
Estimating Software Costs
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Content
- Cover Page
- Estimating Software Costs
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE COST ESTIMATION
- Chapter 1. Introduction
- How Software Cost-Estimating Tools Work
- Cautions About Accidental Omissions from Estimates
- Software Cost Estimating and Other Development Activities
- References
- Chapter 2. The Origins of Software Cost Estimation
- The Early History of Software Cost Estimation
- The Expansion and Use of Functional Metrics for Software Cost Estimating
- References
- Chapter 3. Six Forms of Software Cost Estimation
- Overview of Manual Software-Estimating Methods
- Overview of Automated Software-Estimating Methods
- Comparison of Manual and Automated Estimates for Large Software Projects
- References
- Chapter 4. Software Cost-Estimating Tools and Project Success and Failure Rates
- Probabilities of Software Project Success or Failure
- References
- Chapter 5. Sources of Error in Software Cost Estimation
- Judging the Accuracy of Software Cost Estimates
- Classes of Software Estimation Errors
- References
- SECTION 2 PRELIMINARY ESTIMATION METHODS
- Chapter 6. Manual Software-Estimating Methods
- Rules of Thumb Based on Lines-of-Code Metrics
- Rules of Thumb Based on Ratios and Percentages
- Rules of Thumb Based on Function Point Metrics
- Function Point Sizing Rules of Thumb
- Rules of Thumb for Schedules, Resources, and Costs
- Rules of Thumb Using Activity-Based Cost Analysis
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 7. Manual Estimating Methods Derived from Agile Projects and New Environments
- Metrics Used for Rules of Thumb
- Rules of Thumb for Manual Software Cost Estimates
- Component-Based Development
- Dynamic System Development Method (DSDM)
- Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Deployment
- Extreme Programming (XP)
- International Outsourcing
- Object-Oriented (OO) Development
- Capability Maturity Model (CMM)
- Software Methods with Only Partial Rules of Thumb
- Cleanroom Development
- Crystal Development Approach
- Feature-Driven Development (FDD)
- ISO 9000-9004 Quality Standards
- Iterative or Incremental Development
- Pattern-Based Software Development
- Quality Function Deployment (QFD)
- Rapid Application Development (RAD)
- Scrum
- six-sigma for Software
- Spiral Software Development
- Unified Modeling Language (UML)
- Use Cases for Software Requirements
- Web-Based Applications
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 8. Automated Estimates from Minimal Data
- Stage 1: Recording Administrative and Project Information
- Stage 2: Preliminary Sizing of Key Deliverables
- Stage 3: Producing a Preliminary Cost Estimate
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
- SECTION 3 SIZING SOFTWARE DELIVERABLES
- Chapter 9. Sizing Software Deliverables
- General Sizing Logic for Key Deliverables
- Sizing Methods Circa 2007
- Pattern Matching from Historical Data
- Using Historical Data to Predict Growth in Requirements
- Mathematical or Statistical Attempts to Extrapolate Size from Partial Requirements
- Arbitrary Rules of Thumb for Adding Contingency Factors
- Freezing Requirements at Fixed Points in Time
- Producing Formal Cost Estimates Only for Subsets of the Total Application
- Volume of Function Point Data Available
- Software Complexity Analysis
- Software Sizing with Reusable Components
- Overview of the Basic Forms of Software Sizing Metrics
- Source Code Sizing
- Sizing Object-Oriented Software Projects
- Sizing Text-Based Paper Documents
- Sizing Graphics and Illustrations
- Sizing Bugs or Defects
- Sizing Test Cases
- The Event Horizon for Sizing Software Artifacts
- What Is Known as a Result of Sizing Software Projects
- Strengths and Weaknesses of Software Size Metrics
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
- SECTION 4 COST-ESTIMATING ADJUSTMENT FACTORS
- Chapter 10. Compensation and Work-Pattern Adjustments
- Manual and Automated Methods of Adjustment
- Exclusions from Normal Software Cost Estimates
- Setting Up the Initial Conditions for a Cost Estimate
- Variations in Burden Rates or Overhead Costs
- Variations in Work Habits and Unpaid Overtime
- References
- Chapter 11. Activity Pattern Adjustment Factors
- Twenty Five Common Activities for Software Projects
- References
- Chapter 12. Software Technology Adjustment Factors
- Adjustment Factors and Macro-Estimation Tools
- Factors That Influence Software Development Productivity
- Factors That Influence Software Maintenance Productivity
- Patterns of Positive and Negative Factors
- Adjustment Factors and Micro-Estimating Tools
- References
- SECTION 5 ACTIVITY-BASED SOFTWARE COST ESTIMATING
- Chapter 13. Estimating Software Requirements
- Function Points and Software Requirements
- Primary Topics for Software Requirements
- Secondary Topics for Software Requirements
- Positive and Negative Requirements Adjustment Factors
- Requirements and End-User Software
- Requirements and Agile Applications
- Requirements and Management Information Systems (MIS) Projects
- Requirements and Outsourced Projects
- Requirements and Systems Software
- Requirements and Commercial Software
- Requirements and Military Software Projects
- Requirements and Web-Based Applications
- Evaluating Combinations of Requirements Factors
- References
- Chapter 14. Estimating Software Prototypes
- Disposable Prototypes
- Time box Prototypes
- Evolutionary Prototypes
- Default Values for Estimating Disposable Prototypes
- Positive and Negative Factors That Influence Software Prototypes
- References
- Chapter 15. Estimating Software Specifications and Design
- Positive Design Adjustment Factors
- Negative Design Adjustment Factors
- References
- Chapter 16. Estimating Design Inspections
- Inspection Literature
- Inspection Process
- Value of Inspections
- References
- Chapter 17. Estimating Programming or Coding
- The Impact of Reusability on Programming
- The Impact of Experience on Programming
- The Impact of Bugs or Errors on Programming
- The Impact of Unpaid Overtime on Programming
- The Impact of Creeping Requirements on Programming
- The Impact of Code Structure and Complexity on Programming
- The Impact of Unplanned Interruptions on Programming
- The Impact of Application Size on Programming
- The Impact of Office Space and Ergonomics on Programming
- The Impact of Tools on Programming
- The Impact of Programming Languages on Programming
- The Impact of Schedule Pressure on Programming
- References
- Chapter 18. Estimating Code Inspections
- Code Inspection Literature
- Effectiveness of Code Inspections
- Considerations for Estimating Code Inspections
- References
- Chapter 19. Estimating Software Configuration Control and Change Management
- The Literature on Change Management
- Measuring Software Change
- Changes in User Requirements
- Changes in Specifications and Design
- Changes Due to Bugs or Defect Reports
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 20. Estimating Software Testing
- General Forms of Software Testing
- Specialized Forms of Software Testing
- Forms of Testing Involving Users or Clients
- Number of Testing Stages
- Testing Pattern Variations by Industry and Type of Software
- Testing Pattern Variations by Size of Application
- Testing Stages Noted in Lawsuits Alleging Poor Quality
- Using Function Points to Estimate Test-Case Volumes
- Using Function Points to Estimate the Numbers of Test Personnel
- Testing and Defect-Removal Efficiency Levels
- Using Function Points to Estimate Testing Effort and Costs
- Testing by Developers or by Professional Test Personnel
- Test Case Coverage
- The Factors That Affect Testing Performance
- References
- Chapter 21. Estimating User and Project Documentation
- Estimating Tools and Software Documentation
- Quantifying the Number and Sizes of Software Document Types
- Software Documentation Tools on Lagging and Leading Projects
- References
- Chapter 22. Estimating Software Project Management
- The Roles of Software Project Management
- Project Managers Who Are Also Technical Contributors
- Project Management for Hybrid Projects Involving Hardware and Software
- Project Management and External Schedule Pressures
- Project Management Tools
- Project Management on Large Systems with Many Managers
- Time-Splitting, or Managing Several Projects Simultaneously
- The Span of Control, or Number of Staff Members per Manager
- Managing Multiple Occupation Groups
- The Presence or Absence of Project Offices for Large Systems
- Experience Levels of Software Project Managers
- Quality-Control Methods Selected by Project Managers
- Project Managers and Metrics
- Summary of Project Management Findings
- References
- SECTION 6 MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT COST ESTIMATING
- Chapter 23. Maintenance and Enhancement Estimating
- Nominal Default Values for Maintenance and Enhancement Activities
- Metrics and Measurement Problems with Small Maintenance Projects
- Best and Worst Practices in Software Maintenance
- Software Entropy and Total Cost of Ownership
- Installing New Releases and Patches from Software Vendors
- Major Enhancements
- Minor Enhancements
- Maintenance (Defect Repairs)
- Warranty Repairs
- Customer Support
- Economics of Error-Prone Modules
- Mandatory Changes
- Complexity Analysis
- Code Restructuring and Refactoring
- Performance Optimization
- Migration Across Platforms
- Conversion to New Architectures
- Reverse Engineering
- Re-engineering
- Dead Code Removal
- Dormant Application Removal
- Nationalization
- Mass Update Projects
- Retirement or Withdrawal of Applications
- Field Service
- Combinations and Concurrent Maintenance Operations
- References
- Chapter 24. Software Cost-Estimating Research Issues
- Metrics Conversion
- Automatic Sizing from User Requirements
- Activity-Based Costs for Agile, Object-Oriented, and Web Projects
- Complexity Analysis of Software Applications
- Value Analysis of Software Applications
- Risk Analysis and Software Cost Estimates
- Including Specialists in Software Cost Estimates
- Reuse Analysis and Software Cost Estimates
- Process Improvement Estimation
- Methodology Analysis and Software Cost Estimating
- Summary and Conclusions About Software Cost-Estimating Research
- Index
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