. Cleaning of Battery Terminals
8.37. Differences of Gel Cell Type Batteries
8.38. Balance of System (BOS)
8.38.1. Inverter
8.38.2. Regulator(s)
8.38.3. Switchboards and Wiring
8.38.4. Battery Chargers
8.38.5. System Wiring
8.39. SPS Maintenance at a Glance
8.40. Compliance with Strategic Protection Guidelines
8.41. Annual Site Site Surveys
8.42. Detailed Visual Inspection
8.43. Manufacturer Special Inverter Test
8.44. Manufacturer Specific Tracker Testing
8.45. Manufacturers Data Recovery System Evaluation
8.46. General Isolation Procedures
8.46.1. Energize Components
8.46.2. Inverter Pad Equipment
8.46.3. Transformer Isolation
8.46.4. Failure Response
8.46.4.1. Shutdown in Case of Emergency
8.46.5. Isolation Procedure-Inverter Pad Equipment
8.46.6. Isolation Procedure-Field Combiner Box
8.46.7. Isolation Procedure-Modules and String Wiring
8.47. Cleaning Process
8.47.1. Cleaning Procedure Recommendations
8.47.2. Precautions in Snow-Covered Areas
8.47.3. Snow Removal from Rooftops
8.47.4. Precautions for High Temperature Areas
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9
Cost Consideration
9.1. Learning Outcomes
9.2. Introduction
9.3. Basic Principles of Feasibility Study
9.4. Technical Aspect of Feasibility Study
9.4.1. Energy Demand Analysis
9.4.2. Financial Analysis
9.4.2.1. Project Expenses
9.4.2.2. Projection of Income Expenditure
9.4.2.3. Financial Feasibility Analysis
9.5. Description of Tools/ Methods with Illustration
9.6. Benefit Cost Analysis Method
9.7. Comparison of NPV and IRR
9.8. Sensitivity Analysis
9.9. Repayment System
9.10. Cash Flow Analysis
9.11. Suggested Formats Relating to Feasibility Study of SPS and SPVS Project/Scheme
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10
Policy and Standards
10.1. Learning Outcomes
10.2. Policy in-Charge
10.3. Policy and Regulation
10.3.1. Purpose of the Policy
10.3.2. Key Considerations and Structures in Policy Making
10.3.2.1. Government's Vision
10.3.2.2. Objectives/Goals/Target
10.3.2.3. Operative Period
10.3.2.4. Nodal Agency
10.3.2.5. Implementing Agency
10.3.2.6. Eligible Entities
10.3.2.7. Effective Business Plans/Business Models
10.3.2.8. Procedures
10.3.2.9. Technical Requirements
10.3.3. Purpose and Introduction to Regulation
10.3.4. Key Considerations and Components in framing regulations
10.3.4.1. Title, Scope and Function
10.3.4.2. Active Models
10.3.4.3. Capacity Limits and Connection Capabilities
10.3.4.4. Procedure
10.3.4.5. Grid Connectivity, Standards and Safety
10.3.4.6. Metering
10.3.4.7. Energy Accounting, Billing and Banking
10.3.4.8. Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO), Renewable Energy Certificates (REC) and other Green Values
10.3.4.9. Power to Direct/Relax/Amend
10.4. Key Technical Considerations, Standards
10.4.1. Electrical Safety
10.4.2. Electrical Quality
10.4.3. PV Module Considerations
10.4.3.1. Standard Test Conditions (STC) and PV Module Efficiency
10.4.4. Equipment Considerations
10.5. Other Considerations
10.5.1. What Are GHI and DNI, and What Do Maps Mean?
10.5.2. Reactive Power Compensation
10.5.3. Soft Start
10.6. Applicable Standards
10.7. Solar Module
10.8. Codes and Standards
10.8.1. National Electricity Code (NEC)
10.9. OSHA Regulations
10.10. Marking and Signage
Conclusion
References
Authors' Contact Information
Index
Blank Page

System requirements

Save as PDF Copy link into clipboard

Schweitzer Fachinformationen

Solar PV System: Design, Installation, Operation and Maintenance

Description

More details

Other editions

Additional editions

Content

System requirements