
Multicultural Counseling: Context, Theory and Practice, and Competence
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Content
- Intro
- MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING:CONTEXT, THEORY ANDPRACTICE, AND COMPETENCE
- MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING:CONTEXT, THEORY ANDPRACTICE, AND COMPETENCE
- CONTENTS
- INTRODUCTION
- Chapter 1HISTORICAL CONTEXT OFMULTICULTURALISM IN THE UNITED STATES
- INTRODUCTION
- RACISM AND DOMINANCE
- Racism and Dominance in Historical Context
- The Role of Psychology and Counseling
- NATIVE AMERICANS
- Pre-Columbian America
- Invasion and Conquest
- Dominance
- Movement toward Pluralism
- AFRICAN AMERICANS
- Socialization of African Slaves
- Socialized Black Inferiority
- Slavery's Impact on Africans' Personality
- After Slavery
- HISPANIC AMERICANS
- General Profile
- The Spanish Conquerors
- Mexican Americans
- Puerto Ricans
- Cubans/Cuban Americans
- ASIAN AMERICANS
- Early Immigration
- The Twentieth Century
- A "Model Minority"
- CLASS AND SMALL GROUP ACTIVITIES
- Ancestry
- Mixed Messages
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 2CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN MULTICULTURALCOUNSELING: TRAINING COMPETENT COUNSELORS
- INTRODUCTION
- DEFINING MULTICULTURAL COUNSELINGAND RELATED COMPETENCIES
- EXPANDING MULTICULTURAL CONTENT IN TRAINING
- Worldviews
- Race and Ethnicity
- Gender and Sexual Orientation
- Age and Disability
- Religion and Spirituality
- The Challenge of Teaching Multicultural Competence
- CONCLUSIONS
- EXPERIENTIAL ACTIVITIES
- 1. Interview Project
- 2. Small Group Activities
- 3. Otherness Experiences
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 3RACIAL, ETHNIC, AND CULTURALIDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODELS
- INTRODUCTION
- Race
- Ethnicity
- Culture
- IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES
- BLACK IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODELS
- Case Example
- WHITE IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODELS
- Case Example
- IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT FOR BIRACIAL INDIVIDUALS
- GENERAL MODELS OF IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT
- Case Example
- Minority Identity Development (MID) Model
- Ethnic Identity Development
- IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT FOR ASIAN AMERICANS
- Stage Models of Identity Development Applied to Asian Americans
- Acculturation Models and Bicultural Models Applied to Asian Americans
- HISPANIC/LATINO IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
- Factors That Affect Hispanic Identity
- Case Example
- Identity Development
- NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN IDENTITY ISSUES
- CONCLUSION
- ACTIVITIES TO ENHANCE LEARNING
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 4MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING INSPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS CONTEXTS
- DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
- INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF SPIRITUALITY AND RELIGION
- SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY ANDEFFECTIVE MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING
- Rationale for Addressing Spiritual and Religious Issues in Counseling
- Respect of Spiritual/Religious Values Enhances Trust
- Faith Enhances Well-Being
- External Resources Facilitate Healing
- Knowledge of Spiritual/Religious Contexts Improves Conceptualization
- Spiritual and Religious Diversity and Multicultural Counseling
- SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS CONTEXTS OF FOURRACIAL-ETHNIC GROUPS
- African Americans
- Hispanic Americans
- Asian Americans
- Native American Indians
- Intersections of Multicultural Identities
- SPIRITUAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT
- Stages of Spiritual Identity Development
- Assessing Spiritual Identity Development in Counseling
- Facilitating Spiritual Identity Development in Counseling
- INCORPORATING SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUSINTERVENTIONS IN COUNSELING
- Sacred Texts and Spiritual Writings
- Consultation with Religious Leaders
- Service
- Ritual and Music
- Repentance
- Forgiving Others
- Prayer, Meditation
- Summary
- ETHICAL ISSUES
- Church-State Boundary Violations
- Dual Relationships and Confidentiality
- Assuming and Discrediting Religious Authority
- Professional Competence
- Imposition of Values
- CONCLUSION
- DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
- EXPERIENTIAL ACTIVITIES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 5MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING THEORIES
- THEORIES, MODELS, AND PERSPECTIVES - AN OVERVIEW
- Theory versus Competence
- CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL CROSS-CULTURAL COUNSELING
- Common Factors among Multiple Theories
- Bridges to Traditional Theories and Therapies
- CULTURAL DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES FROMHUMAN DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
- An Example Combining Eastern and Western Frameworks
- Examples of Western Developmental Theories
- TWO DIVERGENT APPROACHES TOMULTICULTURAL COUNSELING THEORIES
- Generic Cultural Counseling Theories
- Theory of Multicultural Counseling
- Internalized Culture
- Ramirez' (1999) Multicultural Model of Psychotherapy
- Specific Cultural Counseling Theories
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 6COUNSELING ETHNICALLY DIVERSE FAMILIES
- INTRODUCTION
- ETHNICALLY DIVERSE POPULATIONS:DEMOGRAPHICS, VALUES, AND FAMILY STRUCTURE
- African American Demographic Characteristics
- African American Cultural Values
- African American Families
- Hispanic American Demographic Characteristics
- Hispanic American Cultural Values
- Hispanic American Families
- Asian/Pacific Islander American Demographic Characteristics
- Asian/Pacific Islander American Values
- Asian/Pacific Islander American Families
- American Indian/Eskimo/Aleut Demographic Characteristics
- American Indian/Eskimo/Aleut Cultural Values
- American Indian/Eskimo/Aleut Families
- COUNSELING WITH ETHNICALLY DIVERSE FAMILIES
- Counseling with African American Families
- Counseling with Hispanic American Families
- Counseling with Asian/Pacific Islander American Families
- Counseling with Native American Indian/Eskimo/Aleut Families
- FAMILY THERAPY MODELS
- IMPLICATIONS FOR WORKING WITHETHNICALLY DIVERSE FAMILIES
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 7DISABILITY: AN EMERGING TOPIC INMULTICULTURAL COUNSELING
- TRADITIONAL SOCIOCULTURAL MODELS OF DISABILITY
- Moral Model
- Eugenicist Model
- Medical Model
- Functional Model
- Sociocultural Barriers to Disability Culture
- DISABILITY RIGHTS, DISABILITYCONSCIOUSNESS, AND CIVIL RIGHTS
- Sociocultural Influences on the Development of a Disability Community
- Birth of the Disability Rights Movement
- Independent Living Movement
- Redefining Disability and Discrimination
- Development of Disability Rights Organizations
- Rehabilitation Act of 1973
- Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
- MINORITY-GROUP MODEL OF DISABILITY ANDTHE EMERGENCE OF DISABILITY CULTURE
- Minority-Group Status and Cultural Empowerment
- Language
- Image and Cultural Representation
- Disability Studies
- Minorities with Disabilities
- Limitations of Minority-Group Model and Disability Culture
- CONCLUSION
- CLASS ACTIVITY
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 8COUNSELING WITH INDIVIDUALS FROM THELESBIAN AND GAY CULTURE
- INTRODUCTION
- Culture versus Diversity
- MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING SKILLS ARESIMILAR BETWEEN CULTURAL GROUPS
- ON COMING OUT: THE IDENTITY DEVELOPMENTPROCESS FOR LESBIANS AND GAYS
- CULTURAL MINORITY IN A MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY
- FAMILY FOR GAYS AND LESBIANS
- ON BEING A HIDDEN OR VISIBLE MINORITYAND DISCLOSING SEXUAL ORIENTATION
- GAY AND LESBIAN CULTURAL COUNSELING COMPETENCIES
- THE CASE OF MARIO
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- SUGGESTED EXPERIENTIAL ACTIVITIES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 9MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING FORCAREER DEVELOPMENT
- APPLICABILITY OF THE MAJOR CAREERDEVELOPMENT THEORIES TO DIVERSE POPULATIONS
- Erroneous Assumptions
- Lack of Applicability
- Lack of Sufficient Determinants
- CAREER COUNSELING MODELS SPECIFICTO ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE U.S.
- Traditional Theories
- Broader Theories
- MULTICULTURAL MODELS OF CAREERASSESSMENT AND COUNSELING
- Standards for Multicultural Assessment
- Biases in Testing
- Selection of Appropriate Test Instruments
- Assessment and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior
- The Inter-Domain Model
- The Career-Development Assessment and Counseling Model
- The Personal Styles Inventory
- Holland's Typology Assessments
- Qualitative Evaluation
- Multiple Interventions
- Self-Efficacy Measurement
- INTERACTION EFFECTS OF GENDER, ETHNIC, SOCIOECONOMIC,LIFESTYLE, AND DISABILITY STATUS IN CAREER DEVELOPMENT
- IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH
- The Career Path Tournament
- A Narrative Approach
- Planned Happenstance
- SUMMARY
- EXPERIENTIAL ACTIVITIES
- Case Study 8. 1: Gender and Ethnic Influences
- Case Study 8. 2: Playground Bias?
- Case Study-8. 3: Harold
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 10MULTICULTURAL GROUP COUNSELING
- THE DEFINITION OF MULTICULTURAL GROUP COUNSELING
- TYPES OF GROUPS
- Racially/Ethnically Homogeneous Groups
- African Americans
- Native American Indians
- Asian Americans
- Hispanic Americans
- Racially/Ethnically Heterogeneous Groups
- Hypothetical Case Example:
- CULTURAL FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT GROUP PROCESSES
- Racial-Ethnic-Cultural Identity
- Acculturation
- Cultural Values
- PRACTICAL GUIDELINES FOR FACILITATINGMULTICULTURAL GROUPS
- CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES UTILIZING CONCEPTS FROM THIS CHAPTER
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 11INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS AS ABASIS FOR MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING
- INTRODUCTION
- COMMUNICATION SKILLS
- COMMUNICATION DYNAMICS
- Verbal Communication
- Translation
- Word Choice and Meaning
- Paralanguage
- Nonverbal Communication
- Proxemics
- Kinesics
- Patterns of Communication
- Level of Formality
- Level of Directness and Explicitness
- Show of Emotion
- COUNSELING AS A COMMUNICATION STYLE
- INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
- Perception of Time
- Perception of the Individual versus that of the Group
- EMPATHY AND MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING
- Ivey's Expanded Conceptualization of Empathy
- Cultural Empathy
- Superordinate Processes
- Cultural Sensitivity
- Subordinate Processes
- A Caveat
- COUNSELING RELATIONSHIP-BUILDING SKILLS
- Clients' Perspectives
- Conceptualization of Clients and Client Outcomes
- CONCLUSION
- ACTIVITIES
- Individual
- Small Group
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 12NON-WESTERN HELPING MODALITIES
- CRITICAL INFLUENCES ON WORLDVIEWS
- Sociocultural and Psychosocial Factors
- Poverty, Low Socioeconomic Status (SES), and Class
- Language Issues
- Stereotypes
- Academic Underachievement and School Dropout
- Major Psychosocial Factors
- Substance Abuse
- Demographics
- Teenage Pregnancy
- Delinquency
- Impact of Sociocultural and Psychosocial Factors
- HISPANIC AMERICANS
- Overview of Hispanic Helping Systems
- Illness Etiologies
- Diagnosis
- Healing Process
- ASIAN AMERICANS
- Overview
- Illness Etiologies
- Diagnosis
- Healing Process
- NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN/ALASKA NATIVES
- Overview
- Cultural Commitment
- Use of Humor
- Use of Folklore
- View of Seeking Counseling
- Illness Etiology
- Cultural-bound Syndromes
- Diagnosis
- Healing Process
- Directions for Synergetic Counseling
- Creating a Culturally Affirmative Environment
- Integration of Indigenous Strategies
- Conducting the Initial Session
- Within-Group Variances
- Summary
- AFRICAN AMERICANS
- Overview
- Social Class Distinctions
- Family Structure and Life Patterns
- Religious Influences
- Indigenous Healing Practices
- Cross-Cultural Counseling Relationship
- The Setting
- Diagnosis Procedures
- Intervention Strategies
- Cross-Cultural Counselor Training
- Healing Process
- Cultural Antecedents
- Cultural Commitment
- View of Seeking Help
- Summary
- SELF-ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 13SUPERVISION FROM AMULTICULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
- KEY ISSUES IN MULTICULTURAL SUPERVISION
- Identity
- Awareness
- Knowledge and Skills
- THE COMPLEX DYNAMICS OF THE SUPERVISORYRELATIONSHIPS: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL
- Choosing a Multicultural Supervisor
- Assessing for Certification and Training
- Assessing for Cultural Encapsulation
- Assessing for Theory and Practice
- Assessing Research Interests
- Multicultural Supervision and Power/Authority
- Multicultural Supervision and Shared Meaning
- Cultural Conditioning
- Discussing Cultural Differences
- Valuing the Trainee as a Person
- Multicultural Supervision and Trust
- ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS ANDCORRESPONDING DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
- STRUCTURE AND ASSESSMENT IN MULTICULTURALLYSENSITIVE PRACTICUM/INTERNSHIP COURSES
- MULTICULTURAL SUPERVISION AND ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES
- SUMMARY
- EXERCISES TO PROMOTE CRITICAL THINKING
- REFERENCES
- BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES FOR AUTHORS
- CHAPTER 1: HISTORICAL CONTEXT OFMULTICULTURALISM IN THE UNITED STATES
- CHAPTER 2: CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN MULTICULTURALCOUNSELING: TRAINING COMPETENT COUNSELORS
- CHAPTER 3: RACIAL, ETHNIC, AND CULTURALIDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODELS
- CHAPTER 4: MULTICULTURAL COUNSELINGIN SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS CONTEXTS
- CHAPTER 5: MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING THEORIES
- CHAPTER 6: COUNSELING ETHNICALLY DIVERSE FAMILIES
- CHAPTER 7: DISABILITY: AN EMERGINGTOPIC IN MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING
- CHAPTER 8: COUNSELING WITH INDIVIDUALSFROM THE LESBIAN AND GAY CULTURE
- CHAPTER 9: MULTICULTURAL COUNSELINGFOR CAREER DEVELOPMENT
- CHAPTER 10: MULTICULTURAL GROUP COUNSELING
- CHAPTER 11: INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SKILLSAS A BASIS FOR MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING
- CHAPTER 12: NON-WESTERN HELPING MODALITIES
- CHAPTER 13: SUPERVISION FROM A MULTICULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
- INDEX
- Blank Page
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