Urban Energy Systems
Description
With climate change and energy issues infiltrating seemingly every aspect of our lives, it is more important than ever to continue the march toward sustainability. It is not just about switching to a gasoline-free car or installing solar panels. Many countries, including our own, are dealing with these very difficult problems by converting to "smart cities" and other "green energy" projects. This is perhaps one of the most important issues facing our world today.
Urban energy systems play a critical role in the sustainability and resilience of smart cities. As cities continue to grow and face increasing energy demands, it becomes essential to develop efficient and sustainable energy solutions. Modelling and simulation techniques provide valuable insights into the design, operation, and optimization of urban energy systems, supporting the transition towards more sustainable and smart cities. This perspective highlights the importance of modelling and simulation in achieving sustainable urban energy systems and their role in shaping smart cities.
Modelling and simulation play a crucial role in achieving sustainable urban energy systems and shaping smart cities. By integrating diverse energy systems, optimizing renewable energy integration, enabling demand-side management, supporting microgrid and storage system design, enhancing resilience, and facilitating policy evaluation, these tools empower decision-makers to develop and implement sustainable energy solutions. Embracing a modelling and simulation perspective in urban energy planning supports the transition towards more sustainable, efficient, and resilient smart cities that meet the energy needs of present and future generations.
This book uncovers the latest research in the field of urban energy sustainability and climate management. Urban energy sustainability and climate management have been employed successfully for various purposes like human-computer interaction, decision-making, recommender systems, and so on. Data analytics have supported these applications through various efficient and effective methods. Covering all of these topics, this is a "one-stop shop" for engineers, students, policymakers, scientists, and other industry professionals working with smart cities and urban energy systems. It is a must have for any library.
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Deepak Kumar, PhD, is a research scientist at the Center of Excellence in Weather and Climate Analytics, Atmospheric Science Research Center, State University of New York, University at Albany, New York, USA, with over ten years of experience. He has published 3 books. He has also published over 45 and reviewed over 190 research articles in various scientific and scholarly journals, and he has completed two research projects sponsored by the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.
Content
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xix
List of Chapters and Affiliations xxiii
1 Emerging Trends of Urban Energy Systems and Management 1
Deepak Kumar
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Research Motivation 4
1.3 Stand-Alone and Minigrid-Connected Solar Energy Systems 6
1.4 Conclusion 12
References 13
2 Transitions in the Urban Energy Scenario and Approaches 19
Deepak Kumar
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Recent Transformation in Energy Sectors 22
2.3 Research Progressions 24
2.4 Breaking the Cycle 25
2.5 Conclusion 27
2.6 Future Implications 27
References 28
3 Urban Renewable Energy Resource Optimization Systems 31
Kalpit Jain and Devendra Kumar Somwanshi
3.1 Introduction 32
3.2 Literature Review 33
3.2.1 Long-Term Sustainable Solar Power Generation 33
3.2.1.1 Common Issues of Long-Term Sustainable Solar Power Generation 39
3.2.1.2 Strengths and Weakness Strength 40
3.3 Conclusion 43
References 44
4 Approaches for District-Scale Urban Energy Quantification and Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Energy Potential Assessment 47
Faiz Ahmed Chundeli and Adinarayanane Ramamurthy
4.1 Introduction 48
4.2 District-Scale Urban Energy Modelling 49
4.2.1 "Bottom-Up" Modelling Approach - Archetype 49
4.2.2 The Renewable Energy Modelling Approach 50
4.2.3 Urban Microclimate 50
4.3 Evaluation of Energy Performance - The Case in Chennai 52
4.3.1 Profile of the Case Area 52
4.3.2 Data Model and Construction Techniques 53
4.3.3 Archetype Classification 53
4.3.4 Energy Quantification 55
4.3.5 Analysis of the Archetype Energy Quantification 57
4.3.6 Solar PV Potential Calculation 57
4.3.7 Analysis of Solar PV Potential 58
4.3.8 Scaling of Archetype Building Energy to District-Scale Urban Energy 58
4.3.9 Scaling of Archetype PV Potential to District-Scale PV Potential 59
4.4 Discussions and Conclusions 60
4.4.1 Discussion 60
4.5 Conclusions 61
References 62
5 Energy Consumption in Urban India: Usage and Ignorance 65
Rajnish Ratna and Vikas Chaudhary
5.1 Background 66
5.2 Introduction 67
5.3 Energy Outlook for India 68
5.4 Power Demand and Resources in India 71
5.5 Energy and Environment 73
5.6 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for Indian Electricity Sector 75
5.7 Results 78
5.8 Conclusions 78
References 79
6 Solar Energy from the Urban Areas: A New Direction Towards Indian Power Sector 81
Sonal Jain
6.1 Introduction 81
6.2 Renewable Energy Chain in India 83
6.3 Development of Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Plants 84
6.4 Solar Photovoltaic Market in India 85
6.5 Need for Solar Energy 86
6.6 Government Initiatives 86
6.7 Challenges for Solar Thermal Systems 87
6.8 Benefits of Solar PV 88
6.9 Causes of Delay in Solar PV Implementation and Ways to Quicken the Rate of Installation 89
6.10 Future Trends of Solar PV 90
6.11 Conclusion 90
References 91
Other Works Consulted 92
7 Energy Management Strategies of a Microgrid: Review, Challenges, Opportunities, Future Scope 93
Chiranjit Biswas, Somudeep Bhattacharjee, Uttara Das and Champa Nandi
7.1 Introduction 93
7.2 Methodology 95
7.2.1 Research Studies Selection Criteria 95
7.2.2 Section of Literature 95
7.2.3 Testing Criteria 95
7.2.4 Extraction of Data 96
7.2.5 Findings 96
7.3 Preliminary 97
7.3.1 Fuzzy Logic-Based Management Strategies 97
7.3.2 AI-Based Management Strategies 103
7.3.3 Other Management Strategies 106
7.4 Challenges of Energy Management in Microgrids 111
7.5 Opportunities 112
7.6 Future Research Direction 113
7.7 Conclusion 113
References 114
8 Urban Solid Waste Management for Energy Generation 119
Shikha Patel and Reshmi Manikoth Kollarath
8.1 Introduction 119
8.1.1 Background 119
8.1.2 Study Focus 121
8.2 Literature Review 122
8.3 Methodology 125
8.3.1 Formulating Research Background 125
8.3.2 Literature Review 126
8.3.3 Analysis 127
8.4 Case Study 127
8.4.1 Precedent Success 127
8.4.2 Precedent Failure 128
8.4.3 The Takeaway from Case Studies 130
8.5 Research Findings: Challenges of Waste-to-Energy Conversion 130
8.5.1 Environmental Challenges 131
8.5.2 Technological Challenges 132
8.5.3 Social Challenges 132
8.5.4 Economic Challenges 133
8.6 Recommendations 134
8.7 Conclusions and Discussion 135
Acknowledgements 136
References 136
9 Energy from Urban Waste: A Mysterious Opportunity for Energy Generation Potential 141
Shivangini Sharma and Ashutosh Tripathi
9.1 Introduction 142
9.2 Scenario of Solid Waste Management of Various Countries Around the World 143
9.3 Waste-to-Energy Processes 147
9.4 Challenges to Waste-to-Energy Generation 153
9.5 Conclusion 154
References 155
10 Sustainable Urban Planning and Sprawl Assessment Using Shannon's Entropy Model for Energy Management 157
Pranaya Diwate, Priyanka Patil, Pranali Kathe and Varun Narayan Mishra
10.1 Introduction 158
10.2 Study Area 159
10.3 Materials and Methodology 160
10.3.1 Satellite Data Used 160
10.3.2 Pre-Processing of Satellite Data 160
10.3.3 Accuracy Assessment 162
10.3.4 LULC Change Detection 162
10.3.5 Shannon Entropy Model 162
10.4 Results and Discussion 163
10.4.1 LULC Maps 163
10.4.2 Accuracy Assessment 163
10.4.3 LULC Change Detection 165
10.5 Conclusion 168
Acknowledgements 169
References 169
11 Sustainable Natural Spaces for Microclimate Mitigation to Meet Future Urban Energy Challenges 171
Richa Manocha and Deepak Kumar
11.1 Introduction 172
11.2 Nature and Human Connection 174
11.3 Urban Gardening 176
11.4 Urban Greening and Energy Benefits 177
11.5 Nurturing a Connection to Nature in Early Years 177
11.6 Conclusion 180
11.7 Future Implication 181
References 181
12 Synthesis and Future Perspective 193
Deepak Kumar
12.1 Introduction 193
12.2 Synthesis of the Research 195
12.3 Future Urban Energy Policies, and Initiatives 199
12.4 The Challenge Ahead 201
12.5 Strategies for Improvement 201
References 203
About the Editor 205
Index 207
