Microbial Life of the Deep Biosphere
1st Edition
Published on 1. April 2014
XVII, 325 pages
978-3-11-037067-6 (ISBN)
Description
Over the last two decades, exploration of the deep subsurface biosphere has developed into a major research area. New findings constantly challenge our concepts of global biogeochemical cycles and the ultimate limits to life.
In order to explain our observations from deep subsurface ecosystems it is necessary to develop truly interdisciplinary approaches, ranging from microbiology and geochemistry to physics and modeling.
This book aims to bring together a wide variety of topics, covering the broad range of issues that are associated with deep biosphere exploration. Not only does the book present case studies of selected projects, but also treats questions arising from our current knowledge. Despite nearly two decades of research, there are still many boundaries to exploration caused by technical limitations and one section of the book is devoted to these technical challenges and the latest developments in this field. This volume will be of high interest to biologists, chemists and earth scientists all working on the deep biosphere.
Reviews / Votes
Book Review: Microbial Life of the Deep Biosphere (2014) edited by Jens Kallmeyer and Dirk Wagner, Walter de Gruyer GmbH, Berlin/Boston Thomas L. KieftNew Mexico Tech Subseafloor sediments and crust as well as the groundwater environments beneath the continents comprise something of a last frontier among the Earth's ecosystems in terms of scientific exploration and discovery. Early reports of microbes in deep Earth environments, e.g., John Parkes' meticulous microscopic counts of microbes in subseafloor sediments, were often met with skepticism that these microbes were merely drilling contaminants or dead cells; but now, happily, deep life studies have matured such that the existence of the deep biosphere is widely accepted. The Ocean Drilling Program and its successors, currently the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), have devoted considerable resources to biological aspects of subseafloor environs; the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program and various other initiatives, including probes of the deep Earth via mines and underground research labs, have made similar progress in exploring and understanding the highly varied on-shore groundwater environments. Expanded drilling opportunities and biotechnological advances have enabled clear demonstrations that deep microbes are phylogenetically and metabolically diverse and that they're alive and well and actively contribute to biogeochemical cycling. Given the recent progress in deep life studies, the publication of Microbial Life of the Deep Biosphere, edited by Jens Kallmeyer and Dirk Wagner, as the first volume in a series on Life in Extreme Environments, is extremely timely. The book can serve as an introduction to the deep biosphere for neophytes or as an update on the latest findings for those who are already knowledgeable in the field. The book opens with an update on the past 10 years of IODP seafloor sediment studies by Parkes and colleagues and continues to other subsurface habitats with chapters on basaltic ocean crust by Jennifer Biddle and coauthors and continental hard rock environments by Karsten Pedersen. Parkes' more recent counts continue to show a logarithmic decrease in microbial abundance with depth; he and coauthors also review recent findings of a dominant core group of microbial taxa that are widespread in marine sediments. As a whole, the book focuses more attention on marine than continental systems, but Pedersen's chapter and also later chapters on petroleum reservoirs by Bernard Ollivier and coauthors, on carbon sequestration and geothermal energy development by Masal Alawi, and on Mars (and Earth analogs) by Charles Cockell give a good picture of the geologically and microbiologically varied subterranean habitats. Specialized groups of microbes to which chapters are devoted are the Archaea (Andreas Teske) and fungi, which some still consider to be artifacts or merely buried, dead cells, but Virginia Edgecomb and coauthors present strong arguments for their being indigenous and active, similar to their prokaryotic counterparts. There's growing evidence for the importance of viruses as controllers of prokaryotic biomass and as vectors for gene transfer (touched on briefly by Pedersen), so this reviewer would like to have seen a chapter devoted to them. Technical issues addressed in separate chapters include the challenges of cultivating subsurface microbes, a comparison of methods for quantifying subsurface microbes by Karen Lloyd, and nanoSIMS (secondary ion mass spectrometry) and other approaches for querying the activities of single cells, by Yukio Marono and coauthors. As Morono points out, the potential for combining these methods, e.g., single cell genomics with nanoSIMS is especially exciting. Final chapters are devoted to quantitative, ecosystem-level issues of basin-scale modeling of microbial processes in petroleum hydrocarbon reservoirs (Rolando di Primio), estimating rates of catabolism of various functional groups in the subsurface based on Gibbs free energy calculations (Doug LaRowe and Jan Amend), and quantidying rates of metabolism and carbon turnover in subsurface sediments where the available energy may only barely meet maintenance requirements (Hans Røy). In summary, Kallmeyer and Wagner recruited active researchers, each with expertise in an important area of subsurface microbiology, to write richly referenced overview chapters. Each details the current state of knowledge and most also identify major gaps in our understanding and directions for future research. Microbial Life of the Deep Biosphere is a fine addition to a university library or the personal library of a geologist, biologist, naturalist, or any combination thereof.More details
Series
Language
English
Place of publication
Berlin/Boston
Germany
Target group
Professional and scholarly
US School Grade: College Graduate Student
Edition type
Digital original
Illustrations
61 farbige Abbildungen, 14 s/w Tabellen
61 col. ill., 14 b/w tbl.
File size
4,16 MB
ISBN-13
978-3-11-037067-6 (9783110370676)
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
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Jens Kallmeyer | Dirk Wagner
Microbial Life of the Deep Biosphere
Book
04/2014
1st Edition
De Gruyter
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Microbial Life of the Deep Biosphere
E-Book
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1st Edition
De Gruyter
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Book
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De Gruyter
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Persons
Jens Kallmeyer, German Research Center for Geosciences; Dirk Wagner, German Research Center for Geosciences;
Content
1 - Preface [Seite 5]
2 - Contributing authors [Seite 15]
3 - 1 Studies on prokaryotic populations and processes in subseafloor sediments-an update [Seite 19]
3.1 - 1.1 New sites investigated [Seite 19]
3.1.1 - 1.1.1 Southeast Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean (Leg 177) [Seite 19]
3.1.2 - 1.1.2 Woodlark Basin, near Papua New Guinea, Pacific Ocean (Leg 180) [Seite 22]
3.1.3 - 1.1.3 Leg 185, Site 1149 in the Izu-Bonin Trench Western Equatorial Pacific [Seite 24]
3.1.4 - 1.1.4 Nankai Trough (Leg 190), subduction zone/accretionary prism, Pacific Ocean [Seite 25]
3.1.5 - 1.1.5 Eastern Equatorial Pacific and Peru Margin Sites 1225-1231 (Leg 201) [Seite 28]
3.1.6 - 1.1.6 Newfoundland Margin (Leg 210) [Seite 30]
3.1.7 - 1.1.7 Carbonate mound (IODP Expedition 307) [Seite 31]
3.2 - 1.2 High-pressure cultivation - DeepIsoBUG, gas hydrate sediments [Seite 33]
3.3 - 1.3 Subseafloor biosphere simulation experiments [Seite 36]
3.4 - 1.4 Conclusions [Seite 38]
4 - 2 LifeintheOceanicCrust [Seite 47]
4.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 47]
4.2 - 2.2 Sampling tools [Seite 48]
4.2.1 - 2.2.1 Tools for accessing the deep basement biosphere [Seite 50]
4.3 - 2.3 Contamination [Seite 54]
4.3.1 - 2.3.1 Contamination induced during drilling [Seite 54]
4.3.2 - 2.3.2 Contamination during fluid sampling [Seite 56]
4.4 - 2.4 Direct evidence for life in the deep ocean crust [Seite 56]
4.4.1 - 2.4.1 Textural alterations [Seite 57]
4.4.2 - 2.4.2 Geochemical evidence from fluids [Seite 58]
4.4.3 - 2.4.3 Geochemical evidence from rocks [Seite 59]
4.4.4 - 2.4.4 Genetic surveys [Seite 63]
4.5 - 2.5 Future directions [Seite 69]
5 - 3 Microbial life in terrestrial hard rock environments [Seite 81]
5.1 - 3.1 Hard rock aquifers from the perspective of microorganisms [Seite 81]
5.2 - 3.2 Windows into the terrestrial hard rock biosphere [Seite 82]
5.2.1 - 3.2.1 Sampling methods for microbes in hard rock aquifers [Seite 82]
5.2.2 - 3.2.2 Yesterday marine - terrestrial today [Seite 83]
5.2.3 - 3.2.3 Basalts and ophiolites [Seite 84]
5.2.4 - 3.2.4 Granites [Seite 86]
5.2.5 - 3.2.5 Hard rocks of varying origin [Seite 88]
5.3 - 3.3 Energy from where? [Seite 89]
5.3.1 - 3.3.1 Deep reduced gases [Seite 90]
5.4 - 3.4 Activity [Seite 91]
5.4.1 - 3.4.1 Stable isotopes [Seite 91]
5.4.2 - 3.4.2 Geochemical indicators [Seite 92]
5.4.3 - 3.4.3 In vitro activity [Seite 92]
5.4.4 - 3.4.4 In situ activity [Seite 92]
5.4.5 - 3.4.5 Phages may control activity rates [Seite 94]
5.5 - 3.5 What's next in the exploration of microbial life in deep hard rock aquifers? [Seite 94]
6 - 4 Technological state of the art and challenges [Seite 101]
6.1 - 4.1 Basic concepts and difficulties inherent to the cultivation of subseafloor prokaryotes [Seite 101]
6.2 - 4.2 Microbial growth monitoring,method detection limits and innovative cultivation methods [Seite 109]
6.3 - 4.3 Challenges and research needs (instrumental, methodological and logistics needs) [Seite 110]
7 - 5 Detecting slow metabolism in the subseafloor: analysis of single cells using NanoSIMS [Seite 119]
7.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 119]
7.2 - 5.2 Overview of ion imaging with a NanoSIMS ion microprobe [Seite 120]
7.3 - 5.3 Detecting slow metabolism: bulk to single cells [Seite 123]
7.3.1 - 5.3.1 Bulk measurement of subseafloor microbial activity using radiotracers [Seite 123]
7.3.2 - 5.3.2 Observing radioactive substrate incorporation at the cellular level: microautoradiography [Seite 124]
7.3.3 - 5.3.3 Quantitative analysis of stable isotope incorporation using NanoSIMS [Seite 125]
8 - 4 Bridging identification and functional analysis of microbes using elemental labeling [Seite 128]
8.1 - 5.5 Critical step for successful NanoSIMS analysis: sample preparation [Seite 130]
8.2 - 5.6 Future directions [Seite 132]
9 - 6 Quantifying microbes in the marine subseafloor: some notes of caution [Seite 139]
9.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 139]
9.2 - 6.2 Quantification of specific microbial groups in marine sediments [Seite 142]
9.3 - 6.3 Assessment of quantitative methods in marine sediments: the Leg 201 Peru Margin example [Seite 146]
9.4 - 6.4 Global meta-analysis of FISH, CARD-FISH and qPCR quantifications of bacteria and archaea [Seite 150]
9.5 - 6.5 Future outlook [Seite 152]
10 - 7 Archaea in deep marine subsurface sediments [Seite 161]
10.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 161]
10.2 - 7.2 Archaeal Ribosomal RNA phylogeny [Seite 161]
10.3 - 7.3 Marine subsurface Archaea [Seite 162]
10.4 - 7.4 Archaeal habitat preferences in the subsurface [Seite 167]
10.5 - 7.5 Methanogenic and methane-oxidizing archaea [Seite 170]
10.6 - 7.6 Archaeal abundance and ecosystem significance in the subsurface [Seite 172]
11 - 8 Petroleum: from formation to microbiology [Seite 179]
11.1 - 8.1 Introduction [Seite 179]
11.2 - 8.2 Petroleum formation [Seite 179]
11.2.1 - 8.2.1 Petroleum system [Seite 181]
11.3 - 8.3 Petroleum microbiology [Seite 184]
11.3.1 - 8.3.1 The sulfate-reducing prokaryotes [Seite 186]
11.3.2 - 8.3.2 The methanoarchaea [Seite 189]
11.3.3 - 8.3.3 The fermentative prokaryotes [Seite 192]
11.3.4 - 8.3.4 Other metabolic lifestyle bacteria [Seite 195]
11.4 - 8.4 Conclusion [Seite 197]
12 - 9 Fungi in the marine subsurface [Seite 205]
12.1 - 9.1 Introduction [Seite 205]
12.2 - 9.2 The concept of marine fungi [Seite 205]
12.3 - 9.3 Fungi in marine near-surface sediments in the deep sea [Seite 207]
12.4 - 9.4 Fungi in the deep subsurface [Seite 208]
12.4.1 - 9.4.1 Initial whole community and prokaryote-focused studies of the marine subsurface yielding information on eukaryotes [Seite 208]
12.4.2 - 9.4.2 Eukaryote-focused studies yielding information on fungi in the deep subsurface [Seite 209]
12.5 - 9.5 How deep do fungi go in the subsurface? [Seite 215]
12.6 - 9.6 Summary [Seite 215]
13 - 10 Microbes in geo-engineered systems: geomicrobiological aspects of CCS and Geothermal Energy Generation [Seite 221]
13.1 - 10.1 Introduction [Seite 221]
13.1.1 - 10.1.1 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) [Seite 222]
13.1.2 - 10.1.2 Geothermal energy and aquifer energy storage [Seite 223]
13.2 - 10.2 Microbial diversity in geo-engineered reservoirs [Seite 224]
13.3 - 10.3 Interactions between microbes and geo-engineered systems [Seite 226]
13.3.1 - 10.3.1 General considerations [Seite 226]
13.3.2 - 10.3.2 Microbial processes in the deep biosphere potentially affected by CCS [Seite 227]
13.3.3 - 10.3.3 Examples from a CCS pilot site, CO2 degasing sites and laboratory experiments [Seite 229]
13.3.4 - 10.3.4 Impact of microbially-driven processes on CO2 trapping mechanisms [Seite 231]
13.3.5 - 10.3.5 Impact of microbially-driven processes on CCS facilities [Seite 232]
13.3.6 - 10.3.6 Impact of microbially-driven processes on geothermal energy plants [Seite 232]
13.4 - 10.4 Methods to analyze the interaction between geo-engineered systems and the deep biosphere [Seite 234]
13.4.1 - 10.4.1 Sampling of reservoir fluids and rock cores [Seite 234]
13.4.2 - 10.4.2 Methods to analyze microbes in geo-engineered systems [Seite 234]
14 - 11 The subsurface habitability of terrestrial rocky planets: Mars [Seite 243]
14.1 - 11.1 Introduction [Seite 243]
14.2 - 11.2 The subsurface of Mars - our current knowledge [Seite 244]
14.3 - 11.3 Martian subsurface habitability, past and present [Seite 251]
14.3.1 - 11.3.1 Vital elements (C, H, N, O, P, S) [Seite 251]
14.3.2 - 11.3.2 Other micronutrients and trace elements [Seite 252]
14.3.3 - 11.3.3 Liquid water through time [Seite 253]
14.3.4 - 11.3.4 Redox couples [Seite 256]
14.3.5 - 11.3.5 Radiation [Seite 257]
14.3.6 - 11.3.6 Other physical and environmental factors [Seite 257]
14.3.7 - 11.3.7 Acidity [Seite 258]
14.4 - 11.4 Impact craters and deep subsurface habitability [Seite 260]
14.5 - 11.5 The near-subsurface habitability of present and recent Mars - an empirical example [Seite 261]
14.6 - 11.6 Uninhabited, but habitable subsurface environments? [Seite 263]
14.7 - 11.7 Ten testable hypotheses on habitability of the Martian subsurface [Seite 265]
14.8 - 11.8 Sampling the subsurface of Mars [Seite 268]
14.9 - 11.9 Conclusion [Seite 269]
15 - 12 Assessing biosphere-geosphere interactions over geologic time scales: insights from Basin Modeling [Seite 279]
15.1 - 12.1 Introduction [Seite 279]
15.2 - 12.2 Basin Modeling [Seite 280]
15.3 - 12.3 Modeling processes at the deep bio-geo interface [Seite 282]
15.3.1 - 12.3.1 Feeding the deep biosphere (biogenic gas) [Seite 282]
15.3.2 - 12.3.2 Petroleum biodegradation [Seite 285]
15.4 - 12.4 Modeling processes at the shallow bio-geo interface [Seite 292]
15.5 - 12.5 Conclusions [Seite 293]
16 - 13 Energetic constraints on life in marine deep sediments [Seite 297]
16.1 - 13.1 Introduction [Seite 297]
16.2 - 13.2 Previous work [Seite 298]
16.3 - 13.3 Study site overview [Seite 298]
16.3.1 - 13.3.1 Juan de Fuca (JdF) [Seite 299]
16.3.2 - 13.3.2 Peru Margin (PM) [Seite 299]
16.3.3 - 13.3.3 South Pacific Gyre (SPG) [Seite 300]
16.4 - 13.4 Overview of catabolic potential [Seite 300]
16.5 - 13.5 Comparing deep biospheres [Seite 306]
16.6 - 13.6 Electron acceptor utilization [Seite 308]
16.7 - 13.7 Energy demand [Seite 310]
16.8 - 13.8 Concluding remarks [Seite 311]
16.9 - 13.9 Computational methods [Seite 311]
16.9.1 - 13.9.1 Thermodynamic properties of anhydrous ferrihydrite and pyrolusite [Seite 312]
17 - 14 Experimental assessment of community metabolism in the subsurface [Seite 321]
17.1 - 14.1 Introduction [Seite 321]
17.1.1 - 14.1.1 The energy source [Seite 321]
17.1.2 - 14.1.2 The carbon budget [Seite 322]
17.1.3 - 14.1.3 Distribution vertical of microbial metabolism the sediment pile [Seite 323]
17.2 - 14.2 Quantifiable metabolic processes [Seite 324]
17.2.1 - 14.2.1 Reaction diffusion modeling and mass balances [Seite 325]
17.2.2 - 14.2.2 Measurements of rates of energy metabolism with exotic isotopes [Seite 330]
17.3 - 14.3 Summary [Seite 333]
18 - Index [Seite 337]
2 - Contributing authors [Seite 15]
3 - 1 Studies on prokaryotic populations and processes in subseafloor sediments-an update [Seite 19]
3.1 - 1.1 New sites investigated [Seite 19]
3.1.1 - 1.1.1 Southeast Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean (Leg 177) [Seite 19]
3.1.2 - 1.1.2 Woodlark Basin, near Papua New Guinea, Pacific Ocean (Leg 180) [Seite 22]
3.1.3 - 1.1.3 Leg 185, Site 1149 in the Izu-Bonin Trench Western Equatorial Pacific [Seite 24]
3.1.4 - 1.1.4 Nankai Trough (Leg 190), subduction zone/accretionary prism, Pacific Ocean [Seite 25]
3.1.5 - 1.1.5 Eastern Equatorial Pacific and Peru Margin Sites 1225-1231 (Leg 201) [Seite 28]
3.1.6 - 1.1.6 Newfoundland Margin (Leg 210) [Seite 30]
3.1.7 - 1.1.7 Carbonate mound (IODP Expedition 307) [Seite 31]
3.2 - 1.2 High-pressure cultivation - DeepIsoBUG, gas hydrate sediments [Seite 33]
3.3 - 1.3 Subseafloor biosphere simulation experiments [Seite 36]
3.4 - 1.4 Conclusions [Seite 38]
4 - 2 LifeintheOceanicCrust [Seite 47]
4.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 47]
4.2 - 2.2 Sampling tools [Seite 48]
4.2.1 - 2.2.1 Tools for accessing the deep basement biosphere [Seite 50]
4.3 - 2.3 Contamination [Seite 54]
4.3.1 - 2.3.1 Contamination induced during drilling [Seite 54]
4.3.2 - 2.3.2 Contamination during fluid sampling [Seite 56]
4.4 - 2.4 Direct evidence for life in the deep ocean crust [Seite 56]
4.4.1 - 2.4.1 Textural alterations [Seite 57]
4.4.2 - 2.4.2 Geochemical evidence from fluids [Seite 58]
4.4.3 - 2.4.3 Geochemical evidence from rocks [Seite 59]
4.4.4 - 2.4.4 Genetic surveys [Seite 63]
4.5 - 2.5 Future directions [Seite 69]
5 - 3 Microbial life in terrestrial hard rock environments [Seite 81]
5.1 - 3.1 Hard rock aquifers from the perspective of microorganisms [Seite 81]
5.2 - 3.2 Windows into the terrestrial hard rock biosphere [Seite 82]
5.2.1 - 3.2.1 Sampling methods for microbes in hard rock aquifers [Seite 82]
5.2.2 - 3.2.2 Yesterday marine - terrestrial today [Seite 83]
5.2.3 - 3.2.3 Basalts and ophiolites [Seite 84]
5.2.4 - 3.2.4 Granites [Seite 86]
5.2.5 - 3.2.5 Hard rocks of varying origin [Seite 88]
5.3 - 3.3 Energy from where? [Seite 89]
5.3.1 - 3.3.1 Deep reduced gases [Seite 90]
5.4 - 3.4 Activity [Seite 91]
5.4.1 - 3.4.1 Stable isotopes [Seite 91]
5.4.2 - 3.4.2 Geochemical indicators [Seite 92]
5.4.3 - 3.4.3 In vitro activity [Seite 92]
5.4.4 - 3.4.4 In situ activity [Seite 92]
5.4.5 - 3.4.5 Phages may control activity rates [Seite 94]
5.5 - 3.5 What's next in the exploration of microbial life in deep hard rock aquifers? [Seite 94]
6 - 4 Technological state of the art and challenges [Seite 101]
6.1 - 4.1 Basic concepts and difficulties inherent to the cultivation of subseafloor prokaryotes [Seite 101]
6.2 - 4.2 Microbial growth monitoring,method detection limits and innovative cultivation methods [Seite 109]
6.3 - 4.3 Challenges and research needs (instrumental, methodological and logistics needs) [Seite 110]
7 - 5 Detecting slow metabolism in the subseafloor: analysis of single cells using NanoSIMS [Seite 119]
7.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 119]
7.2 - 5.2 Overview of ion imaging with a NanoSIMS ion microprobe [Seite 120]
7.3 - 5.3 Detecting slow metabolism: bulk to single cells [Seite 123]
7.3.1 - 5.3.1 Bulk measurement of subseafloor microbial activity using radiotracers [Seite 123]
7.3.2 - 5.3.2 Observing radioactive substrate incorporation at the cellular level: microautoradiography [Seite 124]
7.3.3 - 5.3.3 Quantitative analysis of stable isotope incorporation using NanoSIMS [Seite 125]
8 - 4 Bridging identification and functional analysis of microbes using elemental labeling [Seite 128]
8.1 - 5.5 Critical step for successful NanoSIMS analysis: sample preparation [Seite 130]
8.2 - 5.6 Future directions [Seite 132]
9 - 6 Quantifying microbes in the marine subseafloor: some notes of caution [Seite 139]
9.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 139]
9.2 - 6.2 Quantification of specific microbial groups in marine sediments [Seite 142]
9.3 - 6.3 Assessment of quantitative methods in marine sediments: the Leg 201 Peru Margin example [Seite 146]
9.4 - 6.4 Global meta-analysis of FISH, CARD-FISH and qPCR quantifications of bacteria and archaea [Seite 150]
9.5 - 6.5 Future outlook [Seite 152]
10 - 7 Archaea in deep marine subsurface sediments [Seite 161]
10.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 161]
10.2 - 7.2 Archaeal Ribosomal RNA phylogeny [Seite 161]
10.3 - 7.3 Marine subsurface Archaea [Seite 162]
10.4 - 7.4 Archaeal habitat preferences in the subsurface [Seite 167]
10.5 - 7.5 Methanogenic and methane-oxidizing archaea [Seite 170]
10.6 - 7.6 Archaeal abundance and ecosystem significance in the subsurface [Seite 172]
11 - 8 Petroleum: from formation to microbiology [Seite 179]
11.1 - 8.1 Introduction [Seite 179]
11.2 - 8.2 Petroleum formation [Seite 179]
11.2.1 - 8.2.1 Petroleum system [Seite 181]
11.3 - 8.3 Petroleum microbiology [Seite 184]
11.3.1 - 8.3.1 The sulfate-reducing prokaryotes [Seite 186]
11.3.2 - 8.3.2 The methanoarchaea [Seite 189]
11.3.3 - 8.3.3 The fermentative prokaryotes [Seite 192]
11.3.4 - 8.3.4 Other metabolic lifestyle bacteria [Seite 195]
11.4 - 8.4 Conclusion [Seite 197]
12 - 9 Fungi in the marine subsurface [Seite 205]
12.1 - 9.1 Introduction [Seite 205]
12.2 - 9.2 The concept of marine fungi [Seite 205]
12.3 - 9.3 Fungi in marine near-surface sediments in the deep sea [Seite 207]
12.4 - 9.4 Fungi in the deep subsurface [Seite 208]
12.4.1 - 9.4.1 Initial whole community and prokaryote-focused studies of the marine subsurface yielding information on eukaryotes [Seite 208]
12.4.2 - 9.4.2 Eukaryote-focused studies yielding information on fungi in the deep subsurface [Seite 209]
12.5 - 9.5 How deep do fungi go in the subsurface? [Seite 215]
12.6 - 9.6 Summary [Seite 215]
13 - 10 Microbes in geo-engineered systems: geomicrobiological aspects of CCS and Geothermal Energy Generation [Seite 221]
13.1 - 10.1 Introduction [Seite 221]
13.1.1 - 10.1.1 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) [Seite 222]
13.1.2 - 10.1.2 Geothermal energy and aquifer energy storage [Seite 223]
13.2 - 10.2 Microbial diversity in geo-engineered reservoirs [Seite 224]
13.3 - 10.3 Interactions between microbes and geo-engineered systems [Seite 226]
13.3.1 - 10.3.1 General considerations [Seite 226]
13.3.2 - 10.3.2 Microbial processes in the deep biosphere potentially affected by CCS [Seite 227]
13.3.3 - 10.3.3 Examples from a CCS pilot site, CO2 degasing sites and laboratory experiments [Seite 229]
13.3.4 - 10.3.4 Impact of microbially-driven processes on CO2 trapping mechanisms [Seite 231]
13.3.5 - 10.3.5 Impact of microbially-driven processes on CCS facilities [Seite 232]
13.3.6 - 10.3.6 Impact of microbially-driven processes on geothermal energy plants [Seite 232]
13.4 - 10.4 Methods to analyze the interaction between geo-engineered systems and the deep biosphere [Seite 234]
13.4.1 - 10.4.1 Sampling of reservoir fluids and rock cores [Seite 234]
13.4.2 - 10.4.2 Methods to analyze microbes in geo-engineered systems [Seite 234]
14 - 11 The subsurface habitability of terrestrial rocky planets: Mars [Seite 243]
14.1 - 11.1 Introduction [Seite 243]
14.2 - 11.2 The subsurface of Mars - our current knowledge [Seite 244]
14.3 - 11.3 Martian subsurface habitability, past and present [Seite 251]
14.3.1 - 11.3.1 Vital elements (C, H, N, O, P, S) [Seite 251]
14.3.2 - 11.3.2 Other micronutrients and trace elements [Seite 252]
14.3.3 - 11.3.3 Liquid water through time [Seite 253]
14.3.4 - 11.3.4 Redox couples [Seite 256]
14.3.5 - 11.3.5 Radiation [Seite 257]
14.3.6 - 11.3.6 Other physical and environmental factors [Seite 257]
14.3.7 - 11.3.7 Acidity [Seite 258]
14.4 - 11.4 Impact craters and deep subsurface habitability [Seite 260]
14.5 - 11.5 The near-subsurface habitability of present and recent Mars - an empirical example [Seite 261]
14.6 - 11.6 Uninhabited, but habitable subsurface environments? [Seite 263]
14.7 - 11.7 Ten testable hypotheses on habitability of the Martian subsurface [Seite 265]
14.8 - 11.8 Sampling the subsurface of Mars [Seite 268]
14.9 - 11.9 Conclusion [Seite 269]
15 - 12 Assessing biosphere-geosphere interactions over geologic time scales: insights from Basin Modeling [Seite 279]
15.1 - 12.1 Introduction [Seite 279]
15.2 - 12.2 Basin Modeling [Seite 280]
15.3 - 12.3 Modeling processes at the deep bio-geo interface [Seite 282]
15.3.1 - 12.3.1 Feeding the deep biosphere (biogenic gas) [Seite 282]
15.3.2 - 12.3.2 Petroleum biodegradation [Seite 285]
15.4 - 12.4 Modeling processes at the shallow bio-geo interface [Seite 292]
15.5 - 12.5 Conclusions [Seite 293]
16 - 13 Energetic constraints on life in marine deep sediments [Seite 297]
16.1 - 13.1 Introduction [Seite 297]
16.2 - 13.2 Previous work [Seite 298]
16.3 - 13.3 Study site overview [Seite 298]
16.3.1 - 13.3.1 Juan de Fuca (JdF) [Seite 299]
16.3.2 - 13.3.2 Peru Margin (PM) [Seite 299]
16.3.3 - 13.3.3 South Pacific Gyre (SPG) [Seite 300]
16.4 - 13.4 Overview of catabolic potential [Seite 300]
16.5 - 13.5 Comparing deep biospheres [Seite 306]
16.6 - 13.6 Electron acceptor utilization [Seite 308]
16.7 - 13.7 Energy demand [Seite 310]
16.8 - 13.8 Concluding remarks [Seite 311]
16.9 - 13.9 Computational methods [Seite 311]
16.9.1 - 13.9.1 Thermodynamic properties of anhydrous ferrihydrite and pyrolusite [Seite 312]
17 - 14 Experimental assessment of community metabolism in the subsurface [Seite 321]
17.1 - 14.1 Introduction [Seite 321]
17.1.1 - 14.1.1 The energy source [Seite 321]
17.1.2 - 14.1.2 The carbon budget [Seite 322]
17.1.3 - 14.1.3 Distribution vertical of microbial metabolism the sediment pile [Seite 323]
17.2 - 14.2 Quantifiable metabolic processes [Seite 324]
17.2.1 - 14.2.1 Reaction diffusion modeling and mass balances [Seite 325]
17.2.2 - 14.2.2 Measurements of rates of energy metabolism with exotic isotopes [Seite 330]
17.3 - 14.3 Summary [Seite 333]
18 - Index [Seite 337]
