FMCW Radar Design
1st Edition
Published on 1. January 2018
430 pages
978-1-63081-569-1 (ISBN)
Description
Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radars are a fast expanding area in radar technology due to their stealth features, extremely high resolutions, and relatively clutter free displays. This groundbreaking resource offers engineers expert guidance in designing narrowband FMCW radars for surveillance, navigation, and missile seeking. It also provides professionals with a thorough understanding of underpinnings of this burgeoning technology. Moreover, readers find detailed coverage of the RF components that form the basis of radar construction. Featuring clear examples, the book presents critical discussions on key applications.Practitioners learn how to use time-saving MATLAB(R) and SystemVue design software to help them with their challenging projects in the field. Additionally, this authoritative reference shows engineers how to analyze FMCW radars of various types, including missile seekers and missile altimeters. Packed with over 600 equations, the book presents discussions on key radar algorithms and their implementation, as well as designing modern radar to meet given operational requirements.
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Other editions
Additional editions
M. Jankiraman
FMCW Radar Design
Book
07/2018
Artech House Publishers
€206.84
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Content
- FMCW Radar Design
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Part 1 Fundamentals of Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) Radar Design
- Chapter 1 The Advent of FMCW Radars
- 1.1 The Need for Stealth
- 1.2 The Basic Requirements for LPI Capability
- 1.3 Pseudo-LPI Radars
- 1.4 CW Transmissions
- 1.5 Radar Detection Range and Interception Range
- 1.6 Radar Intercept Range
- 1.7 Commercial LPI Radars: "Squire" Battlefield Surveillance LPI Radar
- 1.8 Miscellaneous Uses of LPI Radars
- 1.8.1 Altimeters
- 1.8.2 Landing Systems
- 1.8.3 Train Radars
- 1.9 A Survey of This Book
- References
- Chapter 2 FMCW Waveform
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 FMCW
- 2.3 LFM Waveforms
- 2.4 Linear Sawtooth FMCW
- 2.4.1 LFM Waveform
- 2.5 Linear Triangular FMCW
- 2.5.1 One Target
- 2.5.2 Two Targets
- 2.6 Segmented Linear FMCW
- 2.7 Derivation of the Swept Bandwidth
- 2.8 Calculating the Range
- 2.9 Matched Filter
- 2.10 Storing a Replica
- 2.11 Time-Bandwidth Product
- 2.12 Waveform Compression
- 2.12.1 LFM Waveform Compression
- 2.12.2 Correlation Processor
- 2.12.3 Stretch Processor
- 2.13 Sidelobes and Weighting for Linear FM Systems
- 2.14 Basic Equations of FMCW Radars
- 2.14.1 FMCW Equation
- 2.15 FMCW Radar Range Equation Revisited
- 2.16 Effect of Sweep Time on Range Resolution
- 2.17 Concept of Instrumented Range
- 2.18 Nonlinearity in FM Waveforms
- 2.19 Coherent Processing Interval
- 2.20 Summary
- References
- Chapter 3 The Radar Ambiguity Function
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Examples of Ambiguity Functions
- 3.2.1 Single-Frequency Pulse
- 3.2.2 Linear FM Pulse
- 3.3 Range-Doppler Coupling
- 3.4 Phase-Coded Signals
- References
- Chapter 4 Noise in Radar Receivers
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Noise Characterization
- 4.2.1 Fundamentals
- 4.2.2 Noise Bandwidth
- 4.3 Sources of Noise
- 4.3.1 Thermal Noise
- 4.3.2 Resistor Noise Characteristics
- 4.3.3 Shot Noise
- 4.3.4 Flicker Noise
- 4.3.5 White Noise
- 4.3.6 Phase Noise
- 4.3.7 Avalanche Noise
- 4.3.8 Burst Noise
- 4.4 Noise Figure
- 4.5 Effective Noise Temperature
- 4.6 The Noise Figure of Multistage Systems
- 4.7 Noise Figure of Other Devices
- 4.8 Noise Reduction Strategies
- 4.9 Noise Figure Measurement
- 4.9.1 Gain Method
- 4.9.2 Y-Factor Method
- 4.9.3 Noise Figure Meter
- 4.10 Summary
- References
- Chapter 5 Radar Detection
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 The Detection Problem
- 5.2.1 Neyman-Pearson Theorem
- 5.3 Noise Probability Density Functions
- 5.4 Probability of False Alarm
- 5.5 Probability of Detection
- 5.6 The Matched Filter
- 5.7 Matched Filter in Colored Noise
- 5.8 The Correlation Receiver
- 5.9 Fluctuating Targets
- 5.10 Integration of Pulses
- 5.10.1 Coherent Integration
- 5.10.2 Noncoherent Integration
- 5.10.3 Cumulative Detection Probability
- 5.11 CFAR Processing
- 5.12 Cell-Averaging CFAR
- 5.13 Design of FMCW Marine Navigation Radar
- 5.14 Summary
- References
- Part 2 Radar RF Hardware and Architecture
- Chapter 6 Radar System Components
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Amplifiers
- 6.3 Types of Amplifiers
- 6.4 Amplifier Characteristics
- 6.4.1 1-dB Compression Point
- 6.4.2 Intermodulation Products
- 6.4.3 Dynamic Range and SFDR
- 6.4.4 Gain Compression and Desensitization
- 6.4.5 Single-Tone Modulation
- 6.4.6 Two-Tone Intermodulation
- 6.4.7 Cross-modulation
- 6.4.8 Nonlinearities in Power Amplifiers (PAs)
- 6.5 Mixers
- 6.5.1 Down-Conversion
- 6.5.2 Up-Conversion
- 6.5.3 Mixer Specifications
- 6.5.4 Mixer Intermodulation Products
- 6.5.5 Mixer Properties
- 6.5.6 Mixer Hardware Issues
- 6.5.7 Mixer Types
- 6.6 Synthesizer PLL Phase Noise
- 6.7 What Is Phase Noise?
- 6.8 Passive Components
- 6.9 Summary
- References
- Chapter 7
- Chapter 7 Radar Transmitter/Receiver Architectures
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Receiver Architectures
- 7.2.1 Single-Conversion Superheterodyne Receiver
- 7.2.2 Dual-Conversion Superheterodyne Receiver
- 7.2.3 Direct Conversion Receiver (Zero-IF)
- 7.2.4 Hartley Architecture-Image-Reject Receiver
- 7.2.5 Weaver Architecture
- 7.2.6 Digital IF Receiver
- 7.3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion
- 7.3.1 Nyquist Sampling
- 7.3.2 Bandpass Sampling
- 7.3.3 Effects of Sampling Rate
- 7.3.4 Bandpass Sampling Theorem
- 7.3.5 Undersampling Techniques for Integer Bands
- 7.3.6 Locations for Bandpass Sampling
- 7.3.7 SNR of ADC for Bandpass Sampling
- 7.4 Low-IF Receivers
- 7.5 Receiver Signal Analysis
- 7.6 Transmitter Architectures
- 7.6.1 Direct Conversion Transmitter: Homodyne
- 7.6.2 Transmitter Architecture: Heterodyne
- 7.7 Summary
- References
- Part 3 FMCW Radar Signal Processing
- Chapter 8 Doppler Processing
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Doppler Frequency Shift
- 8.3 Pulse-Frequency Spectrum
- 8.4 Doppler Ambiguities
- 8.4.1 Doppler Effect
- 8.5 Radar Clutter
- 8.6 PRF Trade-offs
- 8.7 Pulse Compression
- 8.8 Doppler Processing
- 8.9 The Genesis of the MTI
- 8.9.1 MTI
- 8.10 MTI Technology
- 8.10.1 Unambiguous Range
- 8.10.2 Delay-Line Cancelers
- 8.10.3 Doppler Ambiguities
- 8.10.4 MTI Blind Phase
- 8.10.5 MTI Improvement Factor
- 8.10.6 MTI Cancelers
- 8.11 Staggered PRFs
- 8.12 Limitations of MTI Performance
- 8.13 Digital MTI
- 8.14 MTDs
- 8.14.1 Pulse-Doppler (PD) Radars
- 8.14.2 Difference Between MTI and PD Radars
- 8.14.3 MTD Schematic
- 8.15 Airport Surveillance Radar (ASR 9)
- 8.16 Summary
- References
- Part 4 FMCW Radar Design Tutorials
- Chapter 9 Design and Development of FMCW Battlefield Surveillance Radar
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Problem Statement
- 9.3 Specifications Analysis
- 9.4 Range Resolution
- 9.5 Sweep Bandwidths
- 9.6 Frequency of Radar Operation and Choice of Transmitter
- 9.7 Sweep Repetition Interval
- 9.8 Cell-Averaging CFAR
- 9.9 Power Output Control
- 9.10 IF Bandwidth
- 9.11 Blanking
- 9.12 Schematic Details (SystemVue®)
- 9.13 Performance Evaluation
- 9.14 Signal Processing
- 9.15 Range FFT
- 9.16 Centroiding
- 9.17 CFAR and Threshold
- 9.18 Antenna
- 9.19 In God We Trust, the Rest We Track
- 9.19.1 The Radar Tracker
- 9.19.2 General Approach
- 9.19.3 Plot to Track Association
- 9.19.4 Track Initiation
- 9.19.5 Track Maintenance
- 9.19.6 Track Smoothing
- 9.19.7 Alpha-Beta Tracker
- 9.19.8 Kalman Filter
- 9.19.9 Multiple Hypothesis Tracker (MHT)
- 9.19.10 Interacting Multiple Model (IMM)
- 9.19.11 Nonlinear Tracking Algorithms
- 9.19.12 EKF
- 9.19.13 UKF
- 9.19.14 Particle Filter
- 9.19.15 Commercial Tracking Software
- References
- Chapter 10 Design and Development of FMCW Marine Navigation Radar
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Problem Statement
- 10.3 Product Description
- 10.3 Specification Analysis
- 10.4 Range Resolution
- 10.5 Sweep Bandwidths
- 10.6 Frequency of Radar Operation and Choice Of Transmitter
- 10.7 Sweep Repetition Interval
- 10.8 Selection of IF Filter Bandwidth
- 10.9 Radar Clutter and Clutter Mapping
- 10.10 Power Output
- 10.11 Performance Evaluation
- 10.12 Signal Processing
- 10.13 Antenna
- 10.14 Basic Guidelines in RF System Design Using SystemVue®
- References
- Chapter 11 Antiship Missile Seeker
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 System Specifications
- 11.2.1 Main Operational Features
- 11.2.2 Technical Specifications
- 11.3 RBS15 Mk3 Guidance System
- 11.4 Warhead and Propulsion of RBS15 Mk3 SSM
- 11.5 Missile Altimeter
- 11.6 Active Radar Seeker
- 11.7 Seeker Specifications (Speculative)
- 11.8 Operational Procedure
- 11.9 System Performance (Speculative)
- 11.9.1 Target Detection and Identification
- 11.9.2 Flight Profile
- 11.9.3 Radar Front End
- 11.9.4 Antenna and Scanner
- 11.9.5 Signal Processing
- 11.9.6 Performance in Sea Clutter
- 11.9.7 Target Identification
- 11.10 Basic Principles of Homing Guidance
- 11.10.1 Handover Analysis
- 11.10.2 Engagement Kinematics
- 11.10.3 Development of PN Guidance Law
- 11.10.4 Simulations
- 11.10.5 Extraction of LOS Rate
- 11.10.6 Radome Design Requirements
- 11.11 Further Studies
- 11.12 The Results
- 11.13 Altimeter
- 11.14 FMICW Radar
- 11.15 Design of the FMICW Altimeter
- 11.16 Measurement Strategy
- 11.17 Radar Controller
- 11.18 Signal Processing
- 11.19 Micro Radar Altimeter
- References
- Appendix A FMCW Radar Designer GUI
- Appendix B SNR Calculations in Radars
- B.1 Introduction
- B.2 Coherent Integration
- B.3 Noncoherent Integration
- B.4 MTI Radar
- B.5 Comparing to Chirp-Pulse Radars
- B.6 MTD Radar
- B.7 BFSR Analysis
- B.7.1 BFSR as MTI
- B.7.2 BFSR as MTD
- B.8 Dynamic Range Reexamined
- B.9 ADC 9255
- B.9 Measured noise floor at ADC input: -65 dBm
- References
- Appendix C AAFs
- C.1 Introduction
- C.2 Bandwidth Issues
- About the Author
- Index
