
Instability in the Middle East
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Content
- Cover
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION: CHRONIC INSTABILITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST
- Modernisation as the cause of instability in the Middle East - too slow or too fast?
- Creating an alternative theoretical model: uneven modernisation and its context
- A new theoretical model of modernisation in the Middle East
- Four possible macro comparisons of the Middle Eastern pattern of modernisation
- Operationalisation of the model of uneven modernisation and sources of empirical data
- From the macro-level of structures to the micro-level of actors and their actions: mechanisms of destabilisation
- Methodological, terminological and personal observations
- POLITICAL MODERNISATION: WEAK AND AUTHORITARIAN STATES
- Frozen political modernisation in an international comparison: the democratic deficit
- Regional comparison: the democratic deficit of Middle Eastern regimes
- The second dimension of political modernisation: a weak state and a governance deficit
- The character of Middle East regimes and the character of political repertoires of contention
- Political regimes and political repertoires: a weak authoritarian state, revolution and terrorism
- (1) The birth of political actors: mass political participation and rigid political systems
- (2) The discrepancy between preferences and reality: the desire for democracy, prosperity and conservative morals
- (3) The discrediting of unscrupulous dictators, the invention of tradition and the moralising drive of Islam
- (5) The current conflict as a continuation of history
- (6) The decline of secular doctrines: an ideological vacuum and Islam as an alternative
- (7) The chronic crisis of the legitimacy of regimes: the career of Middle Eastern ideologies
- (8) The turn to religion: official Islam and the risky strategy of regimes
- (9) Domesticated clerics and the decline of the traditional religious authorities
- (10) Oil rent, the power pyramid and the socio-economic alienation of regimes
- (11) The cultural alienation of westernised regimes: cultural decolonisation
- (12) Clientelism and the alienation of the regime from the rest of the population
- (13) Military clientele: co-opting of the army, polarisation of society
- (14) Terrorism as the continuation of politics by other means
- ECONOMIC MODERNISATION: VOLATILE AND DISTORTED
- Oil rent and distorted economic development: the Dutch disease
- International comparison: the Middle East and other macroregions
- Regional comparison of Middle Eastern countries: a two-speed region
- Rapid economic development as a possible factor in political destabilisation
- The model's application to the post-colonial Arab world: oil rent versus neoliberal reforms
- The international context: the food crisis and political destabilisation
- POPULATION EXPLOSION: THE MIDDLE EAST AND ITS ABANDONED YOUNG PEOPLE
- International comparison: the Middle East and other world macroregions
- Regional comparison: a comparison of Middle Eastern countries
- Young people caught in the trap of uneven modernisation: divergence in the rate of demographic, economic and political change
- A historical comparison of the demographic revolution: Europe past and the Middle East present
- (1) Rebellious youth: identity crisis, intergenerational conflict and adolescence
- (2) The leisure of the "Arab street": a blessing or a curse?
- (3) The attitudes and aspirations of young people on the eve of revolution: the conflict between hopes and reality
- (4) A lost generation: the population dynamic versus a collapsing labour market
- (5) Demographic marginalisation and the marriage crisis
- (6) The generational alienation of the power elite: the old cadres versus the young population
- (7) The uneven population growth of different groups within a heterogeneous state
- THE MEDIA REVOLUTION: THE MIDDLE EAST AS A RELIGIOUS MARKETPLACE
- The media revolution: an international and regional comparison
- The media revolution: a historical comparison. Modernisation in the era of the global village
- (1) The birth of public opinion: the masses discover politics
- (2) The mobilisation and coordination of collective action: the case of the Arab Spring
- (3) A shrinking world I: consumer aspirations and the revolution of growing expectations
- (4) A shrinking world II: visible domestic inequality
- (5) A shrinking world III: the Turkish model and other reference countries
- (6) The shrinking Arab world: the democratising effect of Al-Jazeera and the revolutionary domino
- (7) The media at the service of opposition political Islam
- (8) The religious market and the erosion of traditional authorities: the struggle over how to interpret Islam
- (9) Pluralism and fundamentalism
- THE EXPANSION OF EDUCATION: THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE "LUMPENINTELLIGENTSIA"
- The development of education: an international comparison
- Regional comparison of the development of education in Middle Eastern countries
- (1) Educational problems: poor quality and growing inequality as evidence of the failure of regimes
- (2) The awakening of political awareness and the failing Middle Eastern panopticon
- (3) The boomerang effect of religious education: the Islamic revival and a culture of interpretation
- (4) Secondary school political chemistry: the reaction of disgruntled teachers and students
- (5) Universities as centres of opposition
- (6) The battle over the interpretation of Islam: the loss of the monopoly of traditional authorities and the arrival of new interpreters
- (7) Counter-productive reactions on the part of regimes: I speak in the name of Islam - I have power
- (8) The westernised mindset and the creolisation of Islam: Western ideology and the invention of tradition
- (9) Growth in aspirations and the unemployed "lumpen-intelligentsia"
- (10) The alienation and radicalisation of the intelligentsia
- THE BOOM IN MEGACITIES: A WHIRLWIND OF URBANISATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST
- Urbanisation Middle Eastern-style: international and historical comparison
- Urbanisation and uneven modernisation
- Urbanisation and (non)secularisation: European past, Middle Eastern present
- (1) Unmanageable urbanisation: discredited regimes and their doctrine of development
- (2) Spatial concentration: the potential for political agitation, organisation and mobilisation
- (3) Urban unemployment: voluntary simplicity instead of revolution?
- (4) Shrinking of the social world: visible inequality and the resistance of socially sensitive Islam
- (5) Urban and rural poverty: new reference groups, new aspirations
- (6) Islamic charity and civil society: the urban middle classes and the poor as clients
- (7) The crisis of the overburdened urbanised family: the conservative reaction
- (8) A threatening urban environment and Islamic feminism
- (9) Intergenerational alienation: the decline in the authority of rural parents and the search for surrogates
- (10) Radicalisation of the second and third generation of migrants
- (11) The city as the modern jahiliyyah: the epitome of moral turpitude
- (12) The traditional bipolarity of urban and rural Islam: a disturbed balance
- (13) Peasants into Islamists: socialising functions and surrogate rural communities
- (14) From folk to political Islam: ideological functions and an orientation for the disoriented
- CONCLUSION
- Four macro-comparisons of modernisation patterns and chronic instability in the Middle East
- Mechanisms of destabilisation: from macro to micro, from structures to actors
- REFERENCES
- LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
- INDEX
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