
The Crypto Controversy
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This is not yet another study of the crypto controversy to conclude that this or that interest is paramount. This is not a study commissioned by a government, nor is it a report that campaigns on the electronic frontier. The Crypto Controversy is neither a cryptography handbook nor a book drenched in legal jargon.
The Crypto Controversy pays attention to the reasoning of both privacy activists and law-enforcement agencies, to the particulars of technology as well as of law, to 'solutions' offered both by cryptographers and by governments. Koops proposes a method to balance the conflicting interests and applies this to the Dutch situation, explaining both technical and legal issues for anyone interested in the subject.
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Content
- Cover
- Half Title Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Table of contents
- Acknowledgements
- Chapter 1. Introduction
- 1.1. A problem without a solution
- 1.2. What this book is not about
- 1.3. What this book is about
- 1.3.1. Focus on the Netherlands
- 1.3.2. Outline
- 1.3.3. Aim
- 1.4. How to read this book
- Part I Problem and context
- Chapter 2. An information society needs information security
- 2.1. The information society
- 2.1.1. Developments
- 2.1.2. Information society policy
- United States
- European Union
- The Netherlands
- 2.1.3. Building blocks and participants
- 2.1.4. Problems
- 2.2. Information security
- 2.2.1. Objectives
- 2.2.2. Threats
- 2.2.3. Measures
- 2.2.4. Governments' role in information security
- 2.2.5. Information security in Dutch government
- 2.3. Conclusion
- Chapter 3. Cryptography, a key technology for information security
- 3.1. Cryptography
- 3.1.1. History
- 3.1.2. Intermezzo - dramatis personae
- 3.1.3. Symmetric and public-key cryptography
- The working of public-key cryptography
- Authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation
- 3.1.4. Cryptanalysis and the strength of crypto systems
- 3.1.5. Key length
- 3.1.6. Key management
- 3.1.7. More distinctions
- 3.1.8. Hiding cryptography
- Detecting cryptography
- 3.1.9. Protocols
- 3.2. Applications
- 3.2.1. Providers
- 3.2.2. Government
- 3.2.3. Other users
- Financial applications
- Privacy and sensitive data
- Human rights
- Public and private networks
- Other applications
- 3.2.4. Cryptography in practice
- 3.3. Conclusion - the importance of cryptography
- Chapter 4. Cryptocriminals, a public concern
- 4.1. The crime society
- 4.1.1. Organized crime
- Activities
- Seriousness
- Information behavior
- Use of cryptography
- 4.1.2. Business crime
- Seriousness
- Information behavior and use of cryptography
- 4.1.3. Computer crime
- Seriousness
- Information behavior and use of cryptography
- 4.1.4. Other types of serious crime
- 4.2. Investigation
- 4.2.1. Developments in criminal investigation
- 4.2.2. The organization of criminal investigation
- 4.2.3. The stages of criminal investigation
- 4.3. Gathering data in transport
- 4.3.1. Tapping
- Conditions
- Legal problems
- Technical problems
- Maintaining tappability
- 4.3.2. Tapping in other countries
- 4.3.3. Traffic analysis
- 4.4. Data storage
- 4.4.1. Handing over data
- 4.4.2. Search and seizure
- 4.4.3. Searching elsewhere
- 4.4.4. Providing access
- 4.5. Problems through encryption
- 4.5.1. Main crypto-problems
- 4.5.2. Cryptocriminals in practice
- 4.5.3. Cracking evidence
- 4.5.4. Further crypto-problems
- 4.5.5. Scope of the problem
- 4.6. Conclusion
- Chapter 5. A survey of cryptography laws and regulations
- 5.1. Export and import controls
- 5.1.1. COCOM and Wassenaar Arrangement
- 5.1.2. United States
- 5.1.3. Import restrictions
- 5.2. International developments
- 5.2.1. OECD
- 5.2.2. European Union
- 5.2.3. Other European initiatives
- 5.3. Domestic crypto laws per country
- 5.3.1. Belgium
- 5.3.2. Denmark
- 5.3.3. France
- 5.3.4. Germany
- 5.3.5. The Netherlands
- 5.3.6. Russian Federation
- 5.3.7. United Kingdom
- 5.3.8. United States of America
- Escrowed Encryption Standard (Clipper)
- Key Management Infrastructure
- NRC report
- Broad Encryption Policy
- Draft key-recovery legislation
- Congress bills
- Conclusion
- 5.4. Concluding remarks
- Part II Framework and analysis
- Chapter 6. Framework and set of principles
- 6.1. Choosing a framework
- 6.2. A set of principles
- 6.2.1. Fundamental principles
- 6.2.2. Less fundamental principles
- 6.3. Outline of the framework
- Chapter 61/2. Outlawing cryptography
- 61/2.1. A crypto ban does not help the police
- 61/2.2. A crypto ban does hamper good guys
- 61/2.3. Conclusion
- Chapter 7. LEAKing through the Public Key Infrastructure
- 7.1. Public Key Infrastructures
- 7.2. Public Key Infrastructures and LEAK
- 7.3. Non-confidentiality cryptography
- 7.3.1. Working of DSA
- 7.3.2. Subversive use of DSA
- 7.3.3. Assessment of DSA
- 7.4. LEAKing through key deposits
- 7.4.1. LEAK techniques
- 7.4.2. Escrowed Encryption Initiative
- Defeating the LEAF
- Software key escrow
- 7.4.3. Royal Holloway's international TTP scheme
- 7.4.4. Add-ons
- Splitting keys
- Traceable ciphertexts
- 7.5. LEAKing through key recovery
- 7.5.1. Commercial Key Escrow
- 7.5.2. PGP's Corporate Message Recovery
- 7.5.3. International Cryptography Framework
- 7.5.4. Key Recovery Alliance
- 7.6. LEAKy issues
- 7.7. Assessing the LEAK options
- 7.7.1. Effectiveness of LEAK systems
- 7.7.2. The options
- 7.7.3. Applying the criteria
- 7.7.4. Conclusion
- Chapter 8. Demanding decryption
- 8.1. Preliminary distinctions
- 8.1.1. Demanding decryption or key delivery?
- 8.1.2. Decrypting stored and communicated ciphertexts
- 8.2. Demanding non-suspects to decrypt
- 8.3. Demanding suspect corporations to decrypt
- 8.4. Demanding individual suspects to decrypt
- 8.5. The rationale behind the privilege against self-incrimination
- 8.6. Is it possible to create a law demanding decryption?
- 8.7. How to enforce a decryption command
- 8.7.1. Penalize a refusal to cooperate
- 8.7.2. Penalize cryptocriminal use
- 8.7.3. Reverse the burden of proof
- 8.8. Assessing the decryption command
- 8.8.1. The decryption command in current law
- 8.8.2. Options for enforcing a decryption command
- 8.8.3. Applying the criteria
- 8.8.4. Conclusion
- Chapter 9. Alternative investigation measures
- 9.1. 'Direct eavesdropping'
- 9.1.1. Description
- 9.1.2. Situations, crimes, and encryption
- 9.1.3. Legal status in the Netherlands
- 9.1.4. Situation in other countries
- 9.1.5. Conclusion
- 9.2. Tempest monitoring
- 9.2.1. Description
- 9.2.2. Situations, crimes, and encryption
- 9.2.3. Legal status in the Netherlands
- 9.2.4. Situation in other countries
- 9.2.5. Conclusion
- 9.3. Infiltration
- 9.3.1. Description
- 9.3.2. Situations, crimes, and encryption
- 9.3.3. Legal status in the Netherlands
- 9.3.4. Situation in other countries
- 9.3.5. Conclusion
- 9.4. Crown witnesses
- 9.4.1. Description
- 9.4.2. Situations, crimes, and encryption
- 9.4.3. Legal status in the Netherlands
- 9.4.4. Situation in other countries
- 9.4.5. Conclusion
- 9.5. Data mining
- 9.5.1. Description
- 9.5.2. Situations, crimes, and encryption
- 9.5.3. Legal status in the Netherlands
- 9.5.4. Conclusion
- 9.6. Assessing the alternative investigation measures
- 9.6.1. The options of alternative investigation measures
- 9.6.2. Applying the criteria
- 9.6.3. Conclusion
- Chapter 10. The zero option
- 10.1. The zero option
- 10.2. Applying the criteria
- 10.3. Conclusion
- Chapter 11. Reconciling interests
- 11.1. Rawls and social justice
- 11.2. The crypto conflict and criminal justice
- 11.3. Description of the problem
- 11.3.1. The original position
- 11.3.2. Representative groups and their veil of ignorance
- 11.4. The crypto policy conference
- 11.4.1. The least advantaged group
- 11.4.2. Principles and ordering rules
- 11.4.3. Selecting the options
- 11.4.4. Narrowing down the problem
- 11.4.5. The key decision
- 11.4.6. Looking at the future
- 11.4.7. Evaluation
- 11.5. Agenda for a US conference
- 11.6. Conclusion
- Summary
- Abbreviations
- Glossary
- Glossary of terms
- Glossary oflegal terms (English-Dutch)
- Glossary of laws and regulations (English-Dutch)
- Glossary of organizations (English-Dutch)
- Bibliography
- Legislative proposals, decisions, and other parliamentary documents
- Dutch
- European
- Case Law
- Dutch
- European
- US
- About the author
- Back Cover
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