Liquid Crystals

Name: Liquid Crystals | Physical Properties and Nonlinear Optical Phenomena
Brand: Wiley
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Physical Properties and Nonlinear Optical Phenomena

Iam-Choon Khoo(Author)

Wiley (Publisher)

2nd Edition

Published on 20. August 2007

424 pages

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978-0-470-08402-1 (ISBN)

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The fundamental science and latest applications of liquidcrystal technologies An excellent professional reference and superior upper-levelstudent text, Liquid Crystals, Second Edition is acomprehensive treatment of all the basic principles underlying theunique physical and optical properties of liquid crystals. Writtenby an internationally known pioneer in the nonlinear optics ofliquid crystals, the book also provides a unique, in-depthdiscussion of the mechanisms and theoretical principles behind allmajor nonlinear optical phenomena occurring in liquid crystals. Fully revised and updated with the latest developments, thisSecond Edition covers: * Basic physics and optical properties of liquid crystals * Nematics, as well as other mesophases such as smectics,ferroelectrics, and cholesterics * Fundamentals of liquid crystals for electro-optics, and displayand non-display related applications * Various theoretical and computational techniques used indescribing optical propagation through liquid crystals andanisotropic materials * Nonlinear optics of liquid crystals, including updatedliterature reviews and fundamental discussions Structured to follow a natural sequence of instruction, frombasic physics to the latest specialized optical, electro-optical,and nonlinear applications, Liquid Crystals is a textbookthat grounds students in the fundamentals before introducing themto the most current discoveries in the field. Written in a clear,reader-friendly style, it features numerous figures, tables, andillustrations, including important and hard-to-find device andmaterial parameters. Invaluable to students, researchers, and thoseworking with liquid crystal applications in various industries,Liquid Crystals, Second Edition is the most comprehensiveand up-to-date resource available.

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Intro
Liquid Crystals
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction to Liquid Crystals
1.1. Molecular Structures and Chemical Compositions
1.1.1. Chemical Structures
1.2. Electronic Properties
1.2.1. Electronic Transitions and Ultraviolet Absorption
1.2.2. Visible and Infrared Absorption
1.3. Lyotropic, Polymeric, and Thermotropic Liquid Crystals
1.3.1. Lyotropic Liquid Crystals
1.3.2. Polymeric Liquid Crystals
1.3.3. Thermotropic Liquid Crystals: Nematics, Cholesterics, and Smectics
1.3.4. Other Liquid Crystalline Phases and Molecular Engineered Structures
1.4. Mixtures and Composites
1.4.1. Mixtures
1.4.2. Dye-Doped Liquid Crystals
1.4.3. Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals
1.5. Liquid Crystal Cells and Sample Preparation
1.5.1. Bulk Thin Film
1.5.2. Liquid Crystal Optical Slab Waveguide, Fiber, and Nanostructured Photonic Crystals
References
Chapter 2. Order Parameter, Phase Transition, and Free Energies
2.1. Basic Concepts
2.1.1. Introduction
2.1.2. Scalar and Tensor Order Parameters
2.1.3. Long- and Short-Range Order
2.2. Molecular Interactions and Phase Transitions
2.3. Molecular Theories and Results for the Liquid Crystalline Phase
2.3.1. Maier-Saupe Theory: Order Parameter Near T(c)
2.3.2. Nonequilibrium and Dynamical Dependence of the Order Parameter
2.4. Isotropic Phase of Liquid Crystals
2.4.1. Free Energy and Phase Transition
2.4.2. Free Energy in the Presence of an Applied Field
References
Chapter 3. Nematic Liquid Crystals
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Elastic Continuum Theory
3.2.1. The Vector Field: Direct Axis n (r)
3.2.2. Elastic Constants, Free Energies, and Molecular Fields
3.3. Dielectric Constants and Refractive Indices
3.3.1. dc and Low-Frequency Dielectric Permittivity, Conductivities, and Magnetic Susceptibility
3.3.2. Free Energy and Torques by Electric and Magnetic Fields
3.4. Optical Dielectric Constants and Refractive Indices
3.4.1. Linear Susceptibility and Local Field Effect
3.4.2. Equilibrium Temperature and Order Parameter Dependences of Refractive Indices
3.5. Flows and Hydrodynamics
3.5.1. Hydrodynamics of Ordinary Isotropic Fluids
3.5.2. General Stress Tensor for Nematic Liquid Crystals
3.5.3. Flows with Fixed Director Axis Orientation
3.5.4. Flows with Director Axis Reorientation
3.6. Field-Induced Director Axis Reorientation Effects
3.6.1. Field-Induced Reorientation without Flow Coupling: Freedericksz Transition
3.6.2. Reorientation with Flow Coupling
References
Chapter 4. Cholesteric, Smectic, and Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
4.1. Cholesteric Liquid Crystals
4.1.1. Free Energies
4.1.2. Field-Induced Effects and Dynamics
4.1.3. Twist and Conic Mode Relaxation Times
4.2. Light Scattering in Cholesterics
4.2.1. General Optical Propagation and Reflection: Normal Incidence
4.2.2. Cholesteric Liquid Crystal as a One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal
4.2.3. Cholesteric Liquid Crystals with Magneto-Optic Activity: Negative Refraction Effect
4.3. Smectic and Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals: A Quick Survey
4.4. Smectic-A Liquid Crystals
4.4.1. Free Energy
4.4.2. Light Scattering in SmA Liquid Crystals
4.5. Smectic-C Liquid Crystals
4.5.1. Free Energy
4.5.2. Field-Induced Director Axis Rotation in SmC Liquid Crystals
4.6. Smectic-C* and Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
4.6.1. Free Energy of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
4.6.2. Smectic-C*-Smectic-A Phase Transition
References
Chapter 5. Light Scatterings
5.1. Introduction
5.2. General Electromagnetic Formalism of Light Scattering in Liquid Crystals
5.3. Scattering from Director Axis Fluctuations in Nematic Liquid Crystals
5.4. Light Scattering in the Isotropic Phase of Liquid Crystals
5.5. Temperature,Wavelength, and Cell Geometry Effects on Scattering
5.6. Spectrum of Light and Orientation Fluctuation Dynamics
5.7. Raman Scatterings
5.7.1. Introduction
5.7.2. Quantum Theory of Raman Scattering: Scattering Cross Section
5.8. Brillouin and Rayleigh Scatterings
5.8.1. Brillouin Scattering
5.8.2. Rayleigh Scattering
5.9. Nonlinear Light Scattering: Supraoptical Nonlinearity of Liquid Crystals
References
Chapter 6. Liquid Crystal Optics and Electro-Optics
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Review of Electro-Optics of Anisotropic and Birefringent Crystals
6.2.1. Anisotropic, Uniaxial, and Biaxial Optical Crystals
6.2.2. Index Ellipsoid in the Presence of an Electric Field: Linear Electro-Optics Effect
6.2.3. Polarizers and Retardation Plate
6.2.4. Basic Electro-Optics Modulation
6.3. Electro-Optics of Nematic Liquid Crystals
6.3.1. Director Axis Reorientation in Homeotropic and Planar Cells: Dual-Frequency Liquid Crystals
6.3.2. Freedericksz Transition Revisited
6.3.3. Field-Induced Refractive Index Change and Phase Shift
6.4. Nematic Liquid Crystal Switches and Displays
6.4.1. Liquid Crystal Switch: On-Axis Consideration for Twist, Planar, and Homeotropic Aligned Cells
6.4.2. Off-Axis Transmission, Viewing Angle, and Birefringence Compensation
6.4.3. Liquid Crystal Display Electronics
6.5. Electro-Optical Effects in Other Phases of Liquid Crystals
6.5.1. Surface Stabilized FLC
6.5.2. Soft-Mode FLCs
6.6. Nondisplay Applications of Liquid Crystals
6.6.1. Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator
6.6.2. Tunable Photonic Crystals with Liquid Crystal Infiltrated Nanostructures
6.6.3. Tunable Frequency Selective Planar Structures
6.6.4. Liquid Crystals for Molecular Sensing and Detection
6.6.5. Beam Steering, Routing, and Optical Switching and Laser Hardened Optics
References
Chapter 7. Electromagnetic Formalisms for Optical Propagation
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Electromagnetism of Anisotropic Media Revisited
7.2.1. Maxwell Equations and Wave Equations
7.2.2. Complex Refractive Index
7.2.3. Negative Index Material
7.2.4. Normal Modes, Power Flow, and Propagation Vectors in a Lossless Isotropic Medium
7.2.5. Normal Modes and Propagation Vectors in a Lossless Anisotropic Medium
7.3. General Formalisms for Polarized Light Propagation Through Liquid Crystal Devices
7.3.1. Plane-Polarized Wave and Jones Vectors
7.3.2. Jones Matrix Method for Propagation Through a Nematic Liquid Crystal Cell
7.3.3. Oblique Incidence: 4×4 Matrix Methods
7.4. Extended Jones Matrix Method
7.5. Finite-Difference Time-Domain Technique
7.5.1. The Implementation of FDTD Methods
7.5.2. Example: FDTD Computations of the Twisted Nematic Cell in One Dimension
References
Chapter 8. Laser-Induced Orientational Optical Nonlinearities in Liquid Crystals
8.1. General Overview of Liquid Crystal Nonlinearities
8.2. Laser-Induced Molecular Reorientations in the Isotropic Phase
8.2.1. Individual Molecular Reorientations in Anisotropic Liquids
8.2.2. Correlated Molecular Reorientation Dynamics
8.2.3. Influence of Molecular Structure on Isotropic Phase Reorientational Nonlinearities
8.3. Molecular Reorientations in the Nematic Phase
8.3.1. Simplified Treatment of Optical Field-Induced Director Axis Reorientation
8.3.2. More Exact Treatment of Optical Field-Induced Director Axis Reorientation
8.3.3. Nonlocal Effect and Transverse Dependence
8.4. Nematic Phase Reorientation Dynamics
8.4.1. Plane Wave Optical Field
8.4.2. Sinusoidal Optical Intensity
8.5. Laser-Induced Dopant-Assisted Molecular Reorientation and Trans-Cis Isomerism
8.6. DC Field Aided Optically Induced Nonlinear Optical Effects in Liquid Crystals: Photorefractivity
8.6.1. Orientational Photorefractivity: Bulk Effects
8.6.2. Some Experimental Results and Surface Charge/Field Contribution
8.7. Reorientation and Nonelectronic Nonlinear Optical Effects in Smectic and Cholesteric Phases
8.7.1. Smectic Phase
8.7.2. Cholesteric Phase
References
Chapter 9. Thermal, Density, and Other Nonelectronic Nonlinear Mechanisms
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Density and Temperature Changes Induced by Sinusoidal Optical Intensity
9.3. Refractive Index Changes: Temperature and Density Effects
9.4. Thermal and Density Optical Nonlinearities of Nematic Liquid Crystals in the Visible-Infrared Spectrum
9.4.1. Steady-State Thermal Nonlinearity of Nematic Liquid Crystals
9.4.2. Short Laser Pulse Induced Thermal Index Change in Nematics and Near-T(c) Effect
9.5. Thermal and Density Optical Nonlinearities of Isotropic Liquid Crystals
9.6. Coupled Nonlinear Optical Effects in Nematic Liquid Crystals
9.6.1. Thermal-Orientational Coupling in Nematic Liquid Crystals
9.6.2. Flow-Orientational Effect
References
Chapter 10. Electronic Optical Nonlinearities
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Density Matrix Formalism for Optically Induced Molecular Electronic Polarizabilities
10.2.1. Induced Polarizations
10.2.2. Multiphoton Absorptions
10.3. Electronic Susceptibilities of Liquid Crystals
10.3.1. Linear Optical Polarizabilities of a Molecule with No Permanent Dipole
10.3.2. Second-Order Electronic Polarizabilities
10.3.3. Third-Order Electronic Polarizabilities
10.4. Electronic Nonlinear Polarizations of Liquid Crystals
10.4.1. Local Field Effects and Symmetry
10.4.2. Symmetry Considerations
10.4.3. Permanent Dipole and Molecular Ordering
10.4.4. Quadrupole Contribution and Field-Induced Symmetry Breaking
10.4.5. Molecular Structural Dependence of Nonlinear Susceptibilities
References
Chapter 11. Introduction to Nonlinear Optics
11.1. Nonlinear Susceptibility and Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index
11.1.1. Nonlinear Polarization and Refractive Index
11.1.2. Nonlinear Coefficient and Units
11.2. General Nonlinear Polarization and Susceptibility
11.3. Convention and Symmetry
11.4. Coupled Maxwell Wave Equations
11.5. Nonlinear Optical Phenomena
11.5.1. Stationary Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing
11.5.2. Optical Phase Conjugation
11.5.3. Nearly Degenerate and Transient Wave Mixing
11.5.4. Nondegenerate Optical Wave Mixing: Harmonic Generations
11.5.5. Self-Focusing and Self-Phase Modulation
11.6. Stimulated Scatterings
11.6.1. Stimulated Raman Scatterings
11.6.2. Stimulated Brillouin Scatterings
11.6.3. Stimulated Orientational Scattering in Liquid Crystals
11.6.4. Stimulated Thermal Scattering (STS)
References
Chapter 12. Nonlinear Optical Phenomena Observed in Liquid Crystals
12.1. Self-Focusing, Self-Phase Modulation, and Self-Guiding
12.1.1. Self-Focusing and Self-Phase Modulation and cw Optical Limiting with Nematic Liquid Crystals
12.1.2. Self-Guiding, Spatial Soliton, and Pattern Formation
12.2. Optical Wave Mixing
12.2.1. Stimulated Orientational Scattering and Polarization Self-Switching: Steady State
12.2.2. Stimulated Orientational Scattering: Nonlinear Dynamics
12.2.3. Optical Phase Conjugation with Orientation and Thermal Gratings
12.2.4. Self-Starting Optical Phase Conjugation
12.3. Liquid Crystals for All-Optical Image Processing
12.3.1. Liquid Crystals as All-Optical Information Processing Materials
12.3.2. All-Optical Image Processing
12.3.3. Intelligent Optical Processing
12.4. Harmonic Generations and Sum-Frequency Spectroscopy
12.5. Optical Switching
12.6. Nonlinear Absorption and Optical Limiting of Short Laser Pulses in Isotropic Phase Liquid Crystals and Liquids
12.6.1. Introduction
12.6.2. Nonlinear Fiber Array
12.6.3. RSA Materials (C60 Doped ILC)
12.6.4. Optical Limiting by TPA Materials (L34 Fiber Core Liquid)
12.7. Conclusion
References
Index

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