Sustainable Development Practices Using Geoinformatics
Description
Over the last few years, the stress on natural resources has increased enormously due to anthropogenic activities especially through urbanization and industrialization processes. Sustainable development while protecting the Earth's environment involves the best possible management of natural resources, subject to the availability of reliable, accurate and timely information on regional and global scales. There is an increasing demand for an interdisciplinary approach and sound knowledge on each specific resource, as well as on the ecological and socio-economic perspectives related to their use.
Geoinformatics, including Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS), and Global Positioning System (GPS), is a groundbreaking and advanced technology for acquiring information required for natural resource management and addressing the concerns related to sustainable development. It offers a powerful and proficient tool for mapping, monitoring, modeling, and management of natural resources. There is, however, a lack of studies in understanding the core science and research elements of geoinformatics, as well as larger issues of scaling to use geoinformatics in sustainable development and management practices of natural resources. There is also a fundamental gap between the theoretical concepts and the operational use of these advance techniques.
Sustainable Development Practices Using Geoinformatics, written by well-known academicians, experts and researchers provides answers to these problems, offering the engineer, scientist, or student the most thorough, comprehensive, and practical coverage of this subject available today, a must-have for any library.
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Persons
Shruti Kanga, PhD, is an associate professor and coordinator at the Centre for Climate Change and Water Research, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India. She has experience teaching at several universities and working in industry in the areas of land management and resource development. She has several articles in scientific journals and a few books to her credit as an author. She is presently on the reviewer panel for several research journals, and she is supervising several PhD students on their dissertations.
Varun Narayan Mishra, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Centre for Climate Change and Water Research, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India. He has published around 40 research papers in various reputed international peer-reviewed journals and is a reviewer of several reputed international journals.
Suraj Kumar Singh, PhD, is an associate professor and coordinator at the Centre for Sustainable Development, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India. He has published various research papers in national and international journals and participated and organized international conferences, workshops, symposiums, and webinars. He is presently on the reviewer panel for several research journals, and he is supervising several PhD students on their dissertations.
Content
Preface xv
Acknowledgement xxi
1 The Impact of Rapid Urbanization on Vegetation Cover and Land Surface Temperature in Barasat Municipal Area 1
Aniruddha Debnath, Ritesh Kumar, Taniya Singh and Ravindra Prawasi
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Study Area 4
1.3 Datasets and Methodology 4
1.3.1 Datasets 4
1.3.2 Methodology 4
1.4 Results and Discussion 7
1.4.1 Pattern of LULC in Barasat 8
1.4.2 Urban Sprawl 9
1.4.3 Impact of Urban Sprawl on Vegetation Cover 10
1.4.4 Impact of Urban Sprawl on LST 11
1.4.5 Relationship Between NDVI and LST 12
1.4.6 Urban Heat Island 12
1.5 Conclusion 16
Acknowledgement 19
References 19
2 Geo-Environmental Hazard Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Over South Karanpura Coalfield Region of India 23
Akshay Kumar, Shashank Shekhar, Anamika Shalini Tirkey and Akhouri Pramod Krishna
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Study Area 26
2.3 Methodology and Data Used 28
2.4 Result and Discussion 30
2.4.1 Thematic Layers of GHI 30
2.4.1.1 AOT, PWV, and Temperature 30
2.4.1.2 Land Use/Land Cover 32
2.4.2 Thematic Layers of SVI 33
2.4.2.1 Population Density 34
2.4.2.2 Total Worker 36
2.4.2.3 Children Age Group (0-6 years) (CAG) 36
2.4.2.4 Literacy Rate 36
2.4.3 Geo-Environmental Hazard and Socio-Economic Vulnerability Assessment 37
2.4.3.1 Geo-Environmental Hazard Index 37
2.4.3.2 Socio-Economic Vulnerability Index 39
2.4.4 CMRI Assessment 39
2.5 Conclusion 41
References 42
Appendix: List of Abbreviations 44
3 Bistatic Scatterometer Measurements for Soil Moisture Estimation Using Grid Partition-Based Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System at L-Band 47
Ajeet Kumar Vishwakarma and Rajendra Prasad
3.1 Introduction 48
3.2 Methods and Materials 49
3.2.1 Bistatic Scatterometer System 49
3.2.2 Measurement of Soil Moisture Content 49
3.2.3 Methods 51
3.2.3.1 G-ANFIS 51
3.3 Result and Discussions 51
3.4 Conclusions 53
References 54
4 Morphometric Analysis of Tapi Drainage Basin Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 57
Pavankumar Giri, Pranaya Diwate and Yadao Kumar Mawale
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Study Area 58
4.3 Methodology 59
4.4 Results and Discussion 60
4.4.1 Morphometric Analysis of Basin 60
4.4.1.1 Linear Aspect 60
4.4.1.2 Relief Aspects 64
4.4.1.3 Aerial Aspects 65
4.5 Conclusion 69
Acknowledgments 70
References 70
5 Efficacy of GOSAT Data for Global Distribution of CO2 Emission 73
Laxmi Kant Sharma and Rajani Kant Verma
5.1 Introduction 73
5.2 Monitoring of Greenhouse Gases From Space 74
5.3 GOSAT Satellite 74
5.3.1 Sensors Description of GOSAT 75
5.4 Methodology 75
5.5 Results and Discussion 80
5.6 Conclusion 83
References 83
6 Development of a Smart Village Through Micro-Level Planning Using Geospatial Techniques-A Case Study of Jangal Aurahi Village of Gorakhpur District 85
Swati Pandey and Gaurav Tripathi
6.1 Introduction 86
6.2 Study Area 87
6.3 Data Used and Methodology 87
6.3.1 Satellite Data 89
6.3.2 Cadastral Data 89
6.3.3 Ground Truth Data 89
6.3.4 Survey of India Toposheet 89
6.3.5 Methodology 89
6.4 Result and Discussion 98
6.4.1 Action Plan Map 98
6.4.1.1 Soil Resources Action Plan 99
6.4.1.2 Water Resources Action Plan 100
6.4.1.3 Action Plan for Waste Water Management 102
6.4.1.4 Action Plan Solid Waste Management 102
6.4.1.5 Action Plan for Land Use Management 103
6.5 Conclusion 105
References 107
7 Land Appraisal for the Growth of Potato Cultivation: A Study of Sagar Island, India 111
Sabir Hossain Molla, Rukhsana and Asraful Alam
7.1 Introduction 112
7.2 Study Area 113
7.3 Materials and Method 115
7.3.1 Data Source 115
7.3.2 Generation of Different Thematic Layers for Land Suitability Evaluation of Potato Cultivation 116
7.3.3 Assigning Weight of Parameters and MCE 117
7.3.4 Generation of Land Suitability Map (LSM) and Overlaid With LULC Map 120
7.4 Results and Discussion 121
7.4.1 Determination of Suitable Zones for Potato Cultivation at Different Land Suitability Parameters 121
7.4.2 Suitability Map 122
7.5 Conclusions 124
References 124
8 Landslide Vulnerability Mapping Using Geospatial Technology 127
Saravanan Kothandaraman, Dinagarapandi Pandi and Mohan Kuppusamy
8.1 Introduction 128
8.2 Study Area 130
8.3 Materials and Methods 132
8.4 Summary 137
References 137
9 Assessment of Impacts of Coal Mining-Induced Subsidence on Native Flora and Native Forest Land: A Brief Review 141
Ashish Kumar Vishwakarma, Rajesh Rai, Ashwani Kumar Sonkar, Tusarkanta Behera and Bal Krishna Shrivastva
9.1 Introduction 142
9.2 Material and Methods 144
9.2.1 Impacts of Subsidence on Forest Lands 144
9.2.2 Impacts on the Health of Native Floras 145
9.2.3 Impacts on Soil Functions 147
9.3 Conclusions 149
References 149
10 Application of GI Science in Morphometric Analysis: A Case Study of the Gomati River Watershed in District Bageshwar, Uttarakhand 153
Anand Kumar and Upasana Choudhury
10.1 Introduction 153
10.2 Study Area 155
10.3 Materials and Methodology 156
10.3.1 Extraction of the Gomati River Basin 156
10.4 Results and Discussion 160
10.4.1 Aspect 160
10.4.2 Slope 161
10.4.3 Linear Aspect 161
10.4.3.1 Stream Order (Sµ) 162
10.4.3.2 Stream Number 162
10.4.3.3 Stream Length 163
10.4.3.4 Mean Stream Length 163
10.4.3.5 Stream Length Ratio 163
10.4.3.6 Bifurcation Ratio 163
10.4.4 Aerial Aspect 163
10.4.4.1 Basin Area 164
10.4.4.2 Drainage Density 164
10.4.4.3 Drainage Frequency 164
10.4.4.4 Drainage Texture 164
10.4.4.5 Form Factor Ratio 165
10.4.4.6 Elongation Ratio 165
10.4.4.7 Circulatory Ratio 166
10.4.5 Relief Aspects 166
10.4.5.1 Basin Relief 166
10.4.5.2 Relief Ratio 166
10.5 Conclusion 167
References 167
11 Water Audit: Sustainable Strategy for Water Resource Assessment and Gap Analysis 169
Kirti Avishek, Mala Kumari, Pranav Dev Singh and Kanchan Lakra
11.1 Introduction 169
11.2 Material and Methodology 172
11.2.1 Pre-Audit Phase 172
11.2.2 Audit Phase 172
11.2.2.1 Population Estimation of BIT Campus 172
11.2.2.2 Water Source Identification 172
11.2.2.3 Water Demand Assessment 172
11.2.2.4 Gap assessment 175
11.2.3 Post-Audit Phase 175
11.3 Result 175
11.3.1 Water Demand Assessment 175
11.3.2 Water Audit Report and Analysis 176
11.3.2.1 Water Audit of Hostel No. 9 176
11.3.2.2 Water Audit for Hostel 8 181
11.4 Conclusions 181
References 182
12 Multi-Temporal Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Change Analysis Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques of Durg Block, Durg District, Chhattisgarh, India 185
Jai Prakash Koshale and Chanchal Singh
12.1 Introduction 186
12.2 Study Area 187
12.3 Materials and Methods 189
12.3.1 Data Acquisition 189
12.3.2 Software Used 189
12.3.3 Methodology 189
12.4 Result and Discussion 191
12.4.1 LULC Statistics of October 2005 (Post-Monsoon) 191
12.4.2 LULC Statistics of October 2016 (Post-Monsoon) 192
12.4.3 LULC Changes Between October 2005 and October 2016 (Post-Monsoon) 195
12.4.4 LULC Statistics of February 2006 (Pre-Monsoon) 199
12.4.5 LULC Statistics of February 2017 (Pre-Monsoon) 199
12.4.6 LULC Changes Between February 2006 and February 2017 (Pre-Monsoon) 200
12.5 Conclusion 201
Acknowledgment 202
References 202
13 Climate Vulnerability and Adaption Assessment in Bundelkhand Region, India 205
Prem Prakash and Prabuddh Kumar Mishra
13.1 Introduction 206
13.1.1 Climate Change and Vulnerability Assessment 206
13.1.2 LVI for Bundelkhand Region 208
13.2 Conclusion 213
References 213
14 Suitable Zone for Sustainable Ground Water Assessment in Dhanbad Block, Jharkhand, India 215
Raghib Raza
14.1 Introduction 216
14.2 Study Area 217
14.2.1 Slope 217
14.2.2 Ground Water Label 218
14.2.3 LU/LC Mapping 219
14.2.4 Geology Features 220
14.2.5 Soil 221
14.3 Methodology 222
14.3.1 Overlay Analysis to Find Groundwater Potential Zone 223
14.4 Results 223
14.5 Conclusions 226
References 227
15 Detecting Land Use/Land Cover Change of East and West Kamrup Division of Assam Using Geospatial Techniques 229
Upasana Choudhury and Anand Kumar
15.1 Introduction 229
15.2 Study Area 232
15.3 Materials and Methodology 232
15.4 Results and Discussion 232
15.4.1 Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics and Change Analysis 232
15.4.2 The Change Matrix Cross Tabulation 235
15.4.3 Classification Accuracy Assessment 236
15.5 Conclusion 236
References 241
16 Climate Resilient Housing-An Alternate Option to Cope with Natural Disasters: A Study in Fani Cyclonic Storm Affected Areas of Odisha 243
Kiran Jalem and Subrat Kumar Mishra
16.1 Introduction 244
16.2 Study Area and Methodology 245
16.3 Discussion 250
16.3.1 Climate Resilient Housing in the Fani Affected Districts 250
16.4 Policy Recommendation 251
References 252
17 Role of Geo-Informatics in Natural Resource Management During Disasters: A Case Study of Gujarat Floods, 2017 253
Ritambhara K. Upadhyay, Sandeep Pandey and Gaurav Tripathi
17.1 Background 253
17.1.1 Understanding Disasters: Natural and Anthropogenic 253
17.1.2 Disaster-Risk Reduction 255
17.1.3 Disaster Preparedness 256
17.1.4 Disaster Management 257
17.1.5 Role of Geo-Informatics in Disaster Management 258
17.1.6 Structural Measures of Flood Risk Management 259
17.1.6.1 Dams 260
17.1.6.2 Levee and Levee Overtopping 260
17.1.6.3 Flood Diversion 261
17.1.6.4 Transverse Dikes 261
17.1.6.5 Water Traps 261
17.1.6.6 Watershed and Afforestation 261
17.1.7 Non-Structural Measures of Flood Risk Management 262
17.1.7.1 Non-Structural Measures 262
17.1.7.2 Flood Plain Zoning 263
17.1.7.3 Flood Forecasting 263
17.1.7.4 Flood Plain Development 264
17.1.7.5 Flood Insurance 264
17.1.7.6 Flood Proofing 265
17.1.7.7 Catchment Management 265
17.2 Flood Preparedness Measures 266
17.3 Flood Response Measures 268
17.3.1 Components of Flood Response 268
17.3.1.1 Estimation of Severity of Flood 269
17.3.1.2 Emergency Search and Rescue 269
17.3.1.3 Emergency Relief 269
17.3.1.4 Incident Response System 270
17.3.1.5 Control Room Set-Up 271
17.3.1.6 Model Action Plan 271
17.3.1.7 Community-Based Disaster Preparedness and Response 272
17.3.1.8 Emergency Logistics and Equipment 272
17.3.1.9 Emergency Medical Response 272
17.3.1.10 State Disaster Response Force 273
17.4 Gujarat Flood Case Study 2017 274
17.5 Preparedness Measures by State Government 278
17.6 Media Handling 278
17.7 Rescue Operation 279
17.8 Relief Work 279
17.9 Speedy Restoration of Essential Services 280
17.10 Use of Drones-New Initiative Adopted 281
References 281
18 Environmental Impacts by the Clustering of Rice Mills, Ernakulam District, Kerala State 283
L. Vineetha and T.S. Lancelet
18.1 Introduction 284
18.2 Environmental Pollution and Rice Processing Industries 284
18.3 Study Area 285
18.4 Methodology and Review of Literature 286
18.5 Spatial Distribution of Rice Mill Clustering 287
18.6 Parboiling Process and Characteristics of Rice Mill Effluents 292
18.7 Description of Rice Mills Taken for Assessing the Impact on Environment 292
18.8 First Model Cluster 292
18.9 Overutilization of Groundwater Resources 292
18.10 Physio-Chemical Analysis of Rice Mill Effluent From Second Model Cluster 293
18.10.1 pH Value 294
18.10.2 Color (Hazen) 296
18.10.3 Total Dissolved Solids/TSSs 296
18.10.4 Chloride and Sulphate 297
18.10.5 Potassium 297
18.10.6 Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand 297
18.10.7 Chemical Oxygen Demand 297
18.11 Conclusion 298
References 298
19 GIS-Based Investigation of Topography, Watershed, and Hydrological Parameters of Wainganga River Basin, Central India 301
Nanabhau Santujee Kudnar
19.1 Introduction 302
19.2 Study Area 303
19.3 Methodology 303
19.4 Results and Discussions 305
19.4.1 Physiographical Regions Area 305
19.4.2 Absolute Relief 305
19.4.3 Digital Elevation Model 306
19.4.4 The WRB Catchment Area 308
19.4.5 Land Use Pattern 310
19.4.6 Hydrology 311
19.4.6.1 Inflows 313
19.4.6.2 Rainfall-Runoff Modeling 313
19.5 Conclusion 315
Abbreviations 315
References 316
Index 319
Preface
The sustainable development refers to the qualitative and quantitative stability in the use of natural resources. It involves equilibrium between anthropogenic activities as influenced by social activities, acquired knowledge, applied technology, and food production. Sustainability attempts to address the issues such as resource degradation, deforestation, ecosystem loss, and environmental deterioration from global to local scale. The sustainable use and management of essential natural resources cannot be done without considering the direct and indirect impacts of human. It is required to apply an interdisciplinary approach in order to ensure long-term conservation of natural resources and its sustainable use at ecological and socioeconomic perspectives.
Geoinformatics, including Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS), and Global Positioning System (GPS), has tremendous potential to effectively monitor the natural resources and addressing the concerns related to sustainable development and planning of society. RS is a quick and cost-effective technique to measure the location and spectral properties of earth surface features in comparison to traditional ground-based surveying. It provides reliable geospatial information for comprehensive sustainable development plans, policy making, and decision. GIS is a computer-based system used to digitize remotely sensed data matched with various ground-truth data, which are geo-coded using a GPS. It is able to manipulate, analyze, and display spatial database. Applications of Geoinformatics include land use change and planning, agriculture and soil, water resource management, forest resource mapping and management, glacier mapping and monitoring, climate change, disaster management, and many more.
Sustainable applications of Geoinformatics have become more essential in understanding various characteristics of Earth surfaces with the launch of Landsat mission in the 1970s. Many studies of direct relevance to the sustainable development and management have been reported. However, few studies have been reported using the harmonized approach of core science and research basics, as there are larger concerns of capacity building to use Geoinformatics in sustainable development practices and management. This could be overcome by taking the advantages of Geoinformatics into consideration to the scientific and research communities. The book entitled "Sustainable Development Practices Using Geoinformatics" contains chapters written by well-known researchers, academicians, and experts. The potential readers of this book are scientists, environmentalists, ecologists, policy makers, administrators, university students, urban planners, land managers, and professionals working in the field of sustainable development and management of natural resources.
In Chapter 1, multi-temporal Landsat images are used to investigate the change in variability of surface temperature in the Barasat municipal area, West Bengal, India. A correlation analysis is performed between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST) to show the urban growth and its pattern and trend in relation to surface temperature variation. This study is very useful for investigating the changes in environmental condition due to human activity in an urban area.
In Chapter 2, attempts are made to estimate the geo-environmental hazards and risks in South Karanpura Coalfield region using information on land use/land cover (LU/LC), aerosol optical thickness (AOT), precipitable water vapor (PWV), and temperature conditions integrated with socio-economic vulnerability using Geoinformatics approach. Most of the risk-prone zones are found to present in the vicinity of industry and mining areas with higher population density. This study provides a basis to allocate resources for risk mitigation, improve community preparedness, and prepare cost-effective emergency planning.
In Chapter 3, a co-polarized radar system is investigated for the estimation of soil moisture along specular direction. The data are collected by indigenously designed ground-based scatterometer system for 20°-60° incidence angles at steps of 10° in the specular direction for HH- and VV-polarizations at L-band. In this study, a hybrid machine learning algorithm combined with fuzzy inference system and artificial neural network called neuro-fuzzy inference system were evaluated for the estimation of soil moisture. The performance index Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) was used to evaluate the estimation efficiency of the algorithm. This study is very useful for accurate and timely soil moisture estimation for agricultural practices.
In Chapter 4, a study is conducted for detailed morphometric analysis of Tapi basin using Geographic Information System (GIS) technique. Different morphometric parameters analyzed, viz., stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, relief ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, texture ratio, form factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio, etc., are calculated. The stream order of the basin is mainly controlled by lithological and physiographic conditions of the area. The present study will be helpful for sustainable water resource management and agricultural applications.
In Chapter 5, the demand for fossil fuels is increasing speedily with the rapid population growth and development. It is a leading factor of greenhouse gases emission, global warming, and climate change. There are some satellites are available to monitor the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere. This chapter described the importance and capacity of GOSAT satellite to observe and monitor the global distribution of carbon dioxide (CO2). The kriging method is applied to analyze the global distribution of CO2 during 2009 to 2020 for the months of December, January, February, and March.
In Chapter 6, a study is performed for micro-level planning and development of natural resources available in Jangal Aurahi village, Gorakhpur district, using high resolution satellite images like CARTOSAT-I, LISS IV merged, and DEIMOS. The basic objectives are to map, monitor, and manage existing resources, facilities, and infrastructures of a village. This kind of study will be very useful for the decision makers and planners to prepare the action plans for all the resources available within the rural area
In Chapter 7, land suitability evaluation has been performed for potato crop in the Sagar Island using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) and Analytical Hierarch Process (AHP) methods. To find out more accurate suitability for potato crops, the derived suitability zones for the have been veteran by compared criteria-based suitability map and present land-use map using weighted sum overlay techniques in spatial analysis method. The techniques employed in this study provide valuable information that could be utilized by farmers to choose the suitable cultivation areas for potatoes at local level.
In Chapter 8, a geospatial technology assisted overlay and index approach is applied to derive a landslide susceptibility zonation map for Western Ghats, India. Different thematic layers responsible for landslide are developed in GIS platform. The sub-class weightage indexes are feed in to the respective thematic layer in the GIS platform to generate landslide vulnerability zonation map into very low, low, moderate, high, and very high categories. An accurate spatial mapping of landslide vulnerability is important for disaster mitigation and regional planning.
In Chapter 9, the underground mining activities may have devastating effect on the forest land and its soil. This chapter provided the review of existing information of the subsidence impacts on forest lands. It showed that there are reasonably impacts on the topography, hydrology, and soil properties of the area. These multiple impacts need to be considered at local level with particular concern to the interaction of subsidence disturbances with the forest ecosystems. This work can be useful to suggest appropriate adaptation strategies during subsidence for the suitable sustenance of healthy forest environments.
In Chapter 10, an approach based on GI Science is demonstrated for Morphometric analysis of Gomati watershed from the lesser Himalaya terrain in district Bageshwar, Uttarakhand. Several morphometric parameters are calculated and analyzed. The drainage density for Gomati river basin is found to be 0.81 km/km2 which show the high runoff in the channels. The methods utilized in this study will be helpful for the planners and decision makers in the development and management of the basin.
In Chapter 11, water is an essential natural resource for human being. The adequate supply of water is of highest importance for survival. In this paper, water audit has been attempted for the campus of Birla institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi with case studies of two hostels. The water audit is assessed lobby wise to conclude the gaps. Water harvesting potentials was assessed for the study area, and recommendations were made for water management and planning.
In Chapter 12, this study is conducted to analyze LULC changes during the period of 2006 to 2017 in Durg block of Chhattisgarh state, India using multi-temporal Landsat satellite imageries. Thematic layers and maps for the year of 2005 and 2016 (post-monsoon) and 2006 and 2017 (pre-monsoon) are prepared. A map is generated for LULC change analysis with the help of the intersection tool. The LULC categories showed changing patterns during the period. This type of study can be very useful for policy...
