Systems Engineering Principles and Practice
Description
Systems Engineering: Principles and Practice, 3rd Edition is the leading interdisciplinary reference for systems engineers. The up-to-date third edition provides readers with discussions of model-based systems engineering, requirements analysis, engineering design, and software design. Freshly updated governmental and commercial standards, architectures, and processes are covered in-depth. The book includes newly updated topics on:
* Risk
* Prototyping
* Modeling and simulation
* Software/computer systems engineering
Examples and exercises appear throughout the text, allowing the reader to gauge their level of retention and learning. Systems Engineering: Principles and Practice was and remains the standard textbook used worldwide for the study of traditional systems engineering. The material is organized in a manner that allows for quick absorption of industry best practices and methods.
Systems Engineering Principles and Practice continues to be a national standard textbook for the study of traditional systems engineering for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. It addresses the need for an introductory overview, first-text for the development and acquisition of complex technical systems. The material is organized in a way that teaches the reader how to think like a systems engineer and carry out best practices in the field.
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Persons
ALEXANDER KOSSIAKOFF (deceased) was a former Director and Chief Scientist of Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, and Program Chair of the MS program in Systems Engineering and Technical Management at Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering.
SAMUEL J. SEYMOUR, PHD, (retired) former Systems Engineering Program Vice Chair, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering. He served as Systems Engineering Vice Chair under Professor Kossiakoff for over 15 years and was the lead author of the Second Edition.
DAVID A. FLANIGAN, PHD, is the Systems Engineering Program Vice Chair at Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering.
STEVEN M. BIEMER is a Professor at Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering where he teaches Systems Engineering courses. Professor Biemer assisted Professor Kossiakoff in developing the first edition of this book.
Content
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XV
LIST OF TABLES XIX
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION XXI
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION XXV
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION XXIX
PART I FOUNDATIONS OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 1
1 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND THE WORLD OF MODERN SYSTEMS 3
1.1 What is Systems Engineering? 3
1.2 The Systems Engineering Landscape 5
1.3 Systems Engineering Viewpoint 9
1.4 Perspectives of Systems Engineering 12
1.5 Examples of Systems Requiring Systems Engineering 16
1.6 Systems Engineering Activities and Products 20
1.7 Systems Engineering as a Profession 20
1.8 Systems Engineer Career Development Model 24
1.9 Summary 27
2 STRUCTURE OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS 33
2.1 System Elements and Interfaces 33
2.2 Hierarchy of Complex Systems 34
2.3 System Building Blocks 38
2.4 The System Environment 43
2.5 Interfaces and Interactions 51
2.6 Complexity in Modern Systems 54
2.7 Summary 57
3 THE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 61
3.1 Systems Engineering Through the System Life Cycle 61
3.2 System Life Cycle 62
3.3 Evolutionary Characteristics of the Development Process 74
3.4 The Systems Engineering Method 81
3.5 Testing Throughout System Development 94
3.6 Summary 96
4 SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT 101
4.1 Managing System Development 101
4.2 Work Breakdown Structure 103
4.3 Systems Engineering Management Plan 108
4.4 Organization of Systems Engineering 111
4.5 Summary 115
PART II CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT STAGE 119
5 NEEDS ANALYSIS 121
5.1 Originating a New System 121
5.2 Systems Thinking 130
5.3 Operations Analysis 132
5.4 Feasibility Definition 143
5.5 Needs Validation 145
5.6 Summary 149
6 REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS 153
6.1 Developing the System Requirements 153
6.2 Requirements Development and Sources 157
6.3 Requirements Features and Attributes 160
6.4 Requirements Development Process 163
6.5 Requirements Hierarchy 167
6.6 Requirements Metrics 175
6.7 Requirements Verification and Validation 177
6.8 Requirements Development: TSE vs. Agile 179
6.9 Summary 179
7 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS 183
7.1 Selecting the System Concept 183
7.2 Functional Analysis and Formulation 188
7.3 Functional Allocation 194
7.4 Functional Analysis Products 197
7.5 Traceability to Requirements 202
7.6 Concept Development Space 204
7.7 Summary 206
8 EVALUATION AND SELECTION 209
8.1 Evaluating and Selecting the System Concept 209
8.2 Alternatives Analysis 210
8.3 Operations Research Techniques 214
8.4 Economics and Affordability 218
8.5 Events and Decisions for Consideration 222
8.6 Alternative Concept Development and Concept Selection 224
8.7 Concept Validation 229
8.8 Traditional vs. Agile SE Approach to Concept Evaluation 230
8.9 Summary 231
9 SYSTEMS ARCHITECTING 235
9.1 Architecture Introduction 235
9.2 Types of Architecture 236
9.3 Architecture Frameworks 241
9.4 Architectural Views 244
9.5 Architecture Development 246
9.6 Architecture Traceability 247
9.7 Architecture Validation 248
9.8 Summary 249
10 MODEL]BASED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING (MBSE) 253
10.1 MBSE Introduction 253
10.2 MBSE Languages 259
10.3 MBSE Tools 260
10.4 MBSE Used in the SE Life Cycle 262
10.5 Examples 263
10.6 Summary 267
11 DECISION ANALYSIS AND SUPPORT 275
11.1 Decision Making 276
11.2 Modeling Throughout System Development 282
11.3 Modeling for Decisions 282
11.4 Simulation 287
11.5 Trade]Off Analysis 296
11.6 Evaluation Methods 313
11.7 Summary 321
12 RISK MANAGEMENT 327
12.1 Risk Management in the SE Life Cycle 327
12.2 Risk Management 328
12.3 Risk Traceability/Allocation 337
12.4 Risk Analysis Techniques 338
12.5 Summary 345
PART III ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT PHASE 349
13 ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT 351
13.1 Reducing Uncertainties 351
13.2 Requirements Analysis 356
13.3 Functional Analysis and Design 361
13.4 Prototype Development as a Risk Mitigation Technique 367
13.5 Development Testing 376
13.6 Risk Reduction 385
13.7 Summary 387
14 SOFTWARE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 393
14.1 Components of Software 394
14.2 Coping with Complexity and Abstraction 394
14.3 Nature of Software Development 398
14.4 Software Development Life Cycle Models 403
14.5 Software Concept Development: Analysis and Design 412
14.6 Software Engineering Development: Coding and Unit Test 424
14.7 Software Integration and Test 432
14.8 Software Engineering Management 435
14.9 Summary 442
15 ENGINEERING DESIGN 449
15.1 Implementing the System Building Blocks 449
15.2 Requirements Analysis 454
15.3 Functional Analysis and Design 456
15.4 Component Design 460
15.5 Design Validation 473
15.6 Configuration Management 478
15.7 Summary 481
16 SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 485
16.1 Integrating the Total System 485
16.2 System Integration Hierarchy 488
16.3 Types of Integration 492
16.4 Integration Planning 494
16.5 Integration Facilities 494
16.6 Summary 496
17 TEST AND EVALUATION 499
17.1 Testing and Evaluating the Total System 499
17.2 Developmental System Testing 509
17.3 Operational Test and Evaluation 515
17.4 Human Factors Testing 523
17.5 Test Planning and Preparation 524
17.6 Test Traceability 529
17.7 System of Systems Testing 529
17.8 Summary 530
PART IV POST]DEVELOPMENT STAGE 537
18 PRODUCTION 539
18.1 Systems Engineering in the Factory 539
18.2 Engineering for Production 541
18.3 Transition from Development to Production 545
18.4 Production Operations 549
18.5 Acquiring a Production Knowledge Base 554
18.6 Summary 557
19 OPERATION AND SUPPORT 561
19.1 Installing, Maintaining, and Upgrading the System 561
19.2 Installation and Test 564
19.3 In]Service Support 569
19.4 Major System Upgrades: Modernization 573
19.5 Operational Factors in System Development 577
19.6 Summary 580
20 SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 583
20.1 System of Systems Engineering 583
20.2 Differences Between SOS and TSE 584
20.3 Types of SOS 587
20.4 Attributes of SOS 590
20.5 Challenges to System of Systems Engineering 591
20.6 Summary 593
PART V SYSTEMS DOMAINS 597
21 ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 599
21.1 Enterprise Systems Engineering 599
21.2 Definitions of Enterprise Systems Engineering 600
21.3 Processes and Components of Enterprise Systems Engineering 603
21.4 Enterprise Systems Engineering Applications to Domains 605
21.5 Challenges to Enterprise Systems Engineering 606
21.6 Summary 607
22 SYSTEMS SECURITY ENGINEERING 611
22.1 Systems Security Engineering 611
22.2 Types of Security 613
22.3 Security Applications to Systems Engineering 616
22.4 Security Applications to Domains 619
22.5 Security Validation and Analysis 621
22.6 Summary 621
23 THE FUTURE OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING 627
23.1 Introduction and Motivation 627
23.2 Areas to Apply the Systems Engineering Approach 630
23.3 Education for the Future Systems Engineer 632
23.4 Concluding Remarks 634
23.5 Summary 635
Problems 636
Further Reading 636
INDEX 639
WILEY SERIES IN SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 000
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1-1 The ideal missile design from the viewpoint of various specialists 1-2 Systems engineering principles and practice 1-3 Systems engineering 1-4 Examples of systems engineering components 1-5 Examples of systems engineering approaches 1-6 Career opportunities and growth 1-7 Systems engineering career elements derived from quality work experiences 1-8 Components of employer development of systems engineers 1-9 "T" model for systems engineer career development 2-1 Knowledge domains of systems engineer and design specialist 2-2 Context diagram 2-3 Context diagram for an automobile 2-4 Environments of a passenger airliner 2-5 Functional interactions and physical interfaces 2-6 Pyramid of system hierarchy 3-1 DoD system life cycle model 3-2 System life cycle model 3-3 Principal stages in system life cycle 3-4 Concept development phases of system life cycle 3-5 Engineering development phases in system life cycle 3-6 Principal Participants in Typical Aerospace System Development 3-7 Systems engineering method's top-level flow diagram 3-8 Systems engineering method flow diagram 3-9 Spiral model of the system life cycle 4-1 Systems engineering as a part of project management 4-2 System product WBS partial breakdown structure 4-3 Place of SEMP in program management plans 5-1 Needs analysis phase in the system life cycle 5-2 Needs analysis phase flow diagram 5-3 Objectives tree structure 5-4 Example objectives tree for an automobile 5-5 Triumvirate of conceptual design 5-6 Hierarchy of scenarios 5-7 Analysis pyramid 6-1 Concept exploration phase in system life cycle 6-2 Concept exploration phase flow diagram 6-3 Simple requirements development process 7-1 Concept definition phase in system life cycle 7-2 Concept definition phase flow diagram 7-3 IDEF0 functional model structure 7-4 Functional block diagram of a standard coffee maker 7-5 Example functional to subsystem allocation matrix 7-6 Function category vs. functional media 7-7 Functional block diagram development from internal view first 7-8 Functional block diagram development from external view first 7-9 Functional flow diagram example 7-10 Coffee maker functional flow diagram 7-11 Coffee maker sequence diagram 8-1 Assignment problem to minimize number of machines used 8-2 Decision tree example 8-3 Decision path 8-4 Decision tree solved 8-5 Nonmonetary benefits example 8-6 Scatterplot of performance and cost comparison 8-7 Example context diagram of healthcare costs 9-1 Glucose meter example functional architecture 9-2 Glucose meter example physical architecture 9-3 Glucose meter example allocated architecture 9-4 DODAF Version 2.0.2 viewpoints 10-1 SysML block definition diagram of NASA's Apollo spacecraft 10-2 Relation map of NASA's Apollo spacecraft 10-3 Apollo part decomposition matrix 10-4 Apollo launch vehicle part properties 10-5 Internal block diagram 10-6 Satellite command and data-handling state machine diagram 10-7 Flight computer SysML state machine 10-8 SysML parametric diagram 10-9 Driveline parametric diagram 11-1 Basic decision process 11-2 Decision process 11-3 Virtual reality simulation 11-4 Candidate utility functions 11-5 Example utility function for waiting times 11-6 Criteria profile 11-7 Queuing alternatives 11-8 Trade study utility functions 11-9 Trade study analysis examples 11-10 MAUT analysis example 11-11 MAUT final analysis example plot 11-12 Example cost-effectiveness integration 11-13 Example scatterplot of performance cost quadrants 11-14 QFD House of Quality 12-1 Variation of program risk and effort throughout systems development 12-2 Example of a risk mitigation waterfall chart 12-3 An example of a risk cube display 12-4 Sample risk plan work sheet 12-5 Computer failure risk cube plot 13-1 Advanced development phase in system life cycle 13-2 Advanced development phase flow diagram 13-3 Test and evaluation process of a system element 14-1 IEEE software systems engineering process 14-2 Software hierarchy 14-3 Notional three-tier architecture 14-4 Classical waterfall software development cycle 14-5 Software incremental model 14-6 Spiral model 14-7 State transition diagram in concurrent development model 14-8 User needs, software requirements, and...
