Handbook of Terminology

Name: Handbook of Terminology | Volume 1
Brand: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Price: 130.99 EUR
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Volume 1

Hendrik J. Kockaert Frieda Steurs(Editor)

John Benjamins Publishing Company

1st Edition

Published on 13. March 2015

XIX, 539 pages

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Terminology has started to explore unbeaten paths since Wüster, and has nowadays grown into a multi-facetted science, which seems to have reached adulthood, thanks to integrating multiple contributions not only from different linguistic schools, including computer, corpus, variational, socio-cognitive and socio-communicative linguistics, and frame-based semantics, but also from engineering and formal language developers. In this ever changing and diverse context, Terminology offers a wide range of opportunities ranging from standardized and prescriptive to prototype and user-based approaches. At this point of its road map, Terminology can nowadays claim to offer user-based and user-oriented, hence user-friendly, approaches to terminological phenomenona, when searching, extracting and analysing relevant terminology in online corpora, when building term bases that contribute to efficient communication among domain experts in languages for special purposes, or even when proposing terms and definitions formed on the basis of a generally agreed consensus in international standard bodies.
Terminology is now ready to advance further, thanks to the integration of meaning description taking into account dynamic natural language phenomena, and of consensus-based terminology management in order to help experts communicate in their domain-specific languages. In this Handbook of Terminology (HoT), the symbiosis of Terminology with Linguistics allows a mature and multi-dimensional reflection on terminological phenomena, which will eventually generate future applications which have not been tested yet in natural language.
The HoT aims at disseminating knowledge about terminology (management) and at providing easy access to a large range of topics, traditions, best practices, and methods to a broad audience: students, researchers, professionals and lecturers in Terminology, scholars and experts from other disciplines (among which linguistics, life sciences, metrology, chemistry, law studies, machine engineering, and actually any expert domain). In addition, the HoT addresses any of those with a professional or personal interest in (multilingual) terminology, translation, interpreting, localization, editing, etc., such as communication specialists, translators, scientists, editors, public servants, brand managers, engineers, (intercultural) organization specialists, and experts in any field.
Moreover, the HoT offers added value, in that it is the first handbook with this scope in Terminology which has both a print edition (also available as a PDF e-book) and an online version. For access to the Handbook of Terminology Online, please visit http://www.benjamins.com/online/hot/.
The HoT is linked to the Handbook of Translation Studies, not in the least because of its interdisciplinary approaches, but also because of the inevitable intertwining between translation and terminology.
All chapters are written by specialists in the different subfields and are peer-reviewed.

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Handbook of Terminology
Editorial page
Title page
LCC data
Table of contents
Introduction
Terminology and localisation
Terminology: Planning and policy
Finally, we close this volume with the topic Terminology and Interculturality
Foreword
Part I. Fundamentals for term base development
Terms and specialised vocabulary
1. Introduction
2. Terminological definitions
3. Prototypes
4. The distinction between terms and specialised vocabulary
5. Challenges for terminological definitions
6. Conclusion
Frames as a framework for terminology
1. Introduction
2. Frame-based terminology: Micro-theories
2.1 Semantic micro-theory
2.2 Internal representation
2.3 External representation
2.4 Syntactic micro-theory
2.5 Pragmatic micro-theory
2.5.1 Linguistic contexts
2.5.2 Cultural contexts
2.5.3 Graphical contexts
3. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
How to build terminology science?
1. Introduction
2. The Situation of languages today
3. Approaches: Sign, concept and object
4. The goal of terminology
5. About "Technicity" in language
6. Elaborating a language of description
7. On some epistemological clarifications
8. Conclusion
Intensional definitions
1. Introduction
2. Theoretical background
3. The concept, its history and practical examples
4. Universal Applicability
5. Rules for Writing and Assessing Intensional Definitions
5.1 Preciseness
5.2 Conciseness
5.3 Reference to the immediate superordinate concept
5.4 Use of terms designating known or defined concepts
5.5 Objectivity
5.6 Source reliability
5.7 Suitability for the relevant target group
5.8 Indication of the scope of application
5.9 Reference to the relevant domain
5.10 Reference to a concept system
5.11 Linguistic correctness
5.12 Absence of circularity/tautology
5.13 Affirmativeness (avoidance of negative definitions)
5.14 Avoidance of translated intensional definitions
5.15 Avoidance of hidden definitions of other concepts
5.16 Absence of characteristics of superordinate or subordinate concepts
6. Intensional definitions and concept models
6.1 From UML to intensional definitions
6.2 From intensional definitions to UML concept models
7. Conclusion
Associative relations and instrumentality in causality
1. Associative relations: Missing links and starting points
2. Systematic accounts of dynamic relations: a short overview
3. Towards a theoretical conceptual framework: frame semantics and construction grammar
4. Instruments and causality: a theoretical state of affairs
5. Corpus
6. From causal subevents to its parts and back again
6.1 Causing events and their subparts
6.1.1 Initial state
6.1.2 Agents
6.1.3 Patients
6.1.4 Related Instruments
6.2 Caused Events and Their Subparts
6.2.1 Effects
6.2.2 Goals
6.3 Sequentiality and global causality
6.4 Causality as associative relation embedded in time
6.4.1 Reference to time axis
6.4.2 Simultaneous multiple instruments
6.4.3 Successive multiple instruments
7. Towards rich multidimensional associative templates in terminology
Ontological definition
1. Information society: Why terminologies must be operationalized
2. Terminology: A double - linguistic and conceptual - dimension
3. Definition: Name, word and thing
4. Ontological definition: Epistemology and formalization
Concept theory - Epistemological principles
4.2 Languages of expression (representation)
4.2.1 Logic
4.2.2 Languages stemming from artificial intelligence
4.2.3 Choosing the language of expression
4.3 Ontology
4.3.1 Computational modelling
4.3.2 A methodological approach
Conclusion: Towards a new approach of terminology
Author information
Part II. Methods and technology
Automatic term extraction
1. Introduction
2. Corpus collection
3. Unithood
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Linguistic approaches
3.3 Statistical approaches
3.3.1 Collocation measures
3.3.2 Paradigmatic modifiability
3.3.3 Lexical bundles.
4. Termhood
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Distributional approach: TF-IDF
4.3 A contextual approach to TH: C/NC value
4.4 Morphological approaches
4.5 Contrastive approaches to TH
5. Term variation
6. Evaluation and validation
7. Conclusion
References
Terminology tools
1. Introduction
2. Tools
2.1 SDL MultiTerm: the market leader
2.2 MemoQ: voted the best TMS tool
2.3 Wordbee: the cloud
2.4 I-Term: the ISO-standard
2.5 TermTreffer: the exception
3. Parameters
4. Analysis
4.1 SDL MultiTerm
4.1.1 Presentation
4.1.2 Interface
4.1.3 Record structure
4.1.4 In-/output
4.1.5 Manual input
4.1.6 Term extraction/conversion
4.1.7 Interchangeability
4.1.8 Integration in Translation Environment
4.2 MemoQ
4.2.1 Presentation
4.2.2 Interface
4.2.3 Record Structure
4.2.4 In-/output
4.2.5 Manual Input
4.2.6 Extraction/Conversion
4.2.7 Interchangeability
4.2.8 Integration in Translation Environment
4.3 Wordbee
4.3.1 Presentation
4.3.2 Interface
4.3.3 Record Structure
4.3.4 In-/output
4.3.5 Term extraction/conversion
4.3.6 Interchangeability
4.3.7 Integration in translation environment
4.4 I-Term
4.4.1 Presentation
4.4.2 Interface
4.4.3 Record structure
4.4.4 In-/output
4.4.5 Term extraction/conversion
4.4.6 Interchangeability
4.4.7 Integration in translation environment
4.5 TermTreffer
4.5.1 Presentation
4.5.2 Extraction process
4.5.3 Term bases
4.5.4 Corpora
5. Conclusion
References
Concept modelling vs. data modelling in practice
1. Introduction
2. Concept modelling with terminological ontologies
2.1 Basics
2.2 Principle of uniqueness of primary characteristics
2.3 Principle of uniqueness of dimensions
3. Representing concept systems
4. Concept modelling vs. data modelling
4.1 Bridging the knowledge gap
4.2 Ontologies compared to classification systems and data models
4.3 The ideal data modelling process
5. The usefulness of terminological ontologies
5.1 Concept clarification and standardisation as a prerequisite for digitisation
5.2 Case 1: User interface for drug prescription
6. Conclusion
References
Machine translation, translation memory and terminology management
1. Introduction
2. Translation recycling technology
3. Terminology and recycling technologies
3.1 Rule-based machine translation
3.2 Statistical machine translation
3.3 Example-based machine translation
3.4 Translation memory
4. Workflow
4.1 Project setup
4.2 Translation
4.3 QA and delivery
4.4 Process involving machine translation
5. Using terminology with recycling technologies
5.1 Please describe the process you would recommend for using terminology with your tool
5.2 Which of the following has the user access to from your tool
5.3 Describe any functionality within your tool that enables the user to know where the term originated and whether this term should be used
5.4 If there are different translations for a term in the translation memory and in the terminology database, how is this conflict highlighted and how is it resolved
5.5 Can the translation memory be audited to check that the terminology is translated correctly, please describe how this happens
5.6 You are welcome to provide further comments on how terminology is used with this tool
6. Conclusion
References
Part III. Management and quality assurance (QA)
Terminology work and crowdsourcing
1. Introduction
2. Explanation and definitions
2.1 Terminology work
2.2 Terminology approaches
2.2.1 Systematic vs. ad-hoc
2.2.2 Descriptive, prescriptive or normative
2.3 People and roles in terminology work
2.4 The concept of expert
2.5 Crowdsourcing
2.5.1 Outsourcing to the crowd
2.5.2 Crowd types and community
3. Terminology tasks and the roles
3.1 Terminology task breakdown
3.2 To crowdsource or not to crowdsource?
3.2.1 Terminology production: Collecting and documenting information, releasing entries
3.2.2 Terminology production: Suggest, review or select term candidates
3.2.3 Quality assurance: Checking for doublets, processing feedback and reporting
3.2.4 Quality assurance: Checking the content of the database and providing feedback on quality
4. Conclusion
References
Terminology and translation
1. The importance of terminology management in a translation context
2. Broad approaches to terminology management in a translation context
3. Term banks
4. Term bases
5. Adapting terminology-related training for translators
5.1 Honing evaluation skills and judgement
5.2 Working with integrated systems
5.3 Sharing and collaborating in the production of terminology resources
6. Conclusion
References
Term Bases
Terminology Management Tools
Bitext Tools and Resources
Managing terminology projects
1. The terminology project: Definition and dimensions
1.1 The terminology project: Definition, roles and positioning in an enterprise setting
1.2 The terminology project cycle: From project planning to project execution
1.2.1 Terminology project planning
1.2.2 Terminology project execution
2. Terminology project planning: Strategic aspects
2.1 Situation analysis
2.2 Project goals, programmes of work and target groups
2.2.1 Goals
2.2.2 Programmes of work
2.2.3 Target groups
2.2.4 Project deliverables
2.2.5 Terminological data model
2.2.6 Terminological data quality
3. Terminology project planning: Operational aspects
4. Terminology project execution
5. Conclusion
References
Terminology Management within a Translation Quality Assurance Process
1. Introduction
2. Translation Quality Assurance
3. The Translation Process in Practice
4. Terminology Management and the QA System
4.1 Terminology Management Framework - Terminology Related Standards
4.2 Terminology Management within the QA Process
4.2.1 Terminology Management
4.2.2 Implementing Terminology Management
4.2.3 Maintaining an Integrated Terminology Management Database.
4.3 Creation and Classification of Terminology
5. Tools for Managing Terminology
5.1 Bilingual Term Extraction
5.2 Quality Control and Terminology Management
5.3 QA Evaluation Form - An Example
5.4 Examples of Terminology Management Challenges facing a TSP
6. Conclusions
References
International standards and industry models
Managing terminology in commercial environments
1. Introduction
2. Terminology: a discipline and a vocation
3. Implications for commercial environments
4. Applications of terminology in commercial environments
5. The language used in a company is an LSP
6. Towards a methodology for managing terminology in commercial environments
6.1 The semasiological approach predominates
6.2 Ad-hoc methodologies are common
6.3 Terminological variation is controlled, not eliminated
6.4 Termhood is based on functional criteria
7. Selecting and recording terms
7.1 Ensuring repurposability
7.3 Term selection criteria
7.3.1 Frequency of occurrence
7.3.2 Embeddedness
7.3.3 Visibility
7.3.4 Translation difficulty
8. Data categories
9. Workflow
10. Conclusion
References
TBX: A terminology exchange format for the translation and localisation industry
1. Introduction
2. Design requirements
2.1 Inspectability
2.2 Platform independence
2.3 Structural compliance with the TMF metamodel
2.4 Use of ISOcat
2.5 Data elementarity
2.6 Term autonomy
2.7 Flexibility
2.8 Compliance checking
2.9 Nearly blind import
2.10 Recognition by standards bodies
2.11 A brief note on previous terminology exchange formats
3. Evaluation of TBX
3.1 Inspectability
3.2 Platform independence
3.3 Structural compliance with the TMF metamodel
3.4 Use of ISOcat
3.5 Data elementarity
3.6 Term autonomy
3.7 Flexibility
3.8 Compliance checking
3.9 Nearly blind import
3.10 Recognition by standards bodies
3.11 Some objections to TBX
4. Status of TBX
5. Future of TBX
5.1 Self-contained TBX files
5.2 Abstract model
5.3 Agreement on a method of creating persistent identifiers
5.4 Development of additional open-source TBX utilities, guides and dialects
5.5 Certification of TBX implementations
5.6 Examination of the merge process
5.7 Connection with authoring and term mining
5.8 Access to term bases from handheld devices
5.9 Integration between human and machine translation
5.10 Use in computer-assisted language learning (CALL)
5.11 Coordination with the lexical markup framework (LMF) community
5.12 Integration with semantic web applications that use OWL
6. Conclusion
References
Part IV. Case studies
Using frame semantics to build a bilingual lexical resource on legal terminology
1. Introduction
2. Resources that describe legal terminology
3. JuriDiCo: Theoretical and methodological principles
3.1 Frame semantics
3.2 FrameNet
3.3 DicoInfo
4. JuriDiCo: The methodology
5. JuriDiCo: The resource
5.1 The macrostructure
5.2 The microstructure
5.2.1 Term entries
5.2.2 Frame entries
6. Concluding remarks and future work
References
Terminology and localisation
1. Internationalisation and localisation
2. Terminology of software products
3. Terminology management for software localisation
4. Terminological data modelling for software localisation
5. Conclusion
References
Further Reading
Part V. Language and terminology: Planning and policy
Language policy and terminology in South Africa
1. South Africa: A background of diversity and contestations
2. The making of a post-apartheid language policy
3. The place of terminology within South Africa's language policy
4. Terminology projects
5. Critical perspectives
6. The UWC terminology approach
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Language policies and terminology policies in Canada
1. Introduction
2. Language and terminology policies at the national level
3. Language policies and terminology at the provincial level
4. Language policies and terminology at the territorial level
5. Multiculturalism
6. Conclusion
References
Part VI. Terminology and interculturality
The social and organisational context of terminology work
1. Introduction: Why we (should) care about terminology
2. Identity, culture and nation building
3. The business case
4. The terminology policy
5. Policy-making
6. Stakeholders
7. Conclusion
References
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