Medical Liability in Europe
A Comparison of Selected Jurisdictions
1st Edition
Published in July 2011
XLIV, 704 pages
978-3-11-026016-8 (ISBN)
Description
Ten years after the first study published in this field by the European Centre of Tort and Insurance Law, liability for medical malpractice is still a hot topic throughout Europe and it continues to expand and develop. In order to provide an update on the current situation across European legal systems, this book includes fourteen country reports authored by renowned experts from each legal system. In addition to providing a theoretical survey of key issues, each contributor also analyzed six hypotheticals based on actual cases, thereby also providing practical guidance on major aspects of liability claims. A concluding comparative analysis highlights commonalities and differences in the liability rules employed, dispute resolution procedures and the insurance background.
Liability law is rapidly changing in quite a number of countries. This is due to various factors, which are interrelated to a large extent: changing case law and legislation as well as increased and still increasing technical and medical knowledge. As a result, various occupational diseases can, for example, be attributed to working conditions or personal injury to specific products. From the very moment that causation can be proven, the question arises of whether or not liability can be established - with far-reaching economic consequences for all parties involved.
The rise of phenomena such as mass torts, multiple causation, joint and several liability or various heads of damages (like ecological damage and several diseases and affections) rapidly increases the interest in tort law. In the context of the interrelation between liability and insurance, attention must be paid to the question of whether certain liabilities are still coverable or not, and, if they are, to what amounts.
The question of jurisdictions is of growing importance as is the question of whether a specific liability can be covered by insurance. In this context, one should bear in mind that the affordability of tort law also requires safe and sound insurers. The recent past has shown that there is a limit to their financial stability.
Liability law is rapidly changing in quite a number of countries. This is due to various factors, which are interrelated to a large extent: changing case law and legislation as well as increased and still increasing technical and medical knowledge. As a result, various occupational diseases can, for example, be attributed to working conditions or personal injury to specific products. From the very moment that causation can be proven, the question arises of whether or not liability can be established - with far-reaching economic consequences for all parties involved.
The rise of phenomena such as mass torts, multiple causation, joint and several liability or various heads of damages (like ecological damage and several diseases and affections) rapidly increases the interest in tort law. In the context of the interrelation between liability and insurance, attention must be paid to the question of whether certain liabilities are still coverable or not, and, if they are, to what amounts.
The question of jurisdictions is of growing importance as is the question of whether a specific liability can be covered by insurance. In this context, one should bear in mind that the affordability of tort law also requires safe and sound insurers. The recent past has shown that there is a limit to their financial stability.
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Book
07/2011
1st Edition
De Gruyter
€199.95
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Persons
Bernhard A. Koch, Professorof Civil Law, University of Innsbruck, Austria;Ken Oliphant, Professor, Institute for European Tort Law of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
Content
1 - Die Idee [Seite 6]
2 - Preface [Seite 8]
3 - Table of Contents [Seite 10]
4 - List of Contributors [Seite 30]
5 - Questionnaire [Seite 32]
6 - Medical Liability in Austria [Seite 46]
6.1 - General Questions [Seite 46]
6.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 46]
6.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 46]
6.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 46]
6.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 49]
6.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public healthcare [Seite 49]
6.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 51]
6.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 51]
6.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 51]
6.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 51]
6.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 52]
6.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 53]
6.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 53]
6.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 54]
6.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 55]
6.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 55]
6.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 56]
6.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation. [Seite 58]
6.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 60]
6.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 61]
6.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 65]
6.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 66]
6.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the healthcare sector [Seite 66]
6.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 69]
6.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 70]
6.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 70]
6.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 75]
6.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 75]
6.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 75]
6.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 75]
6.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 77]
6.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 77]
6.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 77]
6.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 79]
6.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 80]
6.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 80]
6.1.6.2 - II. Non-Pecuniary Loss [Seite 80]
6.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 80]
6.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 82]
6.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 82]
6.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 82]
6.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 82]
6.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 84]
6.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 84]
6.2 - Cases [Seite 84]
6.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 84]
6.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 88]
6.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 90]
6.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 95]
6.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 98]
6.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 102]
7 - Medical Liability in Belgium [Seite 106]
7.1 - General Questions [Seite 106]
7.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 106]
7.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 106]
7.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 106]
7.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 109]
7.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care [Seite 109]
7.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 110]
7.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 111]
7.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 112]
7.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 112]
7.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 113]
7.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 113]
7.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 113]
7.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 115]
7.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 117]
7.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 117]
7.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 118]
7.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 118]
7.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 119]
7.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 120]
7.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 121]
7.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 122]
7.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 122]
7.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 123]
7.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 124]
7.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 124]
7.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 126]
7.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 126]
7.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 126]
7.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 126]
7.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 126]
7.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 126]
7.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 126]
7.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 127]
7.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 127]
7.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 128]
7.1.6.2 - II. Non-Pecuniary Loss [Seite 128]
7.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 128]
7.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 128]
7.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 129]
7.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 129]
7.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 129]
7.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 129]
7.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 129]
7.2 - Cases [Seite 130]
7.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 130]
7.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 131]
7.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 133]
7.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 134]
7.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 136]
7.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 139]
8 - Medical Liability in the Czech Republic [Seite 142]
8.1 - General Questions [Seite 142]
8.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 142]
8.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 142]
8.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 142]
8.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 146]
8.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care. [Seite 146]
8.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 151]
8.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 151]
8.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 152]
8.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 152]
8.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 153]
8.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 154]
8.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 154]
8.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 157]
8.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 158]
8.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 158]
8.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 160]
8.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 161]
8.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 162]
8.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 163]
8.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 165]
8.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 166]
8.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 166]
8.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 167]
8.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 168]
8.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 169]
8.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 172]
8.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 172]
8.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 173]
8.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 173]
8.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 174]
8.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 174]
8.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 174]
8.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 175]
8.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 177]
8.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 177]
8.1.6.2 - II. Non-pecuniary Loss [Seite 178]
8.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 178]
8.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 180]
8.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 181]
8.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 181]
8.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 183]
8.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 183]
8.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 183]
8.2 - Cases [Seite 184]
8.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 185]
8.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 191]
8.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 193]
8.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 196]
8.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 201]
8.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 204]
9 - Medical Liability in England [Seite 210]
9.1 - General Questions [Seite 210]
9.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 210]
9.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 210]
9.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 210]
9.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 212]
9.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care. [Seite 212]
9.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 212]
9.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 213]
9.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 214]
9.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 214]
9.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 215]
9.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 216]
9.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 216]
9.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 217]
9.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 217]
9.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 217]
9.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 219]
9.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation. [Seite 222]
9.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 225]
9.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 229]
9.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 231]
9.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 231]
9.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 231]
9.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 232]
9.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 232]
9.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 232]
9.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 234]
9.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 234]
9.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 234]
9.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 234]
9.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 235]
9.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 235]
9.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 235]
9.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 235]
9.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 236]
9.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 237]
9.1.6.2 - II. Non-Pecuniary Loss [Seite 237]
9.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 237]
9.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 238]
9.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 239]
9.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 239]
9.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 239]
9.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 239]
9.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 239]
9.2 - Cases [Seite 240]
9.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 240]
9.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 243]
9.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 244]
9.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 246]
9.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 247]
9.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 249]
10 - Medical Liability in France [Seite 252]
10.1 - General Questions [Seite 252]
10.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 252]
10.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 252]
10.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 252]
10.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 253]
10.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care [Seite 253]
10.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 253]
10.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 253]
10.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 253]
10.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 253]
10.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 254]
10.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 254]
10.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 254]
10.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 255]
10.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 255]
10.1.2.1 - 9. Principles of tort liability [Seite 255]
10.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 256]
10.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 256]
10.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance. [Seite 256]
10.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 257]
10.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 257]
10.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 257]
10.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 257]
10.1.3.2 - 16. Differences from tort law [Seite 257]
10.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 257]
10.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 258]
10.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 258]
10.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 258]
10.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 259]
10.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 259]
10.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 261]
10.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 261]
10.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 261]
10.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 261]
10.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 261]
10.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 261]
10.1.6.2 - II. Non-Pecuniary Loss [Seite 261]
10.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 261]
10.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 262]
10.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 262]
10.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 262]
10.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling negligence claims [Seite 262]
10.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 264]
10.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 264]
10.2 - Cases [Seite 264]
10.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 264]
10.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 266]
10.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 267]
10.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 269]
10.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 272]
10.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 275]
11 - Medical Liability in Germany [Seite 278]
11.1 - General Questions [Seite 278]
11.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 278]
11.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 278]
11.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 278]
11.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 282]
11.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care. [Seite 282]
11.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 284]
11.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 285]
11.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 286]
11.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 286]
11.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 286]
11.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 288]
11.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 288]
11.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 290]
11.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 292]
11.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 292]
11.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 294]
11.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 295]
11.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 297]
11.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 297]
11.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 306]
11.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 307]
11.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the healthcare sector [Seite 307]
11.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 307]
11.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 308]
11.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 308]
11.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 311]
11.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 311]
11.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 311]
11.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 311]
11.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 311]
11.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 311]
11.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 311]
11.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 314]
11.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 315]
11.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 315]
11.1.6.2 - II. Non-Pecuniary Loss [Seite 315]
11.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 315]
11.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 317]
11.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 318]
11.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 318]
11.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 318]
11.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 319]
11.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 319]
11.2 - Cases [Seite 319]
11.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 320]
11.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 323]
11.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 326]
11.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 328]
11.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 329]
11.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 331]
12 - Medical Liability in Hungary [Seite 336]
12.1 - General Questions [Seite 336]
12.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 336]
12.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 336]
12.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 336]
12.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 338]
12.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care. [Seite 338]
12.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 339]
12.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 340]
12.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 341]
12.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 341]
12.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 341]
12.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 342]
12.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 342]
12.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 343]
12.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 344]
12.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 344]
12.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 344]
12.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation. [Seite 345]
12.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 347]
12.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 348]
12.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 350]
12.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 353]
12.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 353]
12.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 354]
12.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 355]
12.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 356]
12.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 357]
12.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 357]
12.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 358]
12.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 358]
12.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 358]
12.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 358]
12.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 358]
12.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 360]
12.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 361]
12.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 363]
12.1.6.2 - II. Non-pecuniary Loss [Seite 363]
12.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 363]
12.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 365]
12.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 366]
12.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 366]
12.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 366]
12.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 366]
12.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 366]
12.2 - Cases [Seite 366]
12.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 366]
12.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 368]
12.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 368]
12.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 370]
12.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 371]
12.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 372]
13 - Medical Liability in Italy [Seite 374]
13.1 - General Questions [Seite 374]
13.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 374]
13.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 374]
13.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 374]
13.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 375]
13.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care [Seite 375]
13.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 377]
13.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 377]
13.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 377]
13.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 377]
13.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 378]
13.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 378]
13.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 378]
13.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 380]
13.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 380]
13.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 380]
13.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 382]
13.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 382]
13.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 384]
13.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 385]
13.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 385]
13.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 386]
13.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 386]
13.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 388]
13.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 389]
13.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 390]
13.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 392]
13.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 392]
13.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 392]
13.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 392]
13.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 393]
13.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 393]
13.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 393]
13.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 394]
13.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 395]
13.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 395]
13.1.6.2 - II. Non-Pecuniary Loss [Seite 395]
13.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 395]
13.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 398]
13.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 399]
13.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 399]
13.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 399]
13.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 399]
13.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 399]
13.2 - Cases [Seite 399]
13.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 399]
13.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 401]
13.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 402]
13.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 402]
13.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 403]
13.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 403]
14 - Medical Liability in the Netherlands [Seite 406]
14.1 - General Questions [Seite 406]
14.1.1 - A. The Healthcare System Framework [Seite 406]
14.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 406]
14.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 406]
14.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 408]
14.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public healthcare [Seite 408]
14.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 409]
14.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 409]
14.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 410]
14.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 410]
14.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 411]
14.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 412]
14.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 412]
14.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 413]
14.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 414]
14.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 414]
14.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 416]
14.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation. [Seite 420]
14.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 425]
14.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 429]
14.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 430]
14.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 431]
14.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the healthcare sector [Seite 431]
14.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 432]
14.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 433]
14.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 434]
14.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 435]
14.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 435]
14.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 435]
14.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 435]
14.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 436]
14.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 436]
14.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 436]
14.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 438]
14.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 438]
14.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 438]
14.1.6.2 - II. Non-pecuniary Loss [Seite 439]
14.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 439]
14.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 441]
14.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 442]
14.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 442]
14.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 442]
14.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 443]
14.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 443]
14.2 - Cases [Seite 443]
14.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 443]
14.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 446]
14.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 449]
14.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 452]
14.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 453]
14.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 454]
15 - Medical Liability in Poland [Seite 456]
15.1 - General Questions [Seite 456]
15.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 456]
15.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 456]
15.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 456]
15.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 457]
15.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care [Seite 457]
15.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 458]
15.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 458]
15.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 459]
15.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 459]
15.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 459]
15.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 461]
15.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 461]
15.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 462]
15.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 465]
15.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 465]
15.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 466]
15.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation. [Seite 468]
15.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 469]
15.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 470]
15.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 472]
15.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 472]
15.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 472]
15.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 473]
15.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 474]
15.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 474]
15.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 476]
15.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 476]
15.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 477]
15.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 477]
15.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 477]
15.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 477]
15.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 477]
15.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 479]
15.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 480]
15.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 480]
15.1.6.2 - II. Non-pecuniary Loss [Seite 480]
15.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 480]
15.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 482]
15.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 483]
15.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 483]
15.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 484]
15.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 484]
15.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 484]
15.2 - Cases [Seite 486]
15.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 486]
15.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 487]
15.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 487]
15.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 488]
15.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 490]
15.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 492]
16 - Medical Liability in Spain [Seite 496]
16.1 - General Questions [Seite 496]
16.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 496]
16.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 496]
16.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 496]
16.1.1.2 - II. Welfare Provision [Seite 500]
16.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care [Seite 500]
16.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 501]
16.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 502]
16.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 503]
16.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 503]
16.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 505]
16.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 507]
16.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 507]
16.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 510]
16.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 511]
16.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 511]
16.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 515]
16.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 519]
16.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 523]
16.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 526]
16.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 528]
16.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 530]
16.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 530]
16.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 533]
16.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 535]
16.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 535]
16.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 539]
16.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 539]
16.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 542]
16.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 542]
16.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 545]
16.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 545]
16.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 545]
16.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 546]
16.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sums? [Seite 547]
16.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 548]
16.1.6.2 - II. Non-Pecuniary Loss [Seite 549]
16.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 549]
16.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 551]
16.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 552]
16.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 552]
16.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 553]
16.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 554]
16.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 554]
16.2 - Cases [Seite 554]
16.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 554]
16.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 557]
16.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 559]
16.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 561]
16.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 563]
16.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 566]
17 - Medical Liability in Sweden [Seite 570]
17.1 - General Questions [Seite 570]
17.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 570]
17.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 570]
17.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 570]
17.1.1.2 - II. Social Security [Seite 572]
17.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care. [Seite 572]
17.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 572]
17.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 573]
17.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 573]
17.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 573]
17.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 574]
17.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 574]
17.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 574]
17.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 574]
17.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 575]
17.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 575]
17.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 576]
17.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation. [Seite 576]
17.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 577]
17.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 577]
17.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 577]
17.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 579]
17.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 579]
17.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 579]
17.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 579]
17.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 579]
17.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 581]
17.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 581]
17.1.5 - E. Fund and other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 581]
17.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 581]
17.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedy [Seite 581]
17.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary loss [Seite 581]
17.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 581]
17.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 582]
17.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 582]
17.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 582]
17.1.6.2 - II. Non-pecuniary loss [Seite 583]
17.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 583]
17.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 585]
17.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 585]
17.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 585]
17.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 586]
17.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 586]
17.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 586]
17.2 - Cases [Seite 586]
17.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 586]
17.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 588]
17.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 588]
17.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 589]
17.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 590]
17.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 591]
18 - Medical Liability in Switzerland [Seite 592]
18.1 - General Questions [Seite 592]
18.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 592]
18.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 592]
18.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 592]
18.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 595]
18.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care [Seite 595]
18.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 600]
18.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 601]
18.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 602]
18.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 602]
18.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 603]
18.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 605]
18.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 605]
18.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 606]
18.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 607]
18.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 607]
18.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 610]
18.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 612]
18.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 614]
18.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 614]
18.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 617]
18.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 618]
18.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 618]
18.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 620]
18.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 623]
18.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 623]
18.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 626]
18.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 626]
18.1.5 - E. Alternative compensation regimes [Seite 628]
18.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 628]
18.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 629]
18.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary loss [Seite 629]
18.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 629]
18.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 631]
18.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 632]
18.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 632]
18.1.6.2 - II. Non-pecuniary loss [Seite 633]
18.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 633]
18.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 635]
18.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 636]
18.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 636]
18.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 637]
18.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 638]
18.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 638]
18.2 - Cases [Seite 640]
18.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 640]
18.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 643]
18.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 644]
18.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 647]
18.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 649]
18.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 652]
19 - Medical Liability in Europe: Comparative Analysis [Seite 656]
19.1 - Introduction. [Seite 656]
19.2 - General Questions [Seite 659]
19.2.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 659]
19.2.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 659]
19.2.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 659]
19.2.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 662]
19.2.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care. [Seite 662]
19.2.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 664]
19.2.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 665]
19.2.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 666]
19.2.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 666]
19.2.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 668]
19.2.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 669]
19.2.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 669]
19.2.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 670]
19.2.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 671]
19.2.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 671]
19.2.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 675]
19.2.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 679]
19.2.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 681]
19.2.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 682]
19.2.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 685]
19.2.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 685]
19.2.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 685]
19.2.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 687]
19.2.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 688]
19.2.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 689]
19.2.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 693]
19.2.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 693]
19.2.5 - E. Alternative compensation regimes [Seite 695]
19.2.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 695]
19.2.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 699]
19.2.6.1 - I. Pecuniary loss [Seite 699]
19.2.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 699]
19.2.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 700]
19.2.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 700]
19.2.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 701]
19.2.6.2 - II. Non-pecuniary loss [Seite 702]
19.2.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 702]
19.2.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 704]
19.2.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 705]
19.2.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 705]
19.2.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 706]
19.2.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 708]
19.2.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 708]
19.3 - Cases [Seite 709]
19.3.1 - Preliminary remarks [Seite 709]
19.3.2 - Case 1 [Seite 710]
19.3.3 - Case 2 [Seite 716]
19.3.4 - Case 3 [Seite 719]
19.3.5 - Case 4 [Seite 724]
19.3.6 - Case 5 [Seite 727]
19.3.7 - Case 6 [Seite 731]
19.4 - Conclusions [Seite 734]
20 - Index [Seite 738]
2 - Preface [Seite 8]
3 - Table of Contents [Seite 10]
4 - List of Contributors [Seite 30]
5 - Questionnaire [Seite 32]
6 - Medical Liability in Austria [Seite 46]
6.1 - General Questions [Seite 46]
6.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 46]
6.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 46]
6.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 46]
6.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 49]
6.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public healthcare [Seite 49]
6.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 51]
6.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 51]
6.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 51]
6.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 51]
6.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 52]
6.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 53]
6.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 53]
6.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 54]
6.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 55]
6.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 55]
6.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 56]
6.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation. [Seite 58]
6.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 60]
6.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 61]
6.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 65]
6.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 66]
6.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the healthcare sector [Seite 66]
6.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 69]
6.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 70]
6.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 70]
6.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 75]
6.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 75]
6.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 75]
6.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 75]
6.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 77]
6.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 77]
6.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 77]
6.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 79]
6.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 80]
6.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 80]
6.1.6.2 - II. Non-Pecuniary Loss [Seite 80]
6.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 80]
6.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 82]
6.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 82]
6.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 82]
6.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 82]
6.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 84]
6.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 84]
6.2 - Cases [Seite 84]
6.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 84]
6.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 88]
6.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 90]
6.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 95]
6.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 98]
6.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 102]
7 - Medical Liability in Belgium [Seite 106]
7.1 - General Questions [Seite 106]
7.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 106]
7.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 106]
7.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 106]
7.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 109]
7.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care [Seite 109]
7.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 110]
7.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 111]
7.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 112]
7.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 112]
7.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 113]
7.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 113]
7.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 113]
7.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 115]
7.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 117]
7.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 117]
7.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 118]
7.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 118]
7.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 119]
7.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 120]
7.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 121]
7.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 122]
7.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 122]
7.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 123]
7.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 124]
7.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 124]
7.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 126]
7.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 126]
7.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 126]
7.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 126]
7.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 126]
7.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 126]
7.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 126]
7.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 127]
7.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 127]
7.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 128]
7.1.6.2 - II. Non-Pecuniary Loss [Seite 128]
7.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 128]
7.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 128]
7.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 129]
7.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 129]
7.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 129]
7.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 129]
7.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 129]
7.2 - Cases [Seite 130]
7.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 130]
7.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 131]
7.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 133]
7.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 134]
7.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 136]
7.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 139]
8 - Medical Liability in the Czech Republic [Seite 142]
8.1 - General Questions [Seite 142]
8.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 142]
8.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 142]
8.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 142]
8.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 146]
8.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care. [Seite 146]
8.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 151]
8.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 151]
8.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 152]
8.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 152]
8.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 153]
8.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 154]
8.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 154]
8.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 157]
8.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 158]
8.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 158]
8.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 160]
8.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 161]
8.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 162]
8.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 163]
8.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 165]
8.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 166]
8.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 166]
8.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 167]
8.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 168]
8.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 169]
8.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 172]
8.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 172]
8.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 173]
8.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 173]
8.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 174]
8.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 174]
8.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 174]
8.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 175]
8.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 177]
8.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 177]
8.1.6.2 - II. Non-pecuniary Loss [Seite 178]
8.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 178]
8.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 180]
8.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 181]
8.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 181]
8.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 183]
8.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 183]
8.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 183]
8.2 - Cases [Seite 184]
8.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 185]
8.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 191]
8.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 193]
8.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 196]
8.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 201]
8.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 204]
9 - Medical Liability in England [Seite 210]
9.1 - General Questions [Seite 210]
9.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 210]
9.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 210]
9.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 210]
9.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 212]
9.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care. [Seite 212]
9.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 212]
9.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 213]
9.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 214]
9.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 214]
9.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 215]
9.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 216]
9.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 216]
9.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 217]
9.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 217]
9.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 217]
9.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 219]
9.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation. [Seite 222]
9.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 225]
9.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 229]
9.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 231]
9.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 231]
9.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 231]
9.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 232]
9.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 232]
9.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 232]
9.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 234]
9.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 234]
9.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 234]
9.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 234]
9.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 235]
9.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 235]
9.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 235]
9.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 235]
9.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 236]
9.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 237]
9.1.6.2 - II. Non-Pecuniary Loss [Seite 237]
9.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 237]
9.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 238]
9.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 239]
9.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 239]
9.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 239]
9.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 239]
9.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 239]
9.2 - Cases [Seite 240]
9.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 240]
9.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 243]
9.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 244]
9.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 246]
9.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 247]
9.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 249]
10 - Medical Liability in France [Seite 252]
10.1 - General Questions [Seite 252]
10.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 252]
10.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 252]
10.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 252]
10.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 253]
10.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care [Seite 253]
10.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 253]
10.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 253]
10.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 253]
10.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 253]
10.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 254]
10.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 254]
10.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 254]
10.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 255]
10.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 255]
10.1.2.1 - 9. Principles of tort liability [Seite 255]
10.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 256]
10.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 256]
10.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance. [Seite 256]
10.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 257]
10.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 257]
10.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 257]
10.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 257]
10.1.3.2 - 16. Differences from tort law [Seite 257]
10.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 257]
10.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 258]
10.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 258]
10.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 258]
10.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 259]
10.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 259]
10.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 261]
10.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 261]
10.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 261]
10.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 261]
10.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 261]
10.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 261]
10.1.6.2 - II. Non-Pecuniary Loss [Seite 261]
10.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 261]
10.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 262]
10.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 262]
10.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 262]
10.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling negligence claims [Seite 262]
10.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 264]
10.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 264]
10.2 - Cases [Seite 264]
10.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 264]
10.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 266]
10.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 267]
10.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 269]
10.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 272]
10.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 275]
11 - Medical Liability in Germany [Seite 278]
11.1 - General Questions [Seite 278]
11.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 278]
11.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 278]
11.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 278]
11.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 282]
11.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care. [Seite 282]
11.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 284]
11.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 285]
11.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 286]
11.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 286]
11.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 286]
11.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 288]
11.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 288]
11.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 290]
11.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 292]
11.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 292]
11.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 294]
11.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 295]
11.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 297]
11.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 297]
11.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 306]
11.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 307]
11.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the healthcare sector [Seite 307]
11.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 307]
11.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 308]
11.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 308]
11.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 311]
11.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 311]
11.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 311]
11.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 311]
11.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 311]
11.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 311]
11.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 311]
11.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 314]
11.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 315]
11.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 315]
11.1.6.2 - II. Non-Pecuniary Loss [Seite 315]
11.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 315]
11.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 317]
11.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 318]
11.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 318]
11.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 318]
11.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 319]
11.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 319]
11.2 - Cases [Seite 319]
11.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 320]
11.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 323]
11.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 326]
11.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 328]
11.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 329]
11.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 331]
12 - Medical Liability in Hungary [Seite 336]
12.1 - General Questions [Seite 336]
12.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 336]
12.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 336]
12.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 336]
12.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 338]
12.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care. [Seite 338]
12.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 339]
12.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 340]
12.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 341]
12.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 341]
12.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 341]
12.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 342]
12.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 342]
12.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 343]
12.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 344]
12.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 344]
12.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 344]
12.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation. [Seite 345]
12.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 347]
12.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 348]
12.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 350]
12.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 353]
12.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 353]
12.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 354]
12.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 355]
12.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 356]
12.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 357]
12.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 357]
12.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 358]
12.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 358]
12.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 358]
12.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 358]
12.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 358]
12.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 360]
12.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 361]
12.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 363]
12.1.6.2 - II. Non-pecuniary Loss [Seite 363]
12.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 363]
12.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 365]
12.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 366]
12.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 366]
12.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 366]
12.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 366]
12.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 366]
12.2 - Cases [Seite 366]
12.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 366]
12.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 368]
12.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 368]
12.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 370]
12.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 371]
12.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 372]
13 - Medical Liability in Italy [Seite 374]
13.1 - General Questions [Seite 374]
13.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 374]
13.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 374]
13.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 374]
13.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 375]
13.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care [Seite 375]
13.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 377]
13.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 377]
13.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 377]
13.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 377]
13.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 378]
13.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 378]
13.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 378]
13.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 380]
13.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 380]
13.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 380]
13.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 382]
13.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 382]
13.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 384]
13.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 385]
13.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 385]
13.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 386]
13.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 386]
13.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 388]
13.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 389]
13.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 390]
13.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 392]
13.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 392]
13.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 392]
13.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 392]
13.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 393]
13.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 393]
13.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 393]
13.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 394]
13.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 395]
13.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 395]
13.1.6.2 - II. Non-Pecuniary Loss [Seite 395]
13.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 395]
13.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 398]
13.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 399]
13.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 399]
13.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 399]
13.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 399]
13.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 399]
13.2 - Cases [Seite 399]
13.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 399]
13.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 401]
13.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 402]
13.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 402]
13.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 403]
13.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 403]
14 - Medical Liability in the Netherlands [Seite 406]
14.1 - General Questions [Seite 406]
14.1.1 - A. The Healthcare System Framework [Seite 406]
14.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 406]
14.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 406]
14.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 408]
14.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public healthcare [Seite 408]
14.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 409]
14.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 409]
14.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 410]
14.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 410]
14.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 411]
14.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 412]
14.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 412]
14.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 413]
14.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 414]
14.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 414]
14.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 416]
14.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation. [Seite 420]
14.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 425]
14.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 429]
14.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 430]
14.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 431]
14.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the healthcare sector [Seite 431]
14.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 432]
14.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 433]
14.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 434]
14.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 435]
14.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 435]
14.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 435]
14.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 435]
14.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 436]
14.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 436]
14.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 436]
14.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 438]
14.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 438]
14.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 438]
14.1.6.2 - II. Non-pecuniary Loss [Seite 439]
14.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 439]
14.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 441]
14.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 442]
14.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 442]
14.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 442]
14.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 443]
14.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 443]
14.2 - Cases [Seite 443]
14.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 443]
14.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 446]
14.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 449]
14.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 452]
14.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 453]
14.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 454]
15 - Medical Liability in Poland [Seite 456]
15.1 - General Questions [Seite 456]
15.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 456]
15.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 456]
15.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 456]
15.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 457]
15.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care [Seite 457]
15.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 458]
15.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 458]
15.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 459]
15.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 459]
15.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 459]
15.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 461]
15.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 461]
15.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 462]
15.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 465]
15.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 465]
15.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 466]
15.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation. [Seite 468]
15.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 469]
15.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 470]
15.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 472]
15.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 472]
15.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 472]
15.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 473]
15.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 474]
15.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 474]
15.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 476]
15.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 476]
15.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 477]
15.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 477]
15.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 477]
15.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 477]
15.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 477]
15.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 479]
15.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 480]
15.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 480]
15.1.6.2 - II. Non-pecuniary Loss [Seite 480]
15.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 480]
15.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 482]
15.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 483]
15.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 483]
15.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 484]
15.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 484]
15.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 484]
15.2 - Cases [Seite 486]
15.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 486]
15.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 487]
15.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 487]
15.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 488]
15.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 490]
15.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 492]
16 - Medical Liability in Spain [Seite 496]
16.1 - General Questions [Seite 496]
16.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 496]
16.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 496]
16.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 496]
16.1.1.2 - II. Welfare Provision [Seite 500]
16.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care [Seite 500]
16.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 501]
16.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 502]
16.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 503]
16.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 503]
16.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 505]
16.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 507]
16.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 507]
16.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 510]
16.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 511]
16.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 511]
16.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 515]
16.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 519]
16.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 523]
16.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 526]
16.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 528]
16.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 530]
16.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 530]
16.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 533]
16.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 535]
16.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 535]
16.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 539]
16.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 539]
16.1.5 - E. Alternative Compensation Regimes [Seite 542]
16.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 542]
16.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 545]
16.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary Loss [Seite 545]
16.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 545]
16.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 546]
16.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sums? [Seite 547]
16.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 548]
16.1.6.2 - II. Non-Pecuniary Loss [Seite 549]
16.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 549]
16.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 551]
16.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 552]
16.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 552]
16.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 553]
16.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 554]
16.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 554]
16.2 - Cases [Seite 554]
16.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 554]
16.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 557]
16.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 559]
16.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 561]
16.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 563]
16.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 566]
17 - Medical Liability in Sweden [Seite 570]
17.1 - General Questions [Seite 570]
17.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 570]
17.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 570]
17.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 570]
17.1.1.2 - II. Social Security [Seite 572]
17.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care. [Seite 572]
17.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 572]
17.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 573]
17.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 573]
17.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 573]
17.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 574]
17.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 574]
17.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 574]
17.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 574]
17.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 575]
17.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 575]
17.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 576]
17.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation. [Seite 576]
17.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 577]
17.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 577]
17.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 577]
17.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 579]
17.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 579]
17.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 579]
17.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 579]
17.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 579]
17.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 581]
17.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 581]
17.1.5 - E. Fund and other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 581]
17.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 581]
17.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedy [Seite 581]
17.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary loss [Seite 581]
17.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 581]
17.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 582]
17.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 582]
17.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 582]
17.1.6.2 - II. Non-pecuniary loss [Seite 583]
17.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 583]
17.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 585]
17.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 585]
17.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 585]
17.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 586]
17.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 586]
17.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 586]
17.2 - Cases [Seite 586]
17.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 586]
17.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 588]
17.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 588]
17.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 589]
17.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 590]
17.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 591]
18 - Medical Liability in Switzerland [Seite 592]
18.1 - General Questions [Seite 592]
18.1.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 592]
18.1.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 592]
18.1.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 592]
18.1.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 595]
18.1.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care [Seite 595]
18.1.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 600]
18.1.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 601]
18.1.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 602]
18.1.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 602]
18.1.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 603]
18.1.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 605]
18.1.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 605]
18.1.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 606]
18.1.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 607]
18.1.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 607]
18.1.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 610]
18.1.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 612]
18.1.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 614]
18.1.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 614]
18.1.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 617]
18.1.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 618]
18.1.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 618]
18.1.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 620]
18.1.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 623]
18.1.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 623]
18.1.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 626]
18.1.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 626]
18.1.5 - E. Alternative compensation regimes [Seite 628]
18.1.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 628]
18.1.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 629]
18.1.6.1 - I. Pecuniary loss [Seite 629]
18.1.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 629]
18.1.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 631]
18.1.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 632]
18.1.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 632]
18.1.6.2 - II. Non-pecuniary loss [Seite 633]
18.1.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 633]
18.1.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 635]
18.1.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 636]
18.1.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 636]
18.1.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 637]
18.1.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 638]
18.1.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 638]
18.2 - Cases [Seite 640]
18.2.1 - Case 1 [Seite 640]
18.2.2 - Case 2 [Seite 643]
18.2.3 - Case 3 [Seite 644]
18.2.4 - Case 4 [Seite 647]
18.2.5 - Case 5 [Seite 649]
18.2.6 - Case 6 [Seite 652]
19 - Medical Liability in Europe: Comparative Analysis [Seite 656]
19.1 - Introduction. [Seite 656]
19.2 - General Questions [Seite 659]
19.2.1 - A. The Health Care System Framework [Seite 659]
19.2.1.1 - I. General Introduction [Seite 659]
19.2.1.1.1 - 1. The health care system in overview [Seite 659]
19.2.1.2 - II. Social Welfare Provision [Seite 662]
19.2.1.2.1 - 2. The role of public health care. [Seite 662]
19.2.1.2.2 - 3. Differences in treating patient?s claims [Seite 664]
19.2.1.2.3 - 4. Right of recourse [Seite 665]
19.2.1.3 - III. Private Insurance [Seite 666]
19.2.1.3.1 - 5. The role of private health insurance [Seite 666]
19.2.1.3.2 - 6. Liability insurance [Seite 668]
19.2.1.4 - IV. Professional Standards [Seite 669]
19.2.1.4.1 - 7. Applicable professional standards [Seite 669]
19.2.1.4.2 - 8. Quality and/or risk management systems [Seite 670]
19.2.2 - B. Tort Liability [Seite 671]
19.2.2.1 - 9. Fundamentals of tort liability [Seite 671]
19.2.2.2 - 10. Burden of proof [Seite 675]
19.2.2.3 - 11. Uncertain causation [Seite 679]
19.2.2.4 - 12. Loss of a chance [Seite 681]
19.2.2.5 - 13. Multiple persons involved [Seite 682]
19.2.2.6 - 14. Strict liability [Seite 685]
19.2.3 - C. Contractual Liability [Seite 685]
19.2.3.1 - 15. Basics of contracts in the health care sector [Seite 685]
19.2.3.2 - 16. Differences to tort law [Seite 687]
19.2.3.3 - 17. Contractual claims in the absence of direct contracts? [Seite 688]
19.2.3.4 - 18. Informed consent [Seite 689]
19.2.4 - D. Public Liability [Seite 693]
19.2.4.1 - 19. Key differences from cases involving private hospitals or doctors [Seite 693]
19.2.5 - E. Alternative compensation regimes [Seite 695]
19.2.5.1 - 20. Funds and/or other alternative compensation regimes [Seite 695]
19.2.6 - F. Extent of Liability/Remedies [Seite 699]
19.2.6.1 - I. Pecuniary loss [Seite 699]
19.2.6.1.1 - 21. Introduction to indemnifying pecuniary loss [Seite 699]
19.2.6.1.2 - 22. Loss of earnings vs loss of earning capacity [Seite 700]
19.2.6.1.3 - 23. Periodic payments or lump sum? [Seite 700]
19.2.6.1.4 - 24. Caps and thresholds [Seite 701]
19.2.6.2 - II. Non-pecuniary loss [Seite 702]
19.2.6.2.1 - 25. Introduction to indemnifying non-pecuniary loss [Seite 702]
19.2.6.2.2 - 26. Who can claim compensation for non-pecuniary loss? [Seite 704]
19.2.7 - G. Procedural Matters [Seite 705]
19.2.7.1 - 27. Specific rules of jurisdiction or procedure [Seite 705]
19.2.7.2 - 28. Special institutions handling malpractice claims [Seite 706]
19.2.8 - H. Outlook [Seite 708]
19.2.8.1 - 29. Reform plans [Seite 708]
19.3 - Cases [Seite 709]
19.3.1 - Preliminary remarks [Seite 709]
19.3.2 - Case 1 [Seite 710]
19.3.3 - Case 2 [Seite 716]
19.3.4 - Case 3 [Seite 719]
19.3.5 - Case 4 [Seite 724]
19.3.6 - Case 5 [Seite 727]
19.3.7 - Case 6 [Seite 731]
19.4 - Conclusions [Seite 734]
20 - Index [Seite 738]
