List of Contributors xv

Preface xxi

Acknowledgments xxiii

Part I The Basic Principle and Fundamentals of Photosynthesis-Assisted Power Generation 1

1 Introduction to Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Photosynthesis-Assisted Power Generation 3
Nancy González Gamboa

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Electron Transfer Mechanism 4

1.3 Photosynthesis in the Electron Transfer Mechanism 8

1.4 Technologies In Which the Photosynthesis Process Can Be Applied for Energy Generation 12

1.5 Future Vision of the Use of Photosynthesis in Energy Generation 15

1.6 Conclusion 17

2 Role of Functional Materials Involved in the Photosynthesis-Assisted Power Generation 21
Manoj K. Srinivasan, Pratima B. Jayarm, Ravichandiran Ragunath, Briska Jifrina Premnath, Nalini Namasivayam, and Sathish-Kumar Kamaraj

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Plant-Mediated Microbial Fuel Cells 23

2.3 Applications of PMFC technology 27

2.4 Development of Electrodes and Membranes for Plant Microbial Fuel Cells 28

2.5 Challenges and Future Perspective 41

2.6 Conclusion 42

3 An Overview of the Non-noble Electrocatalysts as Air Cathodes in Biocells 57
Omar Francisco G. Vazquez and Ma. Del Rosario M. Virgen

3.1 Introduction 57

3.2 Operation and Structure of the Aerated Cathode 59

3.3 Importance of Materials in the Construction of Catalytic Electrodes for Hydrogen Reduction 62

3.4 Disadvantages of Noble Metal Electrocatalysts 63

3.5 Synthesis of Non-noble Electrocatalysts and Their Performance 65

3.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 70

4 Configurations of Plant-Based Microbial Fuel Cell System and Its Impact on Power Density 77
Mohnish M. Borker

4.1 Introduction 77

4.2 Operating Principle 78

4.3 PMFC Configurations 79

4.4 Cylindrical PMFC 82

4.5 Conclusion 85

5 The Critical Impact of Photosynthetic Pathway of Plants on the Performance of PMFC 87
Julio C. Gómora-Hernández, Nicolas Flores-Álamo, L.A. Díaz-Colín, S. Ventura-Cruz, and Miriam J. Jiménez-Cedillo

5.1 Introduction 87

5.2 Brief History of PMFC 89

5.3 Conformation of Conventional PMFC, Electrode Materials, and Basic Elements 90

5.4 Bacterial Community 92

5.5 Rhizodeposition Process and Photosynthetic Pathways 94

5.6 The Role of C3, C4, and CAM Plants in PMFC 97

5.7 The Role of Wetland and Drought-resistant Plants in PMFC 109

5.8 Trends and Future Perspectives 110

5.9 Conclusions 111

Part II The Diversity of Photosynthesis-Assisted Power Generation 125

6 Insights on Algae-based Microbial Fuel Cells 127
Nivedha Jayaseelan, Vennila Lakshmanan, Kanimozhi Kaliyamoorthi, Olikkavi Subashchandrabose, Tani Carmel Raj, and Sathish-Kumar Kamaraj

6.1 Introduction 127

6.2 Algae-based Microbial Fuel Cells (AMFCs) 129

6.3 The Implementation of Algae in MFCs 132

6.4 The Wastewater Treatment Using Algae-assisted MFCs (AMFCs) 137

6.5 Photosynthetic Algae Microbial Fuel Cell (PAMFC) 140

6.6 Conclusion 143

7 An Overview of Photosynthetic Bacteria-Based Microbial Fuel Cells 153
Kuppurangan Gunaseelan, Moogambigai Sugumar, and Selvaraj Gajalakshmi

7.1 Introduction 153

7.2 Ecology, Metabolism, and Extracellular Electron Transport in OPB and APB 155

7.3 Advantages of the APB over Algae and Cyanobacteria 162

7.4 Optimization of Light Source for Sustainable Electricity Production 163

7.5 Governing Factors and Bottlenecks of Photosynthetic Bacteria-Based Microbial Fuel Cells 167

7.6 Conclusion 168

8 The Development of Bryophyte Microbial Fuel Cell Systems 177
Iryna Rusyn, Wilgince Apollon, and Soumya Ghosh

8.1 Introduction 177

8.2 Moss-Driven Microbial Fuel Cells 180

8.3 ²ndoor Application of Moss-PMFC 184

8.4 Bryophyte PMFC as a Source of Photosynthesis-Associated Energy Generation on Green Roofs 185

8.5 Perspectives of Bryophyte PMFC 189

8.6 Conclusions 190

9 Duckweeds as Biocatalysts in Plant-based Biofuel Cell 199
Yolina Hubenova and Mario Mitov

9.1 Introduction to Plant-based Microbial Fuel Cells 199

9.2 Biofuel Cells Using Aquatic Higher Plants as Anodic Biocatalysts 200

9.3 Influence of the Electrode Polarization on the Plants' Metabolism 208

9.4 Components of Photosynthetic Systems Involved in the Direct EET to the Anode 212

9.5 Future Challenges and Concluding Remarks 216

10 Low Power Voltage Acquisition System for Photosynthesis-Based Microbial Fuel Cells 221
Victor A. Maldonado-Ruelas, Raúl A. Ortiz-Medina, Sathish-Kumar Kamaraj, Wilgince Apollon, and Marco A. Vázquez-Gutierrez

10.1 Low Power Sources 221

10.2 Voltage Acquisition System 224

10.3 Field Application of the Acquisition System 232

10.4 Conclusions 235

Part III Lab-Scale and Infield Application of Photosynthesis-Based Microbial Fuel Cells 239

11 Plant-Based-Microbial Fuel Cells for Bioremediation, Biosensing, and Plant Health Monitoring 241
Roshan Regmi, Vinh Nguyen, and Ranjita Sapkota

11.1 Introduction 241

11.2 Bioelectricity Generation Using a Plant-based Microbial Fuel Cell 242

11.3 PMFCs for Bioremediation 243

11.4 PMFCs for Control of Biogas Emission 245

11.5 PMFCs-based Sensors 247

11.6 PMFCs for Plant Health Monitoring 247

11.7 Design Criteria for Plant-based Microbial Fuel Cells 248

11.8 Conclusion and Recommendation 251

12 Progress and Recent Trends of Application of Low-energy Consuming Devices and IoT Based on Photosynthesis-assisted Power Generation 261
Edith Osorio-de-la-Rosa, Mirna Valdez-Hernández, Rosa M. Woo-García, and Javier Vázquez-Castillo

12.1 Introduction 261

12.2 Promising Plants for Use as Energy Sources 263

12.3 Understanding Energy Harvesting 267

12.4 Low-consumption Electronic Devices for IoT Applications 268

12.5 Precision Agriculture 275

12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 277

13 Problems of Improving Organics, Ammonium and Phosphorus Treatment with Algal-assisted MFCs 285
Nguyen Trung Hiep

13.1 Introduction 285

13.2 Components and Designs of Algal-assisted MFCs 286

13.3 Factors Influencing the Performance of the Algal-assisted MFCs System 291

13.4 Limitations and Future Perspectives of A-MFCs 299

13.5 Conclusion 301

14 Development and Achievements of Photo-bioelectrochemical Fuel Cell (PBFC) in Metal, Antibiotics, and Dyes Removal 311
Anwesha Mukherjee

14.1 Introduction 311

14.2 Microorganisms Involved in Metal, Antibiotic and Dye Removal 313

14.3 Mechanism of Toxic Compounds Removal Through Photo-Bioelectrochemical Fuel Cell (PBFC) 316

14.4 Recent Developments in PBFC for Metal, Antibiotics, and Dye Removal 322

14.5 Challenges and Future Outlook 326

14.6 Conclusion 328

15 Agriculture-based Crop in PMFCs for the Futuristic Sustainable Protected Agriculture 337
Divya Shanmugavel, Omar Solorza-Feria, and Sathish-Kumar Kamaraj

15.1 Introduction 337

15.2 Challenges for Agriculture 339

15.3 Development of Plant Microbial Fuel Cells 341

15.4 Agriculture-Based Crops in PMFCs 343

15.5 Development of Green Energy System to Promote Sustainable Agriculture 350

15.6 Conclusion 351

Part IV Sustainable Issues Associated with Photosynthesis-Assisted Power Generation 357

16 An Overview of Sustainable Issues Associated with Bio-Assisted Power Generation Systems 359
Lakshmipathy Muthukrishnan, Sathish-Kumar Kamaraj, Manuel Sánchez-Cárdenas, and Luis Antonio Sánchez-Olmos

16.1 Introduction - Paradigm Shift toward Sustainability 359

16.2 Sustainable Systems 360

16.3 Challenges and Motivations 363

16.4 Biological Solution 365

16.5 Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) 366

16.6 Composite Sustainability Indices (CSI) 367

16.7 Construction of a CSI 368

16.8 The Concept of Biorefinery and their Applications 370

16.9 Biorefinery Technology 371

16.10 Circular Economy 376

16.11 Limitations 378

16.12 Conclusions 378

References 380

Index 385