Bridging Inferences
Constraining and Resolving Underspecification in Discourse Interpretation
1st Edition
Published on 28. July 2011
XV, 408 pages
978-3-11-026201-8 (ISBN)
Description
This book presents work on bridging inferences in discourse interpretation. It develops a formalization that permits integrating indirect anaphora in the construction of a structured discourse representation. From a broader perspective, it provides a suitable dynamic-logic framework which can account for underspecifications in cohesion and coherence of discourses by either inferentially resolving or contextually constraining them. Special attention is given to the resolution of bridging anaphora by means of integrating encyclopedic knowledge encoded in FrameNet into a formal theory of discourse structure as provided by Segmented Discourse Representation Theory. A second focus lies on the discourse effects of Clitic Left Dislocation in Spanish. In addition, the book provides a synopsis of the problems, methods, approaches, and desiderata of research on text, context, and discourse interpretation from formal, computational, cognitive, and psychological points of view. Central topics include pragmatic inferences and defeasible reasoning, the Common Ground, cohesion and anaphora resolution, coherence and discourse structure, and discourse interpretation. The volume may thus also serve as a reference book on text meaning and context.
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Matthias Irmer
Bridging Inferences
Constraining and Resolving Underspecification in Discourse Interpretation
Book
07/2011
1st Edition
De Gruyter
€209.00
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Matthias Irmer
Bridging Inferences
Constraining and Resolving Underspecification in Discourse Interpretation
Book
07/2011
1st Edition
De Gruyter
€199.95
Shipment within 7-9 days
Person
Matthias Irmer, University of Leipzig, Germany.
Content
1 - Preface [Seite 6]
2 - Acknowledgements [Seite 8]
3 - Contents [Seite 10]
4 - Introduction [Seite 18]
5 - 1 Pragmatic Inferences [Seite 24]
5.1 - 1.1 Semantic Underspecification and Pragmatic Enrichment [Seite 24]
5.1.1 - 1.1.1 Underspecified Semantics [Seite 25]
5.1.2 - 1.1.2 Accounts of Pragmatic Inference [Seite 29]
5.1.2.1 - 1.1.2.1 Conversational Implicatures [Seite 30]
5.1.2.2 - 1.1.2.2 Generalized Conversational Implicatures [Seite 33]
5.1.2.3 - 1.1.2.3 Explicatures [Seite 35]
5.1.2.4 - 1.1.2.4 Primary and Secondary Pragmatic Processes [Seite 36]
5.1.2.5 - 1.1.2.5 Abductive Inferences [Seite 37]
5.1.2.6 - 1.1.2.6 Conclusion [Seite 38]
5.1.3 - 1.1.3 Properties of Pragmatic Inferences [Seite 39]
5.2 - 1.2 Formal Approaches to Defeasible Reasoning [Seite 42]
5.2.1 - 1.2.1 Default Logic [Seite 44]
5.2.2 - 1.2.2 Circumscription [Seite 49]
5.2.3 - 1.2.3 Commonsense Entailment [Seite 52]
5.2.4 - 1.2.4 Abductive Reasoning [Seite 54]
5.2.5 - 1.2.5 Conclusion [Seite 58]
5.3 - 1.3 Pragmatic Inferences Beyond the Sentence Level [Seite 60]
5.3.1 - 1.3.1 Text and Discourse [Seite 60]
5.3.2 - 1.3.2 Cohesion [Seite 62]
5.3.3 - 1.3.3 Coherence [Seite 65]
5.3.3.1 - 1.3.3.1 An Intentional View on Discourse Coherence [Seite 67]
5.3.3.2 - 1.3.3.2 An Informational View on Discourse Coherence [Seite 68]
5.3.4 - 1.3.4 Looking Ahead [Seite 69]
6 - 2 The Common Ground and Intentions in Conversations [Seite 74]
6.1 - 2.1 The Common Ground [Seite 74]
6.1.1 - 2.1.1 Definitions of Shared Knowledge [Seite 74]
6.1.2 - 2.1.2 The Use of the Common Ground in Conversation [Seite 79]
6.1.2.1 - 2.1.2.1 Evidence from Language Production [Seite 79]
6.1.2.2 - 2.1.2.2 Evidence from Language Comprehension [Seite 80]
6.1.2.3 - 2.1.2.3 Discussion and Conclusion [Seite 81]
6.1.3 - 2.1.3 Establishing the Common Ground [Seite 82]
6.1.3.1 - 2.1.3.1 Accumulation [Seite 83]
6.1.3.2 - 2.1.3.2 Grounding [Seite 83]
6.1.3.3 - 2.1.3.3 Structuring the Common Ground [Seite 86]
6.1.4 - 2.1.4 Conclusion [Seite 87]
6.2 - 2.2 Modelling Intentions in Discourses [Seite 89]
6.2.1 - 2.2.1 Optimality Theory for Discourse Pragmatics [Seite 90]
6.2.2 - 2.2.2 Linguistic Communication as a Game [Seite 93]
6.2.3 - 2.2.3 Conclusion [Seite 95]
7 - 3 The Discourse Model and Discourse Anaphora [Seite 96]
7.1 - 3.1 Discourse Anaphora [Seite 97]
7.1.1 - 3.1.1 Types and Distribution of Anaphoric Expressions [Seite 97]
7.1.2 - 3.1.2 Syntactic and Semantic Notions of Anaphora [Seite 101]
7.2 - 3.2 The Discourse Model [Seite 105]
7.2.1 - 3.2.1 Conceptions of Discourse Models [Seite 105]
7.2.2 - 3.2.2 Requirements on Discourse Models [Seite 109]
7.3 - 3.3 Discourse Referents [Seite 111]
7.3.1 - 3.3.1 Introducing Discourse Referents in the Discourse Model [Seite 111]
7.3.2 - 3.3.2 Accessing Discourse Referents as Antecedents for Anaphora [Seite 113]
7.3.2.1 - 3.3.2.1 Familiarity [Seite 113]
7.3.2.2 - 3.3.2.2 Givenness [Seite 114]
7.3.2.3 - 3.3.2.3 Accessibility [Seite 115]
7.3.2.4 - 3.3.2.4 Salience [Seite 117]
7.3.2.5 - 3.3.2.5 Activation [Seite 118]
7.3.3 - 3.3.3 Conclusion [Seite 120]
7.4 - 3.4 Theories of Anaphora Resolution [Seite 120]
7.4.1 - 3.4.1 A Pragmatic Account [Seite 121]
7.4.2 - 3.4.2 Computational Accounts [Seite 125]
7.4.2.1 - 3.4.2.1 Focus Theory [Seite 125]
7.4.2.2 - 3.4.2.2 Centering Theory [Seite 126]
7.4.3 - 3.4.3 Dynamic Semantics and Discourse Representation Theory [Seite 131]
7.4.3.1 - 3.4.3.1 Context as Index [Seite 132]
7.4.3.2 - 3.4.3.2 Dynamic Semantics [Seite 133]
7.4.3.3 - 3.4.3.3 Discourse Representation Theory [Seite 134]
7.4.3.4 - 3.4.3.4 Anaphora in DRT [Seite 139]
7.4.3.5 - 3.4.3.5 Discussion [Seite 141]
7.4.4 - 3.4.4 Conclusion [Seite 142]
8 - 4 Discourse Structure [Seite 144]
8.1 - 4.1 Characteristics of Discourse Structure [Seite 145]
8.1.1 - 4.1.1 Discourse Segments: Basic Structural Units [Seite 145]
8.1.2 - 4.1.2 Connecting Discourse Segments [Seite 146]
8.1.2.1 - 4.1.2.1 Discourse Markers [Seite 146]
8.1.2.2 - 4.1.2.2 Discourse Relations [Seite 147]
8.1.3 - 4.1.3 The Form of Discourse Structure [Seite 148]
8.1.3.1 - 4.1.3.1 Sequences [Seite 148]
8.1.3.2 - 4.1.3.2 Stacks [Seite 149]
8.1.3.3 - 4.1.3.3 Trees [Seite 150]
8.1.3.4 - 4.1.3.4 Graphs [Seite 154]
8.1.3.5 - 4.1.4 Conclusion [Seite 157]
8.2 - 4.2 Discourse Relations [Seite 158]
8.2.1 - 4.2.1 Hobbs' Coherence Relations [Seite 159]
8.2.2 - 4.2.2 Kehler's Three Types of Coherence [Seite 160]
8.2.2.1 - 4.2.2.1 Coherence Relations: Cause-Effect [Seite 160]
8.2.2.2 - 4.2.2.2 Coherence Relations: Resemblance [Seite 161]
8.2.2.3 - 4.2.2.3 Coherence Relations: Contiguity [Seite 163]
8.2.2.4 - 4.2.2.4 Linguistic Phenomena Explained by Kehler's Taxonomy [Seite 164]
8.2.2.5 - 4.2.2.5 Problems with Kehler's Theory [Seite 168]
8.2.3 - 4.2.3 Rhetorical Structure Theory [Seite 170]
8.2.4 - 4.2.4 Rhetorical Relations in SDRT [Seite 176]
8.2.5 - 4.2.5 Conclusion [Seite 182]
8.3 - 4.3 Discourse Topic [Seite 182]
8.3.1 - 4.3.1 Discourse Topic as Entity [Seite 184]
8.3.2 - 4.3.2 Discourse Topic as Proposition [Seite 184]
8.3.3 - 4.3.3 Discourse Topic as Question [Seite 188]
8.3.3.1 - 4.3.3.1 Contrastive Sentence Topics [Seite 188]
8.3.3.2 - 4.3.3.2 Topic-Comment Structures for Discourses [Seite 190]
8.3.3.3 - 4.3.3.3 Quaestio Theory [Seite 192]
8.3.3.4 - 4.3.3.4 Questions Under Discussion [Seite 194]
8.3.4 - 4.3.4 Conclusion [Seite 195]
9 - 5 Discourse Interpretation [Seite 198]
9.1 - 5.1 Discourse Interpretation as Abduction [Seite 198]
9.1.1 - 5.1.1 Flat Logical Forms [Seite 199]
9.1.2 - 5.1.2 Weighted Abduction [Seite 200]
9.1.3 - 5.1.3 Local Pragmatic Interpretation [Seite 203]
9.1.4 - 5.1.4 Abduction in Structured Discourses [Seite 204]
9.1.5 - 5.1.5 Conclusion [Seite 208]
9.2 - 5.2 Minimal Model Generation [Seite 210]
9.2.1 - 5.2.1 Herbrand Models for First-Order Languages [Seite 210]
9.2.2 - 5.2.2 Generation of Discourse Models [Seite 212]
9.2.3 - 5.2.3 Minimality of Models [Seite 215]
9.2.4 - 5.2.4 Minimal Models and Discourse Anaphora [Seite 217]
9.2.4.1 - 5.2.4.1 Resolving Pronouns by Model Generation [Seite 217]
9.2.4.2 - 5.2.4.2 Equality by Default [Seite 220]
9.2.5 - 5.2.5 Conclusion [Seite 223]
9.3 - 5.3 Segmented Discourse Representation Theory [Seite 224]
9.3.1 - 5.3.1 Representing Discourse Structures [Seite 225]
9.3.2 - 5.3.2 Constructing Discourse Structures [Seite 228]
9.3.2.1 - 5.3.2.1 The Logic of Underspecified Information Content [Seite 228]
9.3.2.2 - 5.3.2.2 The Glue Logic [Seite 229]
9.3.2.3 - 5.3.2.3 Discourse Update [Seite 233]
9.3.2.4 - 5.3.2.4 Constraining Attachment [Seite 234]
9.3.2.5 - 5.3.2.5 Maximize Discourse Coherence [Seite 236]
9.3.3 - 5.3.3 Conclusion [Seite 237]
10 - 6 Bridging Inferences [Seite 240]
10.1 - 6.1 Bridging Anaphora [Seite 240]
10.1.1 - 6.1.1 A Preliminary Classification [Seite 241]
10.1.2 - 6.1.2 Corpus Studies on Anaphoric Expressions [Seite 242]
10.1.3 - 6.1.3 Psycholinguistic Investigations [Seite 246]
10.1.4 - 6.1.4 A Refined Classification [Seite 250]
10.2 - 6.2 Bridging Relations [Seite 254]
10.2.1 - 6.2.1 Mereological Relations [Seite 256]
10.2.2 - 6.2.2 Relations Involving Events and Frames [Seite 257]
10.3 - 6.3 Anaphora Resolution by Bridging Inferences [Seite 259]
10.3.1 - 6.3.1 Pragmatic Accounts [Seite 259]
10.3.2 - 6.3.2 Computational Accounts [Seite 261]
10.3.2.1 - 6.3.2.1 Minimal Models for Bridging Anaphora [Seite 261]
10.3.2.2 - 6.3.2.2 Automated Anaphora Resolution (Freitas, 2005) [Seite 263]
10.3.3 - 6.3.3 Bridging in SDRT [Seite 267]
10.3.3.1 - 6.3.3.1 Representing Bridging Anaphora [Seite 268]
10.3.3.2 - 6.3.3.2 Resolving Bridging Anaphora [Seite 271]
10.3.3.3 - 6.3.3.3 Extending SDRT by Equality by Default [Seite 275]
10.4 - 6.4 Conclusion [Seite 279]
11 - 7 Bridges Between Events [Seite 280]
11.1 - 7.1 Frame Semantics and FrameNet [Seite 280]
11.1.1 - 7.1.1 Frame Semantics [Seite 280]
11.1.2 - 7.1.2 FrameNet [Seite 281]
11.1.2.1 - 7.1.2.1 Lexical Units [Seite 282]
11.1.2.2 - 7.1.2.2 Frame Elements [Seite 283]
11.1.2.3 - 7.1.2.3 Relations between Frames [Seite 286]
11.1.2.4 - 7.1.2.4 Relations between Frame Elements [Seite 290]
11.2 - 7.2 Building Bridges using FrameNet and SDRT [Seite 292]
11.2.1 - 7.2.1 Integrating FrameNet and SDRT [Seite 292]
11.2.2 - 7.2.2 Representing Frame Elements in SDRT [Seite 293]
11.2.3 - 7.2.3 Establishing Discourse Relations by FrameNet Data [Seite 299]
11.3 - 7.3 Constraints on Bridging Inferences [Seite 302]
11.3.1 - 7.3.1 Bridging Constraints [Seite 303]
11.3.1.1 - 7.3.1.1 The Preference for Coreference [Seite 303]
11.3.1.2 - 7.3.1.2 Plausibility and Consistency [Seite 304]
11.3.1.3 - 7.3.1.3 The Right Frontier Constraint [Seite 306]
11.3.1.4 - 7.3.1.4 Maximize Discourse Coherence [Seite 308]
11.3.2 - 7.3.2 Weak Discourse Referents as Bridging Anchors [Seite 310]
11.4 - 7.4 Related Approaches [Seite 312]
11.4.1 - 7.4.1 Implicit Arguments as A-definites (Koenig & Mauner, 1999) [Seite 312]
11.4.2 - 7.4.2 Bridging as Coercive Accommodation (Bos et al., 1995) [Seite 314]
11.4.3 - 7.4.3 FrameNet and DRT (Bos & Nissim, 2008) [Seite 318]
11.5 - 7.5 Conclusion [Seite 319]
12 - 8 Bridging by Clitic Left Dislocation [Seite 322]
12.1 - 8.1 Dislocation Constructions Across Languages [Seite 322]
12.1.1 - 8.1.1 Left Dislocation vs. Topicalization [Seite 322]
12.1.2 - 8.1.2 Left Dislocation vs. Focus Fronting [Seite 324]
12.1.3 - 8.1.3 Hanging Topic Left Dislocation vs. Clitic Left Dislocation [Seite 324]
12.1.4 - 8.1.4 Clitic Left Dislocation in Spanish [Seite 327]
12.2 - 8.2 Discourse Functions of Left Dislocation [Seite 329]
12.2.1 - 8.2.1 CLLD and Familiarity [Seite 331]
12.2.1.1 - 8.2.1.1 Given Entities [Seite 331]
12.2.1.2 - 8.2.1.2 Inferrable Entities [Seite 332]
12.2.1.3 - 8.2.1.3 New Entities [Seite 335]
12.2.2 - 8.2.2 CLLD and Discourse Topic [Seite 335]
12.2.2.1 - 8.2.2.1 Topic Change [Seite 336]
12.2.2.2 - 8.2.2.2 Topic Continuity [Seite 339]
12.2.2.3 - 8.2.2.3 Conclusion [Seite 341]
12.2.3 - 8.2.3 CLLD, Contrast, and Constraints on Discourse Structure [Seite 342]
12.2.3.1 - 8.2.3.1 CLLD and Contrast [Seite 342]
12.2.3.2 - 8.2.3.2 Constraints on Discourse Structure [Seite 344]
12.2.3.3 - 8.2.3.3 Discussion [Seite 348]
12.3 - 8.3 Semantics and Discourse Integration of Left Dislocations [Seite 349]
12.3.1 - 8.3.1 From Syntax to Semantics [Seite 349]
12.3.2 - 8.3.2 Towards a Discourse Semantic Representation of CLLD [Seite 352]
12.3.3 - 8.3.3 Resolving Mereological Bridging Anaphora [Seite 354]
12.3.3.1 - 8.3.3.1 Building Bridges via CLLD [Seite 354]
12.3.3.2 - 8.3.3.2 Using Frame Information for Building Bridges [Seite 360]
12.3.4 - 8.3.4 Resolving Frame-related Bridging Anaphora [Seite 366]
12.4 - 8.4 Conclusion [Seite 371]
13 - Summary [Seite 374]
14 - List of Figures and Tables [Seite 382]
15 - List of Abbreviations [Seite 386]
16 - A Note on Used Corpora [Seite 388]
17 - Bibliography [Seite 390]
18 - Citation Index [Seite 414]
19 - Subject Index [Seite 420]
2 - Acknowledgements [Seite 8]
3 - Contents [Seite 10]
4 - Introduction [Seite 18]
5 - 1 Pragmatic Inferences [Seite 24]
5.1 - 1.1 Semantic Underspecification and Pragmatic Enrichment [Seite 24]
5.1.1 - 1.1.1 Underspecified Semantics [Seite 25]
5.1.2 - 1.1.2 Accounts of Pragmatic Inference [Seite 29]
5.1.2.1 - 1.1.2.1 Conversational Implicatures [Seite 30]
5.1.2.2 - 1.1.2.2 Generalized Conversational Implicatures [Seite 33]
5.1.2.3 - 1.1.2.3 Explicatures [Seite 35]
5.1.2.4 - 1.1.2.4 Primary and Secondary Pragmatic Processes [Seite 36]
5.1.2.5 - 1.1.2.5 Abductive Inferences [Seite 37]
5.1.2.6 - 1.1.2.6 Conclusion [Seite 38]
5.1.3 - 1.1.3 Properties of Pragmatic Inferences [Seite 39]
5.2 - 1.2 Formal Approaches to Defeasible Reasoning [Seite 42]
5.2.1 - 1.2.1 Default Logic [Seite 44]
5.2.2 - 1.2.2 Circumscription [Seite 49]
5.2.3 - 1.2.3 Commonsense Entailment [Seite 52]
5.2.4 - 1.2.4 Abductive Reasoning [Seite 54]
5.2.5 - 1.2.5 Conclusion [Seite 58]
5.3 - 1.3 Pragmatic Inferences Beyond the Sentence Level [Seite 60]
5.3.1 - 1.3.1 Text and Discourse [Seite 60]
5.3.2 - 1.3.2 Cohesion [Seite 62]
5.3.3 - 1.3.3 Coherence [Seite 65]
5.3.3.1 - 1.3.3.1 An Intentional View on Discourse Coherence [Seite 67]
5.3.3.2 - 1.3.3.2 An Informational View on Discourse Coherence [Seite 68]
5.3.4 - 1.3.4 Looking Ahead [Seite 69]
6 - 2 The Common Ground and Intentions in Conversations [Seite 74]
6.1 - 2.1 The Common Ground [Seite 74]
6.1.1 - 2.1.1 Definitions of Shared Knowledge [Seite 74]
6.1.2 - 2.1.2 The Use of the Common Ground in Conversation [Seite 79]
6.1.2.1 - 2.1.2.1 Evidence from Language Production [Seite 79]
6.1.2.2 - 2.1.2.2 Evidence from Language Comprehension [Seite 80]
6.1.2.3 - 2.1.2.3 Discussion and Conclusion [Seite 81]
6.1.3 - 2.1.3 Establishing the Common Ground [Seite 82]
6.1.3.1 - 2.1.3.1 Accumulation [Seite 83]
6.1.3.2 - 2.1.3.2 Grounding [Seite 83]
6.1.3.3 - 2.1.3.3 Structuring the Common Ground [Seite 86]
6.1.4 - 2.1.4 Conclusion [Seite 87]
6.2 - 2.2 Modelling Intentions in Discourses [Seite 89]
6.2.1 - 2.2.1 Optimality Theory for Discourse Pragmatics [Seite 90]
6.2.2 - 2.2.2 Linguistic Communication as a Game [Seite 93]
6.2.3 - 2.2.3 Conclusion [Seite 95]
7 - 3 The Discourse Model and Discourse Anaphora [Seite 96]
7.1 - 3.1 Discourse Anaphora [Seite 97]
7.1.1 - 3.1.1 Types and Distribution of Anaphoric Expressions [Seite 97]
7.1.2 - 3.1.2 Syntactic and Semantic Notions of Anaphora [Seite 101]
7.2 - 3.2 The Discourse Model [Seite 105]
7.2.1 - 3.2.1 Conceptions of Discourse Models [Seite 105]
7.2.2 - 3.2.2 Requirements on Discourse Models [Seite 109]
7.3 - 3.3 Discourse Referents [Seite 111]
7.3.1 - 3.3.1 Introducing Discourse Referents in the Discourse Model [Seite 111]
7.3.2 - 3.3.2 Accessing Discourse Referents as Antecedents for Anaphora [Seite 113]
7.3.2.1 - 3.3.2.1 Familiarity [Seite 113]
7.3.2.2 - 3.3.2.2 Givenness [Seite 114]
7.3.2.3 - 3.3.2.3 Accessibility [Seite 115]
7.3.2.4 - 3.3.2.4 Salience [Seite 117]
7.3.2.5 - 3.3.2.5 Activation [Seite 118]
7.3.3 - 3.3.3 Conclusion [Seite 120]
7.4 - 3.4 Theories of Anaphora Resolution [Seite 120]
7.4.1 - 3.4.1 A Pragmatic Account [Seite 121]
7.4.2 - 3.4.2 Computational Accounts [Seite 125]
7.4.2.1 - 3.4.2.1 Focus Theory [Seite 125]
7.4.2.2 - 3.4.2.2 Centering Theory [Seite 126]
7.4.3 - 3.4.3 Dynamic Semantics and Discourse Representation Theory [Seite 131]
7.4.3.1 - 3.4.3.1 Context as Index [Seite 132]
7.4.3.2 - 3.4.3.2 Dynamic Semantics [Seite 133]
7.4.3.3 - 3.4.3.3 Discourse Representation Theory [Seite 134]
7.4.3.4 - 3.4.3.4 Anaphora in DRT [Seite 139]
7.4.3.5 - 3.4.3.5 Discussion [Seite 141]
7.4.4 - 3.4.4 Conclusion [Seite 142]
8 - 4 Discourse Structure [Seite 144]
8.1 - 4.1 Characteristics of Discourse Structure [Seite 145]
8.1.1 - 4.1.1 Discourse Segments: Basic Structural Units [Seite 145]
8.1.2 - 4.1.2 Connecting Discourse Segments [Seite 146]
8.1.2.1 - 4.1.2.1 Discourse Markers [Seite 146]
8.1.2.2 - 4.1.2.2 Discourse Relations [Seite 147]
8.1.3 - 4.1.3 The Form of Discourse Structure [Seite 148]
8.1.3.1 - 4.1.3.1 Sequences [Seite 148]
8.1.3.2 - 4.1.3.2 Stacks [Seite 149]
8.1.3.3 - 4.1.3.3 Trees [Seite 150]
8.1.3.4 - 4.1.3.4 Graphs [Seite 154]
8.1.3.5 - 4.1.4 Conclusion [Seite 157]
8.2 - 4.2 Discourse Relations [Seite 158]
8.2.1 - 4.2.1 Hobbs' Coherence Relations [Seite 159]
8.2.2 - 4.2.2 Kehler's Three Types of Coherence [Seite 160]
8.2.2.1 - 4.2.2.1 Coherence Relations: Cause-Effect [Seite 160]
8.2.2.2 - 4.2.2.2 Coherence Relations: Resemblance [Seite 161]
8.2.2.3 - 4.2.2.3 Coherence Relations: Contiguity [Seite 163]
8.2.2.4 - 4.2.2.4 Linguistic Phenomena Explained by Kehler's Taxonomy [Seite 164]
8.2.2.5 - 4.2.2.5 Problems with Kehler's Theory [Seite 168]
8.2.3 - 4.2.3 Rhetorical Structure Theory [Seite 170]
8.2.4 - 4.2.4 Rhetorical Relations in SDRT [Seite 176]
8.2.5 - 4.2.5 Conclusion [Seite 182]
8.3 - 4.3 Discourse Topic [Seite 182]
8.3.1 - 4.3.1 Discourse Topic as Entity [Seite 184]
8.3.2 - 4.3.2 Discourse Topic as Proposition [Seite 184]
8.3.3 - 4.3.3 Discourse Topic as Question [Seite 188]
8.3.3.1 - 4.3.3.1 Contrastive Sentence Topics [Seite 188]
8.3.3.2 - 4.3.3.2 Topic-Comment Structures for Discourses [Seite 190]
8.3.3.3 - 4.3.3.3 Quaestio Theory [Seite 192]
8.3.3.4 - 4.3.3.4 Questions Under Discussion [Seite 194]
8.3.4 - 4.3.4 Conclusion [Seite 195]
9 - 5 Discourse Interpretation [Seite 198]
9.1 - 5.1 Discourse Interpretation as Abduction [Seite 198]
9.1.1 - 5.1.1 Flat Logical Forms [Seite 199]
9.1.2 - 5.1.2 Weighted Abduction [Seite 200]
9.1.3 - 5.1.3 Local Pragmatic Interpretation [Seite 203]
9.1.4 - 5.1.4 Abduction in Structured Discourses [Seite 204]
9.1.5 - 5.1.5 Conclusion [Seite 208]
9.2 - 5.2 Minimal Model Generation [Seite 210]
9.2.1 - 5.2.1 Herbrand Models for First-Order Languages [Seite 210]
9.2.2 - 5.2.2 Generation of Discourse Models [Seite 212]
9.2.3 - 5.2.3 Minimality of Models [Seite 215]
9.2.4 - 5.2.4 Minimal Models and Discourse Anaphora [Seite 217]
9.2.4.1 - 5.2.4.1 Resolving Pronouns by Model Generation [Seite 217]
9.2.4.2 - 5.2.4.2 Equality by Default [Seite 220]
9.2.5 - 5.2.5 Conclusion [Seite 223]
9.3 - 5.3 Segmented Discourse Representation Theory [Seite 224]
9.3.1 - 5.3.1 Representing Discourse Structures [Seite 225]
9.3.2 - 5.3.2 Constructing Discourse Structures [Seite 228]
9.3.2.1 - 5.3.2.1 The Logic of Underspecified Information Content [Seite 228]
9.3.2.2 - 5.3.2.2 The Glue Logic [Seite 229]
9.3.2.3 - 5.3.2.3 Discourse Update [Seite 233]
9.3.2.4 - 5.3.2.4 Constraining Attachment [Seite 234]
9.3.2.5 - 5.3.2.5 Maximize Discourse Coherence [Seite 236]
9.3.3 - 5.3.3 Conclusion [Seite 237]
10 - 6 Bridging Inferences [Seite 240]
10.1 - 6.1 Bridging Anaphora [Seite 240]
10.1.1 - 6.1.1 A Preliminary Classification [Seite 241]
10.1.2 - 6.1.2 Corpus Studies on Anaphoric Expressions [Seite 242]
10.1.3 - 6.1.3 Psycholinguistic Investigations [Seite 246]
10.1.4 - 6.1.4 A Refined Classification [Seite 250]
10.2 - 6.2 Bridging Relations [Seite 254]
10.2.1 - 6.2.1 Mereological Relations [Seite 256]
10.2.2 - 6.2.2 Relations Involving Events and Frames [Seite 257]
10.3 - 6.3 Anaphora Resolution by Bridging Inferences [Seite 259]
10.3.1 - 6.3.1 Pragmatic Accounts [Seite 259]
10.3.2 - 6.3.2 Computational Accounts [Seite 261]
10.3.2.1 - 6.3.2.1 Minimal Models for Bridging Anaphora [Seite 261]
10.3.2.2 - 6.3.2.2 Automated Anaphora Resolution (Freitas, 2005) [Seite 263]
10.3.3 - 6.3.3 Bridging in SDRT [Seite 267]
10.3.3.1 - 6.3.3.1 Representing Bridging Anaphora [Seite 268]
10.3.3.2 - 6.3.3.2 Resolving Bridging Anaphora [Seite 271]
10.3.3.3 - 6.3.3.3 Extending SDRT by Equality by Default [Seite 275]
10.4 - 6.4 Conclusion [Seite 279]
11 - 7 Bridges Between Events [Seite 280]
11.1 - 7.1 Frame Semantics and FrameNet [Seite 280]
11.1.1 - 7.1.1 Frame Semantics [Seite 280]
11.1.2 - 7.1.2 FrameNet [Seite 281]
11.1.2.1 - 7.1.2.1 Lexical Units [Seite 282]
11.1.2.2 - 7.1.2.2 Frame Elements [Seite 283]
11.1.2.3 - 7.1.2.3 Relations between Frames [Seite 286]
11.1.2.4 - 7.1.2.4 Relations between Frame Elements [Seite 290]
11.2 - 7.2 Building Bridges using FrameNet and SDRT [Seite 292]
11.2.1 - 7.2.1 Integrating FrameNet and SDRT [Seite 292]
11.2.2 - 7.2.2 Representing Frame Elements in SDRT [Seite 293]
11.2.3 - 7.2.3 Establishing Discourse Relations by FrameNet Data [Seite 299]
11.3 - 7.3 Constraints on Bridging Inferences [Seite 302]
11.3.1 - 7.3.1 Bridging Constraints [Seite 303]
11.3.1.1 - 7.3.1.1 The Preference for Coreference [Seite 303]
11.3.1.2 - 7.3.1.2 Plausibility and Consistency [Seite 304]
11.3.1.3 - 7.3.1.3 The Right Frontier Constraint [Seite 306]
11.3.1.4 - 7.3.1.4 Maximize Discourse Coherence [Seite 308]
11.3.2 - 7.3.2 Weak Discourse Referents as Bridging Anchors [Seite 310]
11.4 - 7.4 Related Approaches [Seite 312]
11.4.1 - 7.4.1 Implicit Arguments as A-definites (Koenig & Mauner, 1999) [Seite 312]
11.4.2 - 7.4.2 Bridging as Coercive Accommodation (Bos et al., 1995) [Seite 314]
11.4.3 - 7.4.3 FrameNet and DRT (Bos & Nissim, 2008) [Seite 318]
11.5 - 7.5 Conclusion [Seite 319]
12 - 8 Bridging by Clitic Left Dislocation [Seite 322]
12.1 - 8.1 Dislocation Constructions Across Languages [Seite 322]
12.1.1 - 8.1.1 Left Dislocation vs. Topicalization [Seite 322]
12.1.2 - 8.1.2 Left Dislocation vs. Focus Fronting [Seite 324]
12.1.3 - 8.1.3 Hanging Topic Left Dislocation vs. Clitic Left Dislocation [Seite 324]
12.1.4 - 8.1.4 Clitic Left Dislocation in Spanish [Seite 327]
12.2 - 8.2 Discourse Functions of Left Dislocation [Seite 329]
12.2.1 - 8.2.1 CLLD and Familiarity [Seite 331]
12.2.1.1 - 8.2.1.1 Given Entities [Seite 331]
12.2.1.2 - 8.2.1.2 Inferrable Entities [Seite 332]
12.2.1.3 - 8.2.1.3 New Entities [Seite 335]
12.2.2 - 8.2.2 CLLD and Discourse Topic [Seite 335]
12.2.2.1 - 8.2.2.1 Topic Change [Seite 336]
12.2.2.2 - 8.2.2.2 Topic Continuity [Seite 339]
12.2.2.3 - 8.2.2.3 Conclusion [Seite 341]
12.2.3 - 8.2.3 CLLD, Contrast, and Constraints on Discourse Structure [Seite 342]
12.2.3.1 - 8.2.3.1 CLLD and Contrast [Seite 342]
12.2.3.2 - 8.2.3.2 Constraints on Discourse Structure [Seite 344]
12.2.3.3 - 8.2.3.3 Discussion [Seite 348]
12.3 - 8.3 Semantics and Discourse Integration of Left Dislocations [Seite 349]
12.3.1 - 8.3.1 From Syntax to Semantics [Seite 349]
12.3.2 - 8.3.2 Towards a Discourse Semantic Representation of CLLD [Seite 352]
12.3.3 - 8.3.3 Resolving Mereological Bridging Anaphora [Seite 354]
12.3.3.1 - 8.3.3.1 Building Bridges via CLLD [Seite 354]
12.3.3.2 - 8.3.3.2 Using Frame Information for Building Bridges [Seite 360]
12.3.4 - 8.3.4 Resolving Frame-related Bridging Anaphora [Seite 366]
12.4 - 8.4 Conclusion [Seite 371]
13 - Summary [Seite 374]
14 - List of Figures and Tables [Seite 382]
15 - List of Abbreviations [Seite 386]
16 - A Note on Used Corpora [Seite 388]
17 - Bibliography [Seite 390]
18 - Citation Index [Seite 414]
19 - Subject Index [Seite 420]
