
Introduction to Charge Carriers
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Content
- Intro
- Contents
- Preface
- Chapter 1
- Electrons and Charge Carriers
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction - Electrons
- 1.1. Solids
- 1.2. Charge Carriers
- 2. Semiconductors
- 2.1. p-n Junction
- 2.2. Solar Cells
- 2.2.1. Dissociation of Excitons in OSCs
- 2.3. Intersystem Crossing and Reverse Intersystem Crossing in Organic Semiconductors
- 2.3.1. Rate of Intersystem Crossing
- 2.3.2. Reverse Intersystem Crossing or Up-Conversion
- 2.3.3. Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) in Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (Oleds)
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 2
- Analytical Solutions for Drift- Diffusion Equations Describing Charge-Carrier Transport in Silicon Semiconductor Structures
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The Starting Equations
- 3. Regional Partitioning
- 4. Time Regimes
- 4.1. DR Collapse
- 4.2. Fast Partial Recovery
- 4.3. Slow Recovery
- 5. The DR Equations for Steady-State or Slow-Recovery
- 6. The QNR Equations
- 7. Topology and Notation
- 8. Solution to a Low-Level Steady-State Problem
- 9. Solution to a Low-Level Semi-Transient Problem
- 10. Solutions to Low-Level Fully-Transient Problems
- 11. Solution to a High-Level Steady-State Problem
- 12. Solution to a High-Level Semi-Transient Problem
- 13. Saturation of Peak Currents
- 14. Exact Mathematical Solutions for Special Cases
- 14.1. Open Circuit Boundary Values
- 14.2. Open Circuit Steady-State Solution in QNR Interior
- 14.3. Steady-State without Carrier Generation
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 3
- Dynamics of Charge Carriers in Nanomaterials
- Abstract
- Abbreviations
- Major Notation
- Introduction
- THz Spectroscopy
- Carrier Dynamics
- Typical Examples of THz Conductivity in Nanomaterlas
- Discussions
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 4
- Charge Carrier Transport Within the Wurtzite Phases of the Gallium, Aluminium, and Indium Nitrides
- Abstract
- Chapter 5
- Charge Carrier Dynamics in Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Classification of Polymer Electrolytes
- 2.1. Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes
- 2.2. Gel Polymer Electrolytes
- 2.3. Composites Polymer Electrolytes
- 2.4. Rubbery Electrolytes
- 2.5. Polymer Salt-Complex or Dry Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs)
- 3. Ion Transport Mechanism in Polymer Electrolytes
- 3.1. Composition Dependent
- 3.2. Temperature Dependent
- 3.2.1. Arrhenius Model
- 3.2.2. Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) Model
- 3.2.3. William-Landel-Ferry (WLF) Model
- 3.2.4. Free Volume Model
- 3.2.5. Dynamic Bond Percolation (DBP) Model
- 3.3 Models/Methods
- 3.3.1. Rice and Roth Model
- 3.3.2. Schutt and Gerdes Model
- 3.3.3. Bandara and Mellander (B-M) Model
- 3.3.4. Greenbaum's Formula
- 3.3.4.1. Determination of n and µ in a Ionic Liquid Doped Poly(Ethylene Oxide), PEO Based Polymer Electrolyte System
- 3.3.4.1.1. At Room Temperature
- 3.3.4.1.2. Temperature Dependence
- 3.3.4.2. Determination of n and µ in a Ionic Liquid Doped Poly(Ethylene Oxide), PEO Based Polymer Electrolyte System
- 3.3.4.3. Determination of n and µ in a Poly(Ethylene Oxide), PEO Based Polymer Electrolyte Doped with Ionic Liquid
- 3.3.5. Trukhan's Model
- 3.3.5.1. Determination of n and µ in an Ionic Liquid Doped Poly(Ethylene Oxide), PEO Based Polymer Electrolyte System
- 3.3.5.1.1. At Room Temperature
- 3.3.5.1.2. Temperature Dependence
- 3.3.5.2. Determination of n and µ in an Ionic Liquid Doped Poly(Ethylene Oxide), PEO Based Polymer Electrolyte System
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 6
- Energy Exchange Processes in Rare-Earth Ion Doped Glasses and Their Importance in Lasing and Signal Amplification
- Abstract
- 1. Background Models
- 2. Excitonic States in Dielectric, Spontaneous (PL) and Stimulated Emission Processes
- 2.1. Resonant Stoke and Anti-Stoke Transitions in RE-Ion Doped Glasses
- 2.2. A Summary of D-D, Q-D, Q-D Model Equation and Energy Transfer Characterisation in RE-Ion and RE-TM Ion Doped Glasses and Crystals
- 2.3. Cross-Relaxation (CR) and Related Up- and Down Conversion in RE3+-Ions
- 2.3.1. Definition and Charaterisation
- 2.3.2. Pr3+-Yb3+ Ion Co-Doped Fluoride Glasses and Fibres
- 2.3.3. Er3+-Ce3+-Yb3+ Doped Glasses and Fibres
- 2.3.4. Examples of Quantum Cutting (QC) Transitions for Energy Exchange in Multiple RE-Ions Doped Tellurite Glasses
- 2.3.5. Control of the Oxidation States and Photodarkening in Optical Fibre Lasers
- 3. Controlling the Oxidation States of RE-Ions in Planar Waveguide Fabrication Using Ultra-Fast Lasers
- 4. Summary of Applications in Solar Energy Harvesting Using RE-Ion Doped Materials
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- Conflict of Interest
- References
- Chapter 7
- Dynamics of Charge Carriers in Spectral Selective Organic Photodetectors
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Device Physics of Organic Photodetectors
- 3. Generation of Charge Carriers in Spectral Selective OPDs
- 3.1. OPDs with an Optical Depletion/Absorption Heterostructure
- 3.2. Profiles of Charge Generation in Spectral Selective OPDs
- 3.3. Spectral Selective Response Behaviors
- 3.4. Spectral Selective OPDs
- 4. Charge Collection in Narrowband OPDs
- 4.1. Optical Field Distribution
- 4.2. Effect of Space Charge Buildup
- 4.3. Narrowband Near-Infrared Photodetection
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 8
- Charge Generation Dynamics in Organic and Perovskite Solar Cells
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Mechanism and Rate of Intersystem Crossing
- 3. Exciton-Spin-Orbit-Phonon Operator
- 4. Intersystem Crossing Rate
- 5. Exciton Dissociation at the D-A Interface in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells
- 6. Exciton Generation in OSCs
- 7. Exciton Diffusion
- 8. Charge Transfer Exciton Recombination Dynamics in OSCs
- 9. Charge Transport and Recombination in Perovskite Solar Cells
- 10. Open-Circuit Voltage and Bimolecular Recombination Coefficient in PSCs
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 9
- Optimal Performance of Organic Solar Cells: Charge Carrier Effects
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methods
- Optical Transfer Matrix Method
- Drift-Diffusion Model
- Results and Discussion
- Electric Field
- Exciton Generation Rate
- Charge Carrier Recombination Rates
- Power Conversion Efficiency
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 10
- Enhancing Power Conversion Efficiency of Bulk Hetero Junction (BHJ) Organic Solar Cells (OSCS) by Simulation
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Simulation of Efficient and Stable Non-Fullerene Acceptor Based Ternary BHJ OSCs
- 2.1. Simulation of PCE of a TOSC
- 2.1.1. Simulation of Jsc
- 2.1.2. Simulation of Voc
- 2.1.3. Simulation of FF
- 2.2. Simulation of PCE of a TOSC with Non-fullerene Acceptor
- 2.2.1. Simulation of Jsc
- 2.2.2. Simulation of Voc
- 2.2.3. Simulation of FF
- 3. An Alternate Method of Simulating PCE
- 3.1. Photon Absorption Efficiency (, - .)
- 3.1.1. Optical Admittance Analysis Method (OAAM) for Calculation of , .
- 3.1.2. Optical Transfer Matrix Method (OTMM) for Calculation of , .
- 3.2. Exciton Dissociation Efficiency (, - .)
- 3.3. Charge Carrier Extraction Efficiency (, - .)
- 3.4. Power Conversion Efficiency of an OSC
- 4. Exciton Generation in NFA BHJ OSCs
- 4.1. Theory
- 4.2. Simulation
- 4.2.1. Electric Field and Exciton Generation Rate Distributions in OSC2
- 4.2.2. Optimization of the Thicknesses of Each Layer
- 4.2.2.1. Optimization of the Structure of OSC2
- 4.2.2.2. Optimization of the Structure of OSC4
- 4.2.2.3. Optimization of the Structure of OSC5
- Conclusion
- References
- Editor's Contact Information
- Index
- Blank Page
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