Reliability and Statistics in Transportation and Communication

Name: Reliability and Statistics in Transportation and Communication | Selected Papers from the 19th International Conference on Reliability and Statistics in Transportation and Communication, RelStat'19, 16-19 October 2019, Riga, Latvia
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Selected Papers from the 19th International Conference on Reliability and Statistics in Transportation and Communication, RelStat'19, 16-19 October 2019, Riga, Latvia

Igor Kabashkin Irina Yatskiv Olegas Prentkovskis(Editor)

Springer (Publisher)

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Published on 28. March 2020

XV, 717 pages

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Content

Intro
Preface
Contents
Vehicle Absolute Ego-Localization from Vision, Using Only Pre-existing Geo-Referenced Panoramas
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Proposed Methods
3.1 Offline Pre-processing and Augmentation of StreetView Panoramas
3.2 Method 1: Image Keypoints, BoW, and Geometry
3.3 Method 2: Pose Regression by Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
4 Experiments and Results
5 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Pairwise-Constrained Deep Document Clustering
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Pairwise-Constrained Deep Document Clustering
3.1 Choice of Deep Clustering
4 Experiments
4.1 Variants of PCD2C
4.2 Baselines
4.3 Pairwise Constraints Selection
4.4 Architecture and Hyperparameter
5 Results
6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Data Science in Transportation
Combining LSTM Artificial Recurrent Neural Networks and Fractal Analysis for Inventory Dynamics Prediction
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related Work and Novelty
3 Methodological Background
3.1 Multilayer LSTM Neural Networks
3.2 Hurst Exponent
3.3 Correlation Dimension
3.4 Sample Entropy
4 Inventory Control Models Under Consideration
5 Numerical Study
6 Conclusions
References
Economic Efficiency of Data-Driven Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis Techniques in Maintenance and Repair Organizations
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Gaps in Economic Analysis of Data-Driven Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis
3 Future Development
3.1 Direction for the Development of Macro Approach
3.2 Direction for the Development of Semi-macro Approach
3.3 Direction for the Development of Micro Approach
4 Conclusion
References
Methodology for Calculating ETL Indicators in the Process of Implementation of Aircraft Maintenance Information Systems
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The Basic Definitions of the ETL Environment
2.1 Description of ETL Environment
2.2 The Specification of ETL
2.3 Log Message Description and Ranking
3 Methodology for Calculating Quantitative and Qualitative Indicators of ETL
4 Conclusion
References
Aircraft Lifecycle Digital Twin for Defects Prediction Accuracy Improvement
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Predictions Methods Review (Current State)
3 Aircraft Operational Lifecycle Digital Twin
4 Conclusion and Future Research
References
Intellectual Environment as an Inventory Management Decision Support System for Aviation Maintenance: Methodology
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Results
4 Discussion
References
Defining the Proper Model for Aviation Spare Parts Forecast
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Methodology
4 Simulation Results
5 Conclusion
References
Make It Flat: Multidimensional Scaling of Citywide Traffic Data
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 State of the Art
3 Methodology
4 Empirical Results
4.1 Data
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Neuroevolutionary Approach to Metamodeling of Production-Inventory Systems with Lost-Sales and Markovian Demand
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
2.1 Production-Inventory Models with Markovian Demand
2.2 Production-Inventory Models with Lost-Sales
2.3 Metamodeling and Neuroevolutionary Approaches
3 Methodological Background
3.1 Multilayer Perceptron
3.2 Genetic Algorithms
3.3 Neuroevolutionary Framework
4 Production-Inventory Model Under Consideration
5 Numerical Example
5.1 Defining the Number of Replications
5.2 Automated Metamodeling
6 Conclusion
References
Markov-Modulated Processes, Their Applications and Big Data Cases: State of the Art
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Markov-Modulated Processes
2.1 Markov-Additive Processes (MAPs)
2.2 Markov-Additive Processes of Arrivals (MAPs of Arrivals) or Markovian Arrival Processes
2.3 Markov-Modulated Birth-Death Processes
3 Hidden Markov Processes (HMPs)
4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Analysis of Flow of Complex Messages Formed by Two Poisson Flows of Elementary Messages
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Analysis of a Continuous-Time Markov Chain
3 Distribution of Intervals Between Complex Messages
4 A Correlation Analysis
5 Example
6 Conclusions
References
Two-Level Recursive Identification of Hammerstein System by Interaction Prediction Method
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Statement of the Problem
3 Establishing of Coordination Factor {\varvec c}
3.1 Local Identification of the Linear Dynamics (1st Level Task)
3.2 Coordination (2nd Level Task)
4 Recursive Computation of {\varvec c}_{{\varvec N}}
5 Recursive Identification of the Impulse Response {\varvec \lambda}
6 The Identification Algorithm
7 Numerical Implementation in Matlab
8 Summary
Acknowledgements
Appendices
Appendix A. Calculation of {{\bf M}}_{{\left( {{\varvec M} {\,+\,} 1} \right) \times \left( {{\varvec M} {\,+\,} 1} \right)}} and {\varvec L}_{{{\varvec M} {\,+\,} 1}}
Appendix B. Calculating of {{\bf {\cal L}}}_{{\varvec N}} and {{\bf {\cal M}}}_{{\varvec N}}
References
Using Clustering Algorithms to Identify Recreational Trips Within a Bike-Sharing System
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Data Cleansing
2.2 Clustering Procedures
3 Obtaining the Data About Recreational Trips
4 Study Results
5 Conclusions
References
Reliability in Transportation
Formation and Distribution Flows of External Transport in the City
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Analysis of Recent Research
3 Problem Setup and Research Methodology
4 Research Results
5 Conclusions
References
Static Approach for Solving the Problem of Cargo Weight Distribution on Vehicle's Axles
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Model of the Truck Axle's Load Calculating Using the Coefficients of Load Distribution
3 The Model of Weight Distribution with Undefined Positions of Local Mass Centers by Nonlinear Programming Method
4 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Application of Deformation Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Transport Vehicles
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Deformations and Vibrations
2.1 Deflection at a Pure Bending
2.2 Relation Between Displacement and Curvature
2.3 Displacement and Deformations in Dynamics
3 Experimental Validation
3.1 Applied Modal Estimation Techniques
3.2 Comparative Analysis of Curvature and Deformations
4 Benefits of Piezo Film Sensors Application for Modal Testing
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Efficiency Analysis of a Small Universal Platform Type SWATH
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Small SWATH Type Platforms Analysis
2.1 SWATH Vessel Hull 3D Model Creating
2.2 Estimation of SWATH Type Platform Construction Cost
2.3 SWATH Type Platform Constructive Safety Estimating
2.4 Estimating of the SWATH Type Platform Seaworthiness Criteria
3 Conclusions
References
Finding the Way at Kraków Glówny Railway Station: A Detail of Confusion Points in Eye Tracker Experiment
Abstract
1 Background
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Eye Tracking
2 Experiment
2.1 Summary of Preliminary Results
3 Confusion Points Analysis
3.1 Confusion Area
3.2 Confusion Periods
4 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Reliability-Based Safety Assessment of Mixed Vehicular Traffic Under the Influence of Time-of-Day
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Analysis Strategy
2.1 Reliability Assessment
2.2 Impact of Time-of-Day on Sight Distance Needs
2.3 Assessment of 'Available Stopping Distance' Based on Traffic Crash Types
3 Case Study
3.1 Data Description
3.2 Parametric Statistics
3.3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Smart Solutions for Supply Chain Management
Logistics Service Quality of Dry Ports Within Land-Based Transport Corridors: A Case Study "Khorgos Gateways"
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Methodology
4 Results and Discussion of Findings
5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
The Impact of Proper Order Scheduling on Robotic Transportation System Efficiency
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Model Description
2.1 Applied Algorithms
2.2 Model's Parameters
3 Results of Simulation
4 Conclusion
References
Analysis of the Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on the Volume of Railway Passenger Transport in Lódz Region
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Scope of Analysis
2.1 Lódz Agglomeration Railway
2.2 Data Used to Carry Out the Analysis
3 Calculation of Factors Affecting the Volume of Transport
3.1 Availability to the Railway Line
3.2 The Number of Commuters to Work
4 Correlation
4.1 Partial Correlation Coefficient
5 Analysis the Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Transport
6 Calculation of Weights of Individual Factors
7 Conclusions
References
Complex Digital Model of Transport Logistic System Transformation
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methods of Problem Analysis and Materials for Research
3 Theory and Practical Application
4 Results
5 Relevance of Research Results
6 Findings
References
Forming the Complex Model to Rate Transportation Indicators in Supply Chains
Abstract
1 Rating the Transportation Efficiency Indicators in Supply Chains. The Analysis of Approaches
2 Forming the Calculation Dependencies on the Basis of the Integral (Factorial) Method
3 Results
4 Conclusions
References
The Application of Blockchain Technologies for Rail Transit Customs Procedures
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Results
2.1 Customs Procedures in the Transit Transportations
2.2 The Economic Effect of the Usage of Blockchain Technology in the Customs Procedures
3 Discussions
4 Conclusions
References
Risk Management in Sea Ports - Insights and Trends
Abstract
1 Research Methodology
2 Threat Insights Based on Research Findings
3 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Smart City
Estimating the Sustainability Impacts of an Urban Consolidation Center in a Medium-Sized City
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Method and Data Collection
2.1 Site Selection
2.2 Operations Simulation
3 Results
3.1 Demand - Supply Estimation
3.2 Operations' Simulation
3.3 Traffic Simulation Results
3.4 Logistics Sustainability Index
4 Conclusions and Discussion
References
Shared-Use of Autonomous Transportation Solutions: How Ready Are We for Them?
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Method and Data Collection
3 Results
3.1 Data Analysis
3.2 Sample Profiles
3.3 Knowledge and Previous Experience
3.4 Beliefs and Concerns About SAVs
3.5 Intentions to Use SAVs
4 Conclusions and Discussion
References
Improving the Branded Service of Vehicles with Intelligent Driver Assistance Systems
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methods to Predict Failures of Complex Technical Systems
3 Analysis of Existing Intelligent Driver Assistance Systems
4 Proposed Intelligent Service Planning System
4.1 The Conceptual Scheme of the Proposed Intelligent System
4.2 Service Planning
5 Conclusion
References
The Influence of Countdown Timers on Safety and Driver Reaction Time at Intersections with Traffic Lights
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Research Methodology
3 Experimental Results
3.1 Statistical Analysis
3.2 Additional Insights
4 Conclusions
References
Selection of the Method to Predict Vehicle Operation Reliability
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Failures Prediction to Improve Vehicle Reliability
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Monitoring and Diagnostics of the Vehicles Technical Condition
3.2 Complaints Analysis to Identify the Sudden Failures Causes
4 Conclusion
References
The Analysis of Threat Defining Language in the EU Official Transport Security and Safety Documents
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Results
3.1 List of Stems Indicating Anxiety Over Security
3.2 Analysis of Words Reflecting Threat and Security Anxiety Words
3.3 Modal Verbs as Indicators of Attitude
4 Conclusion
References
Sustainable Transport Development
Risk Assessment of Logistics Hub Development Along Green Transport Corridors: The Case of Paldiski Port
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
3 Logistics Hub: Port of Paldiski
4 Risk Assessment of Paldiski Port Development
5 Conclusions
References
Small and Medium-Sized Seaports on the Digital Track: Tracing Digitalisation Across the South Baltic Region by Innovative Auditing Procedures
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
3 Methodology
4 Results
5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
A Web-Based Economic Decision Tool for Abatement Investments for Shipping Industry
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Evaluation Approach of Scrubber Investment
3 Monte Carlo Simulation and Risk Analysis
4 Web-Based Economic Decision Tool
4.1 Tool Overview
4.2 Development and Architecture
4.3 Valuation and Risk Assessment Case Study with the Tool
5 Conclusions
References
Analysis of Test Results for Developed Technology of Diesel Bus Conversion into Electric Bus
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Testing Object and Tasks
3 Comparison of Experimental and Calculated Results
3.1 Total Cost of Ownership
3.2 Mechanical Efficiency of the Reduction Gear
3.3 Electromechanical Efficiency of the Traction Drive
3.4 Electromechanical Efficiency Depending of the Reduction Rate
3.5 Acceleration Parameters
3.6 Regeneration Effectiveness
3.7 Energy Consumption
3.8 Battery Charging Efficiency
4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Application of AHP Method in Conditions of the Regional Airport
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Criteria for the Assessment of the Airports
3 Methodology
4 Application of AHP Method
4.1 Solution of Expert 1
4.2 Final Results
5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Assessment of Noise Levels Caused by Freight Train Wagons: Case of Paneriai Railway Station
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Assessment of Rail Transport Noise
3 Results of the Noise Survey at Paneriai Railway Station
4 Preventing and Reducing Railway Noise to Protect Quality of Life
5 Conclusions
References
Intelligent Transport Systems and Telematics
Infrastructure-Free Sensor Platform for Multidimensional Object and Motion Analysis
Abstract
1 AMR: Noncontact Support vs. Tactile Motivation
2 Need for an Infrastructure-Free Sensor Platform System
3 New Sensor Technologies
4 Simultaneous Scene Tracking
5 System Requirements Due to no Stationary Infrastructure
5.1 Sensor Synchronization
5.2 Self- and Object of Interest Localization
5.3 Real-Time Data Processing
6 Mobile Sensor Platforms
7 Infrastructure-Free Sensor Platform
8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Laser Marking of a Small Sized QR Code on a Plastic Surface
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results
4 Conclusions
References
Ethnicity Classification System Based on Human Face Picture
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Ethnic Groups - Features
3 State of Art
4 Dataset
4.1 Image Processing
5 CNN Approach
5.1 Number of Layers Discussion
5.2 Number of Data Discussion
5.3 Feature Extraction and RGB vs. Grayscale Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
Optimizing the Pipelined DES Cracker Implemented in Contemporary Popular-Grade FPGA Devices
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The DES Cipher
2.1 Organization of the Algorithm
2.2 Cracking the Cipher
3 Designing a DES Cracker
3.1 The Basic Cracker Organization
3.2 Extra-Pipelined DES Design: The P16x2 Architecture
3.3 Additional Considerations in Cracker Design
4 Implementation Results
4.1 Size and Speed of Implemented Designs
4.2 Scaling of Crackers Parameters with Increasing Number of Decrypters
4.3 Performance Improvements of the New P16x2 Architecture
5 Conclusions
References
Applying Modern Text Processing Technologies to Implement a Self-learning Marketplace by Using Cloud Services as an Example
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Natural Language Processing
2.2 Architecture
3 Results
4 Analysis
5 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
The Future Approach to Simplify the Cloud-Service Market Using a Standardized Description Language
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Applied Methodology
3 Results
4 Analysis
5 Discussion
References
Lifecycle of Temporary Facts in Decision Making Systems
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Problem State and Related Works
3 Model of Knowledge "Events-States"
4 Maintenance of Temporary Facts in Knowledge Bases
5 Results of Experimental Research
6 Conclusion and Future Work
References
The Method of Agile Projects Success Evaluation Using Machine Learning
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Research Objective
3 Models for Evaluating the Success of Agile Projects
4 Development of the Project Success Evaluation Method
5 Implementation of the Project Success Evaluation Method
6 Discussion of the Experimentation Results
7 Conclusions
Authors' Contribution
References
Transport and Energy
Influence of Changes in Structural and Mechanical Condition of Aluminum Alloys Caused by Impact-Oscillatory Loading on Their Fatigue Life
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methods of Mechanical and Physical Research
3 Mechanical Research Results
4 Conclusions
References
Feasibility Study on the Use of Energy Storage Systems to Reduce the Enterprise Energy Consumption Costs
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Tariffs for Electricity and Its Cost
3 Variation of Stock Prices and the Load
4 Effectiveness of the Organizational Redistribution of the Load
5 Costs of the ESS Implementation
6 Performance Analysis of ESS by NPV
7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Routed Energy Distribution Network Concept with Electrical Energy Router
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
3 Computer Network Analogy
3.1 Conventional Energy Network
3.2 Network Extension
4 Topologies
4.1 Bus Topology
4.2 Star and Snowflake Topologies
4.3 Grid and Mesh Topologies
5 Next Generation Smart Grid with Energy Routing
5.1 Equipment
5.2 Reliability
6 Modelling and Experiments
7 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
The Dynamic Adjustment Capabilities of the Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Process Using High-Speed Power Inverter Micro Modules
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Conditions for Effective PEO Process Control
3 Test Bench to Research the Dynamic Adjustment Capabilities of the PEO Process
4 Algorithm of Discrete-Pulse Adjustment of PEO Process
5 Results of Research of the Dynamic Adjustment Capabilities of the PEO Process
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Reducing the Impact of Vehicles on the Environment by the Modernization of Transport Infrastructure
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 The State of the Problem: The Road Transport's Negative Effect on the Environment and Methods for Reducing this Impact
2.1 Directions of Greening Urbanized Territories
2.2 Measures to Reduce Emissions of Harmful Substances
2.3 Modeling as a Way to Assess the Negative Impact of Road Transport on the Environment
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 DSS as a Way to Evaluate Infrastructure Solutions
3.2 Using Simulation Models to Evaluate Infrastructure Solutions
4 Conclusion
References
Aviation
Airport Charges Policy as a Tool for Achieving Competitive Advantage in the Aviation Market
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Riga Airport: Main Performance Indicators
2.1 Analysis of Passenger Traffic: Comparative Characteristics
2.2 Analysis of the Number of Flights: Comparative Characteristics
3 Comparative Analysis of Selected Airport Charges
4 Conclusions
References
Analysis of Navigation Systems for Landside Transport Processes Control
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Main Methods of Navigation and Positioning
3 Used Systems
3.1 Global Navigation Satellite System
3.2 ADS-B
3.3 MLAT
4 Mixed and Proposed Systems
5 Conclusion
References
Introduction of the New Arrival Area Navigation Scheme for Minsk National Airport Airfield
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Problem's State
3 Methodology
4 Results and Discussions
5 Conclusion
References
Management of Financial Stability in Airlines: Problems and Solutions
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
3 Factors Affecting Financial Sustainability of Airlines and Their Analysis
4 Forecasting Financial Sustainability as a Management Function
5 Conclusions
References
The Analysis of the Stanley's Controller Performance in the Presence of the Steering Angle Disturbances
Abstract
1 Introduction and Literature Review
2 Description of the Simulations
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Innovative Economics
How Computer System Validation Contributes to Performance Improvements for Medical Device Manufactures: The Case of Latvian SME
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses Development
3 Research Methodology
3.1 Measures and Scale Development
3.2 Sample and Data Collection
4 Data Analysis and Results
4.1 Instrument Validation and Measurement Properties
4.2 Structural Model and Hypothesis Testing
4.3 Mediating Role of Computer System Validation
5 Discussion, Limitations, and Implications
Acknowledgements
Ethical Approval
Appendix
References
Investment Policy Development and Problems in Latvia
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Investment Policy Importance in National Economic
3 Investment Policy and Investment Development Trends in Latvia
4 Investment Analysis by Asset Type
5 Conclusions
References
E-commerce Market in the Baltic Countries: State-of-the-Art and Trends of Development
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Definition of E-commerce
3 Characteristic of the E-commerce Market in the Baltic Countries
4 E-commerce Development in Latvia
5 Conclusions
6 Recommendation for Future Research
References
Benchmarking of Corporate Communication Measurement Strategies in Major Enterprises Based on the Value-Benefit Analysis
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Methodology
3.1 Research Goal
3.2 Research Design
4 Research Results
5 Conclusion
Compliance with Ethical Standards
References
Concentration Dynamics in the Market for Audit of Public Interest Entities in Latvia
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Empirical Results and Findings of the Research
3.1 Overall Market Structure
3.2 Market Concentration in Different Categories of PIEs
4 Conclusions
References
Managerial Problems of Russian Technology Startups
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Literature Overview
3 Research Methods
4 Research Results
5 Conclusion
References
Impact of the Human Capital Factors on the Country Competitiveness
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Concepts of Competitiveness and Human Capital
3 Analysis of Impact of the Human Capital Factors on the Country Competitiveness
4 Conclusion
References
Education and Training in Engineering
The Relevance of Mobile and Distance Education: Developing and Advanced Approach to Learning
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Relevance of Distance and M-Learning to the Modern, Digital Society
3 Comparison of Distance Education Versus M-Learning
3.1 Advantages of Distance Learning
3.2 Disadvantages of Distance Learning
3.3 Advantages of M-Learning
3.4 Disadvantages of M-Learning
4 Georgia - Case of Distance and M-Learning
5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
The Role of Innovative Methods in Teaching Entrepreneurship in Higher Education: Multidisciplinary Approach
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Entrepreneurship and Higher Education
3 Statistical Data and Survey Analysis
3.1 Analysis of Statistical Data
3.2 KABADA Survey Design and Results
4 Automatic Digital System for Distance Assessment of Business Ideas
5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Conditions for Foreign Students' Adaptation and Its Characteristic Features in the Higher Education Institution in Latvia
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Research Methodology
4 Research Results
5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Distance Learning as an Option to Overcome the Learning Barriers of Adult Female Students
Abstract
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 The Barriers to Participation and the Problems Posed by Them
3.1 What Prompted the Adult Female to Study at University?
3.2 What Difficulties the Adult Female Students Face When They Study at the University
4 Distance Learning as One of the Solutions to Some Problems of Adult Female Students
5 Conclusions
References
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Reliability and Statistics in Transportation and Communication

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