
Evolution of Childhood
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Content
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Contents
- Prologue
- The Structure of This Book
- Six Paradigms
- Chapter 1. Introduction
- Some Premises
- Some History
- Evolution and Modification of Behavior
- Evolution of Ontogeny in the Human Animal
- Levels of Causation in the Explanation of Behavior
- Part I. Evolution: The Phylogenetic Origins of Childhood
- Chapter 2. Paradigms in the Evolution of Development
- Neo-Darwinian Theory-The Adaptationist Paradigm
- Life History Theory
- Evolutionary Allometries
- Heterochrony in the Phylogeny of Development
- The Evolution of Developmental Genes (Evo-Devo)
- Phyletic Reorganizationin Brain Evolution
- Developmental Ethology
- Evolutionary Developmental Psychology
- Interlude 1: Thinking about Birdsong
- Chapter 3. Brains Evolving
- Expansion and Organization in Brain Evolution
- Vertebrate Body Plans and Behavioral Advances
- The Emergence of Mammalian Brain and Behavior
- Developmental Keys to Psychosocial Evolution
- Chapter 4. Ape Foundations, Human Revolution
- Ape Evolution and Behavior
- Hominin Evolution and Behavior
- Hominin Brain Evolution
- Evolving Human Life Histories
- Hominin Behavior, Social Organization, and Culture
- Chapter 5. The Evolution of Human Brain Growth
- Neonatal Status and Early Brain Growth
- Humanizing Anthropoid Brain Growth
- Hominin Ontogeny
- Heterochrony in Hominin Evolution
- Transition 1: Neurological Models of Psychosocial Function
- The Limbic System Model
- The Orbitofrontal Cortex and the Somatic Marker Hypothesis
- The Polyvagal Model
- The Mirror-Neuron System
- Lateralized Higher Functions
- Imperfect Models
- Part II. Maturation: Anatomical Bases of Psychosocial Growth
- Chapter 6. Paradigms in the Study of Psychosocial Growth
- The Neurogenetics of Animal Models and Human Disease
- Neuroembryology
- Developmental Neuroendocrinology
- Postnatal Brain Development
- Developmental Behavior Genetics
- Neurological Individuality
- Interlude 2: Thinking about Bipedal Walking
- Chapter 7. The Growth of Sociality
- The "Fourth Trimester" and the Presocial Baseline
- The Rise and Fall of Early Crying
- Smiling and Mutual Gaze
- Chapter 8. The Growth of Attachment and the Social Fears
- Universals of Human Attachment and Social Fear
- Animal Studies
- Biological Mechanisms
- Chapter 9. The Growth of Language
- A Language Acquisition Device
- Cross-Cultural and Other Evidence
- Biological Foundations
- Early Anatomical Preparedness
- The Role of Learning
- Chapter 10. The Growth of Sex and Gender Differences
- Gender Identity
- Sex Differences in Aggression
- Cross-Cultural Studies
- Neuroendocrine Foundations
- Chapter 11. The Transition to Middle Childhood
- An Evolutionary Approach
- Cognition in Middle Childhood
- A Biological Model
- Chapter 12. Reproductive Behavior and the Onset of Parenting
- Biological Changes in Puberty and Adolescence
- Is Individual Age at Puberty a Facultative Adaptation?
- Control of the Onset of Puberty
- Growth and Change in the Adolescent Brain
- The Psychological Impact of Body Changes
- Adolescent Hormones in Sexuality and Aggression
- Cross-Cultural Regularities
- A Role for Romantic Love?
- Ideals and Abstractions
- The Onset of Parenting-Maternal Care
- Paternal Care and the Pair Bond
- Interlude 3: Thinking about Growing Up Gay
- Transition 2: Plasticity Evolving
- Selection for Plasticity and Resilience
- Part III. Socialization: The Evolving Social Context of Ontogeny
- Chapter 13. Paradigms in the Study of Socialization
- Laws of Learning
- Early Experience Effects and the Sensitive Period Question
- Ethology, Field Primatology, and Sociobiology
- Ethnology and Quantitative Cross-Cultural Comparison
- Historiography and Historical Demography
- Chapter 14. Early Social Experience
- Early Handling, Stress, and Stimulation
- Postweaning Isolation and Crowding
- Social Deprivation in Monkeys
- The Neurobiology of Social Perturbation in Monkeys
- Experience in the Etiology of Psychopathology
- Early Deprivation in Human Childhood
- Chapter 15. The Evolution of the Mother-Infant Bond
- Maternal Care in Mammals
- Mother and Infant Primates, Including Humans
- Mother-Infant Relations among !Kung Hunter-Gatherers
- Mother-Infant Relations in Other Hunter-Gatherers
- Reconstructing Maternal Care: Phylogeny and History
- Attachment Theory and the Mother-Infant Bond
- Interlude 4: Thinking about Maternal Sentiment
- Chapter 16. Cooperative Breeding in the Extended Family
- Helpers at the Nest
- Allocare in Nonhuman Primates
- Nonmaternal Care among !Kung Hunter-Gatherers
- Nonmaternal Care in Other Hunter-Gatherers
- Cooperative Breeding in the Human Species
- Normative Adoption and Fosterage in Human Societies
- The Physiology of Alloparental Care
- Social Context and Mother-Infant Interactions
- Cooperative Breeding beyond Hunters and Gatherers
- Chapter 17. Male Parental Care
- Male Parental Investment and Reproductive Success
- Paternal Investment, Social Organization, and Ecology in Nonhuman Species
- The Paternal Role among !Kung Hunter-Gatherers
- Paternal Roles in Other Hunter-Gatherers
- Paternal Roles in Non-Hunter-Gatherers
- Observable Patterns and Their Possible Significance
- Subsistence Adaptation and Family Organization
- The United States and Other Industrial Cultures
- Dads and Cads
- Plasticity and Its Physiological Limits
- Interlude 5: Thinking about "Oedipal" Conflicts
- Chapter 18. Relations among Juveniles
- Theoretical Considerations
- Juvenile Social Relations in Selected Mammals
- Relations among Juveniles in !Kung Hunter-Gatherers
- Relations among Juveniles in Other Hunter-Gatherers
- Relations among Juveniles since the Hunting-Gathering Era
- Functional Considerations
- Developmental Mechanisms
- Chapter 19. Play, Social Learning, and Teaching
- The Evolution of Play
- The Development of Human Play
- The Evolutionary Neurobiology of Play
- Intelligent Players
- Play, Learning, and Culture
- Social Learning, Imitation, and Teaching
- Toward a Neurobiology of Social Learning
- Teaching: Uniquely Human?
- Chapter 20. The Contexts of Emerging Reproductive Behavior
- The Development of Sexual Behavior in Monkeys and Apes
- Adolescence among the !Kung Hunter-Gatherers
- Adolescence in Other Hunter-Gatherers
- Broader Cross-Cultural Patterns of Premarital Sex
- Parent-Offspring Conflict over Arranged Marriage
- Adolescent Sexuality in the Industrial World
- Secular Trends in Growth and Maturation
- Secular Trends and Adolescent Behavior
- Interlude 6: Thinking about Incest Avoidance and Taboos
- Chapter 21. Stress and Resilience in the Changing Family
- Basic Stress Physiology
- Stress in Infancy and Childhood
- Stress in Early Life as a Signal for Facultative Adaptation
- Stress and Resilience on the Island of Dominica
- Mortality, Attachment, and Loss
- Stress and Resilience in Exceptional Situations
- Child Abuse and Neglect in Western Industrial States
- Evolutionary Considerations in Abuse and Neglect
- Changing Family Structure in Western Industrial States
- Abuse, Neglect, and Adolescent Aggression
- Stress and Coping in Human Development
- Chapter 22. Hunter-Gatherer Childhood-The Cultural Baseline
- Generalizations and Challenges
- The Hunter-Gatherer Childhood Model
- Hunter-Gatherer Childhood in Evolutionary Context
- Evaluating the Divergences
- Conclusion: Facultative Adaptation, Discordance, or Both?
- Transition 3: Does Nonhuman Culture Exist?
- Defining the Extremes
- The Approach from Material Culture
- The Approach from Socially Learned Local Variation
- The Approach from Teaching and Cultural Learning
- The Approach from Language and Symbol
- The Approach from History
- Part IV. Enculturation: The Transmission and Evolution of Culture
- Chapter 23. Paradigms in the Study of Enculturation
- Laws of Learning, Expanded
- Culture and Personality
- The Whiting Model
- Broader Cross-Cultural Analyses
- Extensions and Modifications of the Model
- Challenges to the Role of Early Experience
- Culture and Mind
- Interlude 7: Thinking about the Question "How?"
- Chapter 24. The Culture of Infancy and Early Childhood
- Culture in Utero?
- Cross-Cultural Variation in Infant Care
- Possible Mechanisms of Influence
- Language Acquisition and Language Learning
- Chapter 25. The Culture of Subsistence
- Work, Play, and Cultural Transmission
- Children's Work in Farming Cultures
- Chapter 26. The Culture of Middle Childhood
- Enculturation among the Gusii of Kenya
- Enculturation Processes beyond Conventional Learning
- Enculturation by Children
- Inculcating Morality?
- Children and Religion
- Chapter 27. The Culture of Gender in Childhood and Adolescence
- Culture Stretches Biology
- Cultural Tradition in Adolescent Development
- Chapter 28. Evolutionary Culture Theory
- Cultural Macroevolution
- The Meme Model and the Question of Coherence
- Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman
- Lumsden and Wilson
- Boyd and Richerson
- The Durham Model
- Defining Culture
- Applying the Model
- Some Models Compared
- Interlude 8: Thinking about Boys at War
- Chapter 29. Universals, Adaptation, Enculturation, and Culture
- Universals of Human Behavior and Culture
- A Culture Acquisition Device
- A Model of Culture in Biological Context
- Part V. Conclusion
- Chapter 30. The Ultimate Epigenetic Enterprise
- A General Theory?
- Chaos, Self-Organization, and Complexity
- A Theory of Generative Variation
- Selection, Epigenetics, and Development
- Reprise
- Epilogue
- References
- Acknowledgments
- Index
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