Building Information Modeling
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Foreword xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
Introduction xxiii
Software Mentioned xxxi
Part 1 Design Thinking and BIM 1
Chapter 1 Smart Buildings/Smart(er) Designers: BIM and the Creative Design Process
Glenn Goldman Andrzej Zarzycki
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Evaluation of Visual Information: Form 5
1.3 Generative Abilities of Parametric Models 6
1.4 How Lighting, Thermal, and Structural Considerations Can Drive the Design 6
1.5 Limitations of Current Parametric Models 8
1.6 Physics and Materiality 9
1.6.1 Solving for Multiple Criteria 10
1.6.2 Other Data Types 10
1.6.3 Soft Constraints 11
1.7 Design and Construction 2.0 12
1.7.1 Context-Aware Data 12
1.7.2 Beyond a Single Lifespan of the Project 13
1.8 Conclusion 15
Discussion Questions 15
Bibliography 16
Chapter 2 Necessity of Cognitive Modeling in BIM's Future 17
Ömer Akin
2.1 Introduction: Some Useful Concepts 17
2.2 Building Information Modeling: The Brand New World of Design Computing 20
2.3 Cognitive Strategies for BIM: Challenges and Opportunities 21
2.4 Conclusions 26
Discussion Questions 26
References 27
Chapter 3 Modeling Architectural Meaning 29
Mark J. Clayton
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Architectural Ontology 30
3.3 Regulating Lines 30
3.4 Diagrams and Semantics 36
3.5 Types 38
3.6 Conclusion 40
Discussion Questions 40
References 41
Chapter 4 Knowledge-Based Building Information Modeling 43
Hugo Sheward Charles Eastman
4.1 The Potential of Building Information Modeling (BIM) to Capture Design Expertise 43
4.2 "Vanilla BIM" versus Knowledge-Based BIM 44
4.3 What Is Design Expertise? 44
4.3.1 Heuristics Applied to Design Processes 45
4.3.2 Design Workflows and Knowledge-Based BIM 46
4.4 Capturing and Deploying Design Expertise 47
4.4.1 Capturing Design Expertise 47
4.4.2 Embedding Knowledge in BIM 47
4.4.3 Example 1: Building Service Core 49
4.4.4 Example 2: Ventilation in Laboratories 50
4.5 Examples of Deployment 53
4.5.1 Deployment in Manufacturing 53
4.5.2 Uses in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction 53
4.6 Summary 54
Discussion Questions 54
References 55
Part 2 BIM Analytics 57
Chapter 5 Parametric BIM SIM: Integrating Parametric Modeling, BIM, and Simulation for Architectural Design 59
Wei Yan
5.1 Executive Summary 59
5.2 Introduction 59
5.2.1 Parametric Modeling 60
5.2.2 BIM and Parametric BIM 60
5.2.3 Building Energy Simulation 61
5.2.4 A Streamlined Modeling Process 63
5.3 Complexity and Interfaces 65
Chapter 6 Models and Measurement: Changing Design Value with Simulation, Analysis, and Outcomes 79
Phillip G. Bernstein Matt Jezyk
5.3.1 Complexity and Computability 65
5.3.2 User Interfaces and System Interfaces 66
5.4 Case Studies 69
5.4.1 Physical BIM for Thermal and Daylighting Simulations 69
5.4.2 Parametric BIM-Based Energy Optimization 72
5.5 Conclusion 74
Acknowledgments 74
Discussion Questions 74
References 75
6.1 Introduction 79
6.2 BIM 1.0 80
6.3 Analysis and Simulation through BIM 1.0 80
6.4 BIM 2.0 83
6.5 Geometry, Behavioral Properties, Parameters, and Analysis 85
6.6 Ideation and Design Production under BIM 2.0 89
6.7 Design Empowerment 91
6.8 Conclusion: Avenues to Alternative Value Generation 91
Discussion Questions 92
References 93
Chapter 7 Energy Modeling in Conceptual Design 95
Timothy Hemsath
7.1 Introduction 95
7.2 Building Performance Simulation (BPS) 95
7.3 BIM's Role in the Process 97
7.4 Conceptual Design Decisions 98
7.5 Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization 101
7.5.1 Sensitivity Analysis 101
7.5.2 Conceptual Design Optimization 102
7.6 BIM Affordances 105
7.7 Conclusion 107
Acknowledgments 107
Discussion Questions 107
References 108
Chapter 8 Performance Art: Analytics and the New Theater of Design Practice 109
Daniel Davis Nathan Miller
8.1 Introduction 109
8.2 Instruments 110
8.3 Analytics 112
8.4 Interactions 115
8.5 Conclusion: Algorithms Are Thoughts 116
Discussion Questions 117
References 117
Chapter 9 Automated Energy Performance Visualization for BIM 119
Paola Sanguinetti Pasi Paasiala Charles Eastman
9.1 Introduction 119
9.2 Case Study: Automated Analysis of U.S. Courthouse Models for GSA 120
9.2.1 Preliminary Concept Design (PCD) 120
9.2.2 Post-Processing for Energy Analysis 120
9.2.3 Building Model Property Definition 123
9.3 Performance Visualization 123
9.3.1 Aggregation of Simulation Output Variables 124
9.3.2 Visualization of Thermal Flows 124
9.4 Discussion 125
9.5 Conclusion 127
Acknowledgments 127
Discussion Questions 127
References 127
Chapter 10 Urban Energy Information Modeling: High Fidelity Aggregated Building Simulation for District Energy Systems 129
Nina Baird Shalini Ramesh Henry Johnstone Khee Poh Lam
10.1 Introduction 129
10.2 Understanding District Energy Systems 129
10.3 Community Energy Planning 130
10.4 Dynamic Energy Mapping 132
10.4.1 An Initial Example: Pittsburgh's Lower Hill District 132
10.4.2 Urban Energy Simulation of the Lower Hill District 133
10.4.3 Future Improvements Using Cloud Services 134
10.4.4 First Order District System Analysis 135
10.4.5 Data Visualization for Time-of-Use Aggregate Load Profiles 136
10.4.6 Interpreting Lower Hill District Results 137
10.5 The Future: BIM in Urban Energy Information Modeling 139
Discussion Questions 140
References 140
Chapter 11 BIM and the Predesign Process: Modeling the Unknown 143
Michael Donn
11.1 Introduction 143
11.1.1 Current BIM Concepts Limit Performance Analysis 144
11.1.2 Performance Analysis in Early Design 144
11.2 Limits of Traditional Early Design Analysis 145
11.2.1 The Promise of BIM in Early Design 145
11.2.2 Performative (Generative) Design as a Solution 145
11.2.3 Daylight Design Example of Limits of Traditional Analysis 147
11.2.4 Modern Performance Metrics in Daylight Design 147
11.3 BIM-Based Detailed Performance Analysis 149
11.3.1 A BIM Is More than a Representation of a Building 149
11.3.2 The Role of the Analyst in Performance Simulation 150
11.3.3 Tools for Rapid Evaluation of Design Scenarios 152
11.4 Conclusion: Inventing a New BIM for Early Design Analysis 153
Discussion Questions 154
References 154
Chapter 12 Analytical BIM: BIM Fragments, Domain Gaps, and Other Impediments 157
Karen M. Kensek
12.1 Introduction 157
12.2 Analytical Modeling 157
12.3 Building Information Modeling 158
12.4 Levels of BIM 159
12.4.1 Pre-BIM: Planning Stages 161
12.4.2 BIM Light: A Component-Based 3D Model 161
12.4.3 BIM + Information 161
12.4.4 BIM + Knowledge 162
12.4.5 BIM + Decisions 163
12.5 FDEIC Knowledge 164
12.6 Feedback Loop 165
12.7 Fragment BIMs and Three Gaps 166
12.7.1 Architect to Energy Consultant 167
12.7.2 Architect to Contractor 167
12.7.3 Architect and Contractor to Facilities Manager and Owner 169
12.8 Conclusion 170
Acknowledgments 170
Discussion Questions 170
References 171
Part 3 Comprehensive BIM 173
Chapter 13 One BIM to Rule Them All: Future Reality or Myth? 175
Brian R. Johnson
13.1 Introduction 175
13.2 A Brief History of the Single Model 175
13.3 The 2D Interregnum 176
13.3.1 Drawings versus Models 176
13.4 What's Wrong with This Picture? 177
13.4.1 Task Complexity 177
13.4.2 Software Complexity 179
13.4.3 When a Model Isn't Enough: Data versus Process 180
13.4.4 Limitations on Data as an Expression of Intent 181
13.4.5 People and Cognition 182
13.5 One BIM to Rule Them All? 183
Discussion Questions 184
References 184
Chapter 14 Component-Based BIM: A Comprehensive, Detailed, Single-Model Strategy 187
Anton C. Harfmann
14.1 Executive Summary 187
14.2 The Wicked Problem of Making Architecture 188
14.2.1 Design Complexity and Uniqueness 188
14.2.2 Fragmentation and Multiple Representations 189
14.2.3 Redesign and Discovery 189
14.3 Implementing Component-Based Design 190
14.3.1 The Component-Based Paradigm: Overview 190
14.3.2 Product/Manufacturer Links 191
14.3.3 External Reasoning 191
14.3.4 BIM-Driven Component Modeling 192
14.3.5 Component-Based Model Example 192
14.3.6 Component Model as Authority 195
14.4 Conclusion 195
Discussion Questions 196
References 196
Chapter 15 BIM Ecosystem: The Coevolution of Products, Processes, and People 197
Ning Gu Vishal Singh Kerry London
15.1 Introduction 197
15.2 Coevolution of Products, Processes, and People 198
15.3 Understanding the Industry Context of BIM 199
15.3.1 Fundamental Characteristics of BIM and Their Evolution 199
15.3.2 Industry Perception of BIM-Related Products, Processes, and People 201
15.4 Establishing a BIM Ecosystem: Operational and Support Technical Requirements in BIM 202
15.5 Establishing a BIM Ecosystem: Collaborative Platform BIM Decision Framework 203
15.5.1 Current Scope and Development of the Decision Framework 203
15.5.2 Sections of the Decision Framework for BIM Implementation 204
15.5.3 Applying the Decision Framework in Collaborative Practice 204
15.6 Discussion and Future BIM Ecosystem 207
15.6.1 Key Issues and Implication of Future BIM Ecosystem 207
15.6.2 Preparing for Future BIM Ecosystem 208
Discussion Questions 209
References 209
Part 4 Reasoning with BIM 211
Chapter 16 BIM, Materials, and Fabrication 213
Christopher Beorkrem
16.1 The Uber-Detail 213
16.2 Materials 214
16.3 The Logic of Materiality 215
16.4 Soft Data 218
16.5 Backward BIM 220
16.6 BIM, Materials, and Fabrication 222
16.7 Going Forward 222
16.8 Conclusion 223
Discussion Questions 224
References 224
Chapter 17 Communicating Semantics through Model Restructuring and Representation 225
Ramesh Krishnamurti Varvara Toulkeridou Tajin Biswas
17.1 Introduction 225
17.2 Spatial Reasoning and Querying 227
17.2.1 BIM as an Infrastructure for Spatial Reasoning 227
17.2.2 Extraction, Restructuring, Representation 227
17.2.3 Spatial Topology Data Extraction from IFC 228
17.2.4 Prototype for Spatial Topology Queries 229
17.3 Reasoning for Green Certification 230
17.3.1 Aggregation, Augmentation, Representation 231
17.3.2 Prototype for Green Certification 232
17.4 Conclusion 233
Discussion Questions 233
References 234
Chapter 18 BIM as a Catalyst to Foster Creativity through Collaboration 237
Murali Paranandi
18.1 Introduction 237
18.2 The Role of Collaboration in Design 238
18.3 Social Framework 238
18.3.1 The Human Side 239
18.3.2 Define and Manage Roles 240
18.3.3 Co-locating to Facilitate Dialog 241
18.4 Computational Workflows 242
18.4.1 Tools for Designing and Collaborating 242
18.4.2 Collaborative Prototyping 243
18.4.3 Crowdsourcing 244
18.4.4 Knowledge Capture and Sharing in the Cloud 245
18.5 Conclusion 247
18.5.1 Feedback to Academia 247
18.5.2 Feedback to the Profession 247
Acknowledgments 248
Discussion Questions 248
References 248
Chapter 19 BIM and Virtual Reconstruction: A Long-Term View of (Re-)Modeling 251
Bob Martens Herbert Peter
19.1 Executive Summary 251
19.2 Introduction 252
19.3 BIM and Virtual Reconstruction 253
19.4 Information Basis: Model Tree Structures 257
19.5 Model Porting and Data Exchange 261
19.5.1 Model Porting 262
19.5.2 Data Exchange 262
19.6 Outlook: Where Do We Go from Here? 263
19.7 Conclusion 264
Discussion Questions 264
References 264
Part 5 Professional BIM 267
Chapter 20 Managing BIM Projects, Organizations, and Policies: Turning Aspirations into Quantitative Measures of Success 269
Calvin Kam
20.1 Introduction 269
20.2 Scorecard Methodology 270
20.3 Project Evaluation 272
20.4 Continuous Evaluation 275
20.5 Performance Indicators 276
20.6 Portfolio Evaluation 277
20.7 Country-Level BIM Evaluations 278
20.8 Conclusion 279
Acknowledgments 280
Discussion Questions 280
References 280
Chapter 21 Space: The First (and Final) Frontier of BIM 281
Stephen R Hagan
21.1 Introduction 281
21.2 Historical Perspectives of Space and the Facility Life Cycle 282
21.3 Space, Measurement, and BIM 282
21.4 BIM Spatial Pioneers: Coast Guard and GSA 283
21.5 Project Spatial BIM: Connecting Program to Design, Construction, and Facility Management 288
21.6 Geospatial, Campus-Wide, and Services-Oriented Spatial BIM 289
21.7 Standardizing Spatial BIM: IFMA-BOMA, BISDM, CityGML, and Indoor Navigation 290
21.8 Conclusion 290
Discussion Questions 292
References 292
Chapter 22 Translating Designs for Construction + Operations: The Future of BIM in a World of Material and Energy Scarcity 295
Franca Trubiano
22.1 Buildings, Information, and Modeling 295
22.1.1 The Promise 295
22.1.2 The Critique 296
22.2 The Changing Character of Architectural Representations 297
22.3 Facilitating the Translation from Design to Construction-with Matter 299
22.4 Facilitating the Translation from Design to Operations-with Energy 308
22.5 Conclusion 310
Discussion Questions 311
References 311
Chapter 23 Marx, BIM, and Contemporary Labor 313
Peggy Deamer
23.1 BIM and Work 313
23.2 BIM Managers: What They Are Doing 314
23.2.1 Design versus Technology 314
23.2.2 Networked Tasks 315
23.2.3 Political/Organizational Change 316
23.3 The Enactment of Enlightened Management Theory 317
23.4 Conclusion: Post-Capitalist Architecture 319
Discussion Questions 319
References 319
Part 6 BIM Speculation 321
Chapter 24 Beyond BIM: Next-Generation Building Information Modeling to Support Form, Function, and Use of Buildings 323
Yehuda E. Kalay Davide Schaumann Seung Wan Hong Davide Simeone
24.1 Rationale 323
24.2 The Shortcomings of BIM 325
24.3 Form, Function, Use 327
24.3.1 Form 327
24.3.2 Function 327
24.3.3 Use 328
24.4 Dependencies 329
24.4.1 Form versus Function 329
24.4.2 Form versus Use 330
24.4.3 Function versus Use 330
24.5 Objectives 330
24.6 Methodology 330
24.7 Implementation 331
24.8 Conclusion 334
Acknowledgments 334
Discussion Questions 334
References 334
Chapter 25 Engines of Information: Big Data from Small Buildings 337
Chandler Ahrens Aaron Sprecher
25.1 Introduction 337
25.2 Data to Information 338
25.3 Looking through the Lens of Data 340
25.4 Building an Information Model 342
25.5 The Present Future 343
25.6 IM: Drop the (B) 344
25.7 Information to Knowledge 347
25.8 Conclusion 347
Discussion Questions 347
References 348
Chapter 26 BIM and MetaBIM: Design Narrative and Modeling Building Information 349
Mark Burry
26.1 Background to a Series of Dilemmas 349
26.2 A Case in Point: The Sagrada Família Basilica Sala Creuer 351
26.2.1 Sala Creuer Documentation 351
26.2.2 Project Phases 352
26.3 Creative Digital Workflow as BIM 357
26.4 Watch This Space 360
Acknowledgments 362
Discussion Questions 362
Glossary 363
Author Biographies 373
Index 385
Foreword
BIM IN EDUCATION—TRANSFORMING THE PROFESSION
No one denies that architecture directly addresses crucially important realms, as we are reminded in discussions of sustainability, various forms of public health, and safety. It has a direct role in dealing with human comfort and well-being. It has huge impacts on energy, water and resource needs, and later with refuse. Yet here in the United States, only tertiary attention to the science and systematic development of knowledge in these domains is undertaken by schools of architecture. They rather tend to focus on the composition of form and space as the assemblers and composers of products and technologies. The technologies dealing with resources, energy, and most aspects of well-being generally have been picked up, developed, and applied by other professions, usually within engineering including structural, energy, acoustical, and other types of phenomena. As a result architecture has the primary responsibility for a declining range of issues and decisions within the construction industry. Explanation for this observable trend is liability and risk. Another may be the traditional size of firms offering architectural services. They do not have the scale needed to support this range of services, although consulting firms, often manned with architects, do offer these services. Is this a premonition for the development and use of BIM in architecture? Will it be outsourced to consultants, like CAD services have been, to satisfy contractual requirements? Is it a tool mainly for contractors?
University schools of architecture are the training ground for future architects. How is BIM being accepted in the universities? It was my hope and I think the hopes of other early developers of parametric modeling of buildings—the earlier, more general name of systems before the acronym BIM was conceived—that parametric modeling of buildings would provide the leverage to re-capture the issues dwindling from the profession’s grasp. BIM was thought to facilitate and integrate assessment of functionality, performance, and increasing complexity to give architects better technology to integrate these new aspects into design with those already integrated regarding the more subjective social well-being and aesthetics. It was hoped that future architects would consider all these central issues within the field.
This book serves as an early milestone for examining the status of the BIM endeavor in the universities. From this viewpoint, it can also be used to assess other perspectives dealing with the interaction of social values and technology in design. It offers an implicit review of the relation of architecture to the new technological environment of modern society. With twenty-six chapters by a diverse set of mostly North American authors, the volume offers a good sense of current thinking in universities. To date, the potential uses and impacts of BIM have only been partially explored. What will be the external impacts of new technologies, —for example, having close to infinite computing power available everywhere, with integrated sensors increasingly leading toward smart buildings, and new smart materials, and tablet-based access? How is architecture likely to evolve technology-wise as we move through the twenty-first century?
There are several repeating themes in these chapters. One deals with BIM’s ability to accelerate current design processes, through faster iteration cycles regarding structure, cost, lighting, air flows, costs, schedules, and other assessments, to realize close to real-time feedback. Faster design is not the end goal. By making such feedback quickly, the experiential and systematic development leading to better alternatives and integrating multiple evaluations leads to better design. Tracking the results, the client can see the value added through design, generating better value for the client. Multiple chapters discuss the expected richer set of services the BIM potentially offers building project clients/owner (Bernstein and Jezyk; Kalay, Schaumann, Hong, and Simeone; Trubiano; Goldman and Zarzycki).
Bernstein and Jezyk lay out the evolution path for BIM, based on these analysis/simulation cycles posed by other authors. They point out the changes in design process enabled by tightly coupled design and simulation/analysis, and the potential values and added benefits that can be offered by architecture when increasing dimensions of design are directly viewable and measurable. The question is posed whether the architecture schools will rise to incorporate these ranges of intellectual contribution.
One particular aspect received special attention regarding feedback: energy usage. The chapters by Hemsath, Sanguinetti et al., Yan, and Donn offer methods for integrating both the automatic generation of zonal energy models and feedback for interpreting the many multidimensional data results. A variety of design-supporting feedback options are proposed and prototyped. Energy considerations are not best unitized only at the level of the building; heat islands and energy recovery schemes from high-heat generating buildings suggest that neighborhoods and urban zones provide important unit of analysis and energy system designs. Some of the approaches are reviewed in the chapter by Baird, Ramesh, Johnstone, Lam.
Kalay et al. provides an important critique of current BIM models, regarding their limited ability to represent functional, behavior, comfort and other essential aspects of building space. Their critique suggests several paths for research and innovation. Akin’s chapter lays out a different set of research and development areas, dealing with interoperability and further improving BIM’s basic usability and facilitation of collaboration.
There seems to be broad recognition that architectural design will have an increasingly strong analytical base. There is a professional need to develop market differentiation to support these services. A variety of organizational structures (in-house departments, consultants) will support these knowledge areas.
Another theme is the benefits of customizing BIM tools for special problems, and to provide unique services. While custom design styles and materials is one path (Beorkrem), Burry lays out the need and context for metaBIM, where design innovation leads to the customization of the tool and the designs are co-developed more or less in parallel. The results are outlined in the astounding Sala Creuer above the nave of Sagrada Familia, now being constructed.
Embedding enhanced design expertise is another theme. Sheward and Eastman offer two examples of embedding design expertise into BIM environments: automated conceptual level layout of high-rise building cores and air-handling equipment in laboratory buildings to gain instant feedback of laboratory building layouts from this major energy perspective. The design firm CASE (chapter by Davis and Miller) examines different kinds of analytics applied to BIM models and develops “dashboard” types of feedback for use during design. These include analytics at the design project scale, regarding productivity, number of revisions, and other project data. They develop methods of workflow integration. Other firms are providing similar services. This is a step recognizing, like Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), that processes are crucial determinants in product success.
As a business, architecture provides a service that has been licensed since the early days of the last century. Predominantly composed of small partnerships, the AIA had until recently ethical covenants prohibiting financial involvement in projects, advertising, and delimited the services that could be offered. Only in the last 40 years have these culturally defined limitations been partially removed. Today, architecture has as its core service the production of a set of drawings, sufficient for civic governmental approval (code check) and for construction bidding on the project. The AIA contract forms provide variations on these roles for other forms of project delivery. Bid documents have always been incomplete, with major references to standards of practice, which have been accepted in construction law. BIM addresses many of these issues and in some areas challenges them. They all add to the complexity of fully integrating BIM into current practices. It forces recognition of the design intent level of modeling as distinguished from the means-and-methods level of fabrication models. There is growing recognition that the recognized collaboration benefits of BIM are also reducing the scope of value adding services at the fabrication level. Harfmann’s chapter airs these concerns while also addressing the issue of one BIM versus many (also Johnson and Kensek).
BIM allows addressing new areas of focus. A primary objective of the architectural design is the design and composition of space. Spaces were only represented diagrammatically until recently. Hagan presents an insightful review of the explicit representation of space and the role of GSA in its development. BIM tools still do not facilitate the full modeling of a space with its surfaces fully apparent for review. Krishnamurti, Toulkeridou, and Biswas examine the development of topological structures for representing systems, including circulation systems, in IFC models.
Ahrens and Sprecher describe how the immense potential of sensor data might be used aesthetically as well as analytically to enhance building experience. They rightly point out the uncertainty associated with computational simulations.
Deamer provides a valuable perspective on the role of BIM managers within architectural offices, using information from BIM...
