Fungi
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List of Contributors ix
Preface xi
1 Introduction to Fungal Physiology 1
Graeme M. Walker and Nia A. White
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Morphology of Yeasts and Fungi 2
1.3 Ultrastructure and Function of Fungal Cells 5
1.4 Fungal Nutrition and Cellular Biosyntheses 11
1.5 Fungal Metabolism 22
1.6 Fungal Growth and Reproduction 26
1.7 Conclusion 34
Further Reading 34
2 Fungal Genetics 37
Malcolm Whiteway and Catherine Bachewich
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Fungal Lifecycles 39
2.3 Sexual Analysis: Regulation of Mating 46
2.4 Unique Characteristics of Filamentous Fungi that are Advantageous for Genetic Analysis 51
2.5 Genetics as a Tool 52
2.6 Conclusion 64
Acknowledgment 65
Further Reading 65
3 Fungal Genomics 67
David Fitzpatrick
3.1 Introduction 67
3.2 Genome Sequencing 70
3.3 Bioinformatics Tools 75
3.4 Comparative Genomics 80
3.5 Genomics and the Fungal Tree of Life 84
3.6 Online Fungal Genomic Resources 86
3.7 Conclusion 88
Further Reading 88
4 Fungal Genetics: A Post-Genomic Perspective 91
Brendan Curran and Virginia Bugeja
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 The Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A Cornerstone of Post-Genomic Research 91
4.3 Of -omics and Systems Biology 92
4.4 Genomics 92
4.5 Transcriptomics and Proteomics 102
4.6 Systems Biology 115
4.7 Conclusion 117
Further Reading 117
5 Fungal Proteomics 119
Sean Doyle and Rebecca A. Owens
5.1 Introduction 119
5.2 Protein Isolation and Purification 121
5.3 Electrophoretic Techniques 126
5.4 Protein Mass Spectrometry 129
5.5 Fungal Proteomics 138
5.6 Label-Free Quantitative Proteomic Applications 143
5.7 Specialized Proteomics Applications in Fungal Research 144
5.8 Conclusion 145
Acknowledgments 145
Further Reading 145
6 Fungi as Food 147
Johan Baars
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 The Main Cultivated Mushroom Species 149
6.3 The Main Species of Mushroom Collected in Nature 155
6.4 Nutritional Value of Mushrooms 159
6.5 Potential Medicinal Properties of Mushrooms 165
6.6 Conclusion 166
Further Reading 167
Useful Websites 168
7 Pharmaceutical and Chemical Commodities from Fungi 169
Karina A. Horgan and Richard A. Murphy
7.1 Introduction 169
7.2 Fungal Metabolism 169
7.3 Antibiotic Production 172
7.4 Pharmacologically Active Compounds 178
7.5 Chemical Commodities 184
7.6 Yeast Extracts 194
7.7 Enriched Yeast 196
7.8 Conclusion 198
Further Reading 198
8 Biotechnological Use of Fungal Enzymes 201
Shauna M. McKelvey and Richard A. Murphy
8.1 Introduction 201
8.2 Enzymes in Industry 202
8.3 Current Enzyme Applications 202
8.4 Enzymes and Sustainability 208
8.5 Future Direction of Industrial Enzymes 208
8.6 Applications of Specific Fungal Enzymes 208
8.7 Enzyme Production Strategies 223
8.8 Conclusion 224
Further Reading 225
9 Biotechnological Exploitation of Heterologous Protein Production in Fungi 227
Brendan Curran and Virginia Bugeja
9.1 Introduction 227
9.2 Heterologous Protein Expression in Fungi 228
9.3 Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Heterologous Protein Production 232
9.4 Use of Pichia pastoris for Heterologous Protein Production 238
9.5 Case Study: Hepatitis B Vaccine - A Billion-Dollar Heterologous Protein from Yeast 240
9.6 Further Biotechnological Applications of Expression Technology 244
9.7 Conclusion 248
Further Reading 249
10 Fungal Infections of Humans 251
Derek J. Sullivan, Gary P. Moran, and David C. Coleman
10.1 Introduction 251
10.2 Superficial Mycoses 252
10.3 Opportunistic Mycoses 254
10.4 Endemic Systemic Mycoses 268
10.5 Mycotoxicoses 270
10.6 Conclusion 271
Further Reading 272
Useful Websites 273
11 Immunity to Human Fungal Infections 275
Mawieh Hamad, Mohammad G. Mohammad, and Khaled H. Abu-Elteen
11.1 Introduction 275
11.2 Compromised Immunity Increases Host Susceptibility to Fungal Infections 276
11.3 Shaping of the Antifungal Immune Response 277
11.4 Paradigm Shifts in Antifungal Immunity 281
11.5 Anatomy of the Antifungal Immune Response 283
11.6 The Role of DCs in Antifungal Immunity 288
11.7 Adaptive Immunity to Fungal Infections 290
11.8 Immunity to Dermatophytes 295
11.9 Evasion of Host Immunity by Fungal Pathogens 297
11.10 Conclusion 297
Further Reading 298
12 Antifungal Agents for Use in Human Therapy 299
Khaled H. Abu-Elteen and Mawieh Hamad
12.1 Introduction 299
12.2 Drugs Targeting the Plasma Membrane 303
12.3 Drugs Targeting the Cell Wall 319
12.4 Drugs Targeting Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis 323
12.5 Novel Therapies 327
12.6 Conclusion 331
Further Reading 331
13 Fungi in the Environment 333
Richard O'Hanlon
13.1 Introduction 333
13.2 Macrofungi, Mushrooms, and Sporocarps 334
13.3 Symbiotic Fungi 336
13.4 Saprobic Fungi 339
13.5 Parasitic Fungi 341
13.6 Fungi in Food Webs 342
13.7 Fungi and Nutrient Cycling 344
13.8 Quantifying Fungi in the Environment 346
13.9 Conclusion 352
Further Reading 353
14 Fungal Pathogens of Plants 355
Fiona Doohan and Binbin Zhou
14.1 Introduction 355
14.2 Disease Symptoms 356
14.3 Factors Influencing Disease Development 356
14.4 The Disease Cycle 361
14.5 Genetics of the Plant-Fungal Pathogen Interaction 363
14.6 Mechanisms of Fungal Plant Parasitism 363
14.7 Mechanisms of Host Defense 367
14.8 Disease Control 369
14.9 Disease Detection and Diagnosis 373
14.10 Vascular Wilt Diseases 374
14.11 Blights 378
14.12 Rots and Damping-Off Diseases 380
14.13 Leaf and Stem Spots, Anthracnose, and Scabs 382
14.14 Rusts, Smuts, and Powdery Mildew Diseases 383
14.15 Global Repercussions of Fungal Diseases of Plants 384
14.16 Conclusion 385
Acknowledgments 386
Further Reading 386
Index 389
