Cartographic Relief Presentation

Name: Cartographic Relief Presentation | Mapping Hazards in America
Brand: De Gruyter
Price: 169.95 EUR
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Mapping Hazards in America

Eduard Imhof(Author)

Harry J. Steward(Editor)

De Gruyter (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 24. July 2015

XVIII, 389 pages

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978-3-11-084401-6 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Chapter 1 Historical Developments
Chapter 2 The Topographic Foundations
A. Methods of topographic survey
1. Plane-table survey or plane-table tacheometry
2. Tacheometric survey
3. Levelling
4. Photogrammetry
B. Accuracy in surveying terrain surfaces
1. Positional and height accuracy of surveyed points
2. The accuracy of edge lines
3. The examination of contour lines
4. Types of errors in contour lines
5. Koppe's empirical test formula
6. Some additional methods of examining contour lines
7. The zone of mean positional error in contour lines
8. Contour accuracy in modern surveys
C. Status and quality of the topographic mapping of the earth's surface
D. General or derived maps at smaller scales as working bases
1. General
2. Stylized representation of land forms
Chapter 3 Further Basic Principles and Guidance
A. The study of topography in terrain and maps
B. On landscape drawing
C. The aerial photograph and its interpretation
1. Some technical information about photography
2. Completion through field reconnaissance and identification
3. Rectification and photomaps
4. Aerial photo interpretation
5. Some essential differences between the aerial photograph and the map
D. Binocular viewing of stereopairs
E. Knowledge of geography and geomorphology
Chapter 4 The Theory of Colors
1. Physical theory of color
2. Chemical theory of color
3. Physiological theory of color
4. Psychological theory of color
5. The classification of colors
6. Observations on color reproduction
7. On the harmony of colors and their compositions
8. On the symbolism of colors
9. Selection of colors from physiological points of view
Chapter 5 The Problem and its Characteristics
1. Statement of the problem
2. General appearance of the land surface in nature
3. The use of terrain models
4. Variations in the surface forms of models
5. Basic factors affecting the ability to see spatial depth and solidity
6. Which of the spatial depth of solidity effects can be used in map design?
7. The map is not only a picture. The differences between maps and pictures
8. The forms and their dimensions should be capable of comprehension and measurement. The fiction of the "contour blanket"
9. Further fictitious indirect methods of representation including combined techniques
10. An experiment
11. Conflict and interplay between both approaches to representation. The progress of the direct technique
12. Dualism and individuality of cartographic representation
13. The generalization and the interplay of the graphic elements
14. Different circumstances. Different forms. The achievements to be sought after
Chapter 6 Spot Heights and Soundings
1. Concepts
2. The cartographic significance of spot heights
3. Units of measurement
4. Datum Levels
5. The nature of spot height accuracies
6. The number and density of spot heights
7. Selection of spot heights - general
8. Some special cases
9. Graphic problems
10. Combination of the various height and depth data and the style of their symbols
11. Assigning height values to special river charts for large shipping rivers
12. Assigning height values to ocean shipping charts: "nautical charts" or "nautical maps"
Chapter 7 Skeletal Lines
1. General
2. The skeletal line as a constructional aid in terrain representation
3. The skeletal line as a supplementary element in terrain representation
4. The skeletal line as an independent form of terrain representation
Chapter 8 Contour Lines
A. Concepts and terminology
B. The vertical intervals between contour lines
1. Simple equal-interval systems
2. Combined interval systems
3. Intermediate contours
C. Generalization of contours
1. Maps at scales of 1:5000 and larger
2. Maps at scales of 1:10,000 to 1:100,000
3. Maps at scales smaller than 1:100,000
D. Relationships between survey accuracy and generalization
E. Relationships between contour structure and contour interval
F. Graphic conventions and forms
1. Index contours
2. Intermediate contours
3. Uncertain contour lines
4. Additional aids to orientation
5. Contour colors
6. Line weights, the form of broken lines
G. Clarity of contours and the untenable theory of vertical lighting
H. Variations of line weight, and three-dimensionally shaded contours
1. Increasing the line weight as elevation increases
2. Three-dimensional line strengthening without area tones
3. Local increases of line weight
4. Differentiation of the color of contours according to whether slopes are illuminated or shaded
5. Three-dimensionally shaded contours with flat area tones
I. The employment of contours for elevations and depressions
Chapter 9 Shading and Shadows
A. General aspects
B. Slope shading
1. Its gradations from light to dark and a re-examination of the theory of vertical illumination
2. Graphic procedure
C. Oblique hill shading, or shadow depiction under oblique light
1. Light and shadow in nature, on the model and in the map
2. Geometric and topographic models
3. The drawing of forms
4. Shadow tones in flat areas
5. Cast shadows
6. Illumination by reflected light
7. Highlights
8. Aerial perspective
9. The direction of the light and its local adjustment
10. Untenable theories
11. South lighting
12. Leonardo da Vinci: The Master
13. Four difficult cases. Illustrating the importance of impression
14. The accuracy of shading
15. Small details in the land surface
16. The emphasis on large land forms
17. Generalization of three-dimensionally shaded land forms
18. Shading color and shading strength
19. Shading tones on glaciers and permanent snowfields
D. Combined shading
1. The influence of shading hachures
2. Graphic representation
3. Misrepresentation of form
E. Drawing material and drawing techniques
1. Requirements of the originals
2. Graphic framework
3. Scale of the drawing
4. Drawing surfaces
5. Working with drawing pencil, water-color brush or air-brush
6. Lightening: adding light to flat surfaces
7. Shading originals on grey-tone film
8. The uniform impression and good photographic and reproductive quality of shaded originals
9. Transfer to the printing plates
F. Practical considerations: the advantages and disadvantages of shading and shadow tones
1. Slope shading
2. Combined shading
3. Oblique hill shading
G. Oblique hill shading of the ocean floor
H. Hill shaded images by model photography
1. General aspects
2. Preparation of models
3. Photography of models
4. Advantages and disadvantages of shading by photography
I. Oblique hill shading with computer
1. The experiments of Yoeli
2. The experiments of Brassel
3. The experiments of Hügli
4. Some difficulties
Chapter 10 Hachures and Other Related Techniques
A. Some introductory remarks
B. Slope hachures
1. The five rules of construction
2. Some details of formation
3. The use of darkening for slope hachures
4. The misrepresentation of form by slope hachures
C. The shadow hachure
1. The five rules of construction
2. Misrepresentation of relief impression through shadow hachuring
D. General mountain hachuring in small-scale maps
E. The colors of hachures
F. Graphic techniques used in production
G. Deficiencies and advantages
combinations with other elements
1. The deficiencies
2. Advantages and applicability
3. Combinations
H. Horizontal hachures
I. Plan views of oblique, parallel planes intersecting the terrain
K. Eckert's dot method
Chapter 11 Rock Drawing
A. Evolution and potential
B. Geomorphological examination of some rock formations
1. Origin of large formations
2. The importance of geological structure on the forms produced by weathering
3. Erosion gullies and depressions
4. Some other distinctive features
5. The debris mantle
6. Chemical weathering of rocks and karst forms
7. Wind Erosion
8. The plan view depiction of rock areas at small scales
C. Form analysis
1. Demarcation lines
2. Ravine or gully lines
3. Crest lines
4. Skeletal line structure of erosional features and at large
D. Graphic construction
1. Rock contours
2. Skeletal lines
3. Rock shading
4. Rock shading under so-called "vertical illumination"
5. Shaded rock hachuring
6. Rock hachures following the principle, "the steeper, the darker"
7. The color of rock hachures
8. Rock representation by means of area tints
9. Combinations of several elements
10. Karren regions (regions of clints), regions of roches moutonnées and slopes with protruding rocks: particular design problems
11. Portrayal of rocks in smaller scale maps
12. What training is required for cartographic rock drawing?
E. Tools and techniques used in rock drawing
1. Pen and black ink work on drawing paper
2. Ink drawing on transparent film (Astralon, Kodatrace, Mylar, etc.)
3. Scribing on coated plastic films or on coated glass plates
F. Examples from older and newer maps
G. Critical examination and application of the different methods of rock drawing
1. Plans, 1:5,000 and larger
2. Plans, 1:10,000
3. Maps, 1:20,000 and 1:25,000
4. Maps, 1:50,000
5. Maps, 1:100,000
6. Maps between 1:100,000 and about 1:500,000
7. Maps smaller than 1:500,000
Chapter 12 Symbols for Small Landforms and Other Supplementary Elements
General
1. Artificial slopes
2. Clay pits, gravel pits and quarries
3. Landslides, torrent gullies
4. Dolines and other karst forms, sink holes etc
5. Scree slopes and debris mounds
6. Landslide mounds
7. Young moraines
8. Small features on ice surfaces
9. Dunes
10. Small volcanic forms
11. Brandstätter's proposals
Chapter 13 Area Colors
A. The purpose and possibilities of area color tinting in maps
B. Natural and conventional colors
C. Colors for hypsometric tinting
Type 1: The contrasting color sequence
Type 2: Gradation based on the principle "the higher, the lighter"
Type 3: Gradation based on the principle "the higher, the darker"
Type 4: Modified spectral scale, standard form
Type 5: Modified spectral scale with omission of the yellow step
Type 6: Modified spectral scale with grey or violet steps for the highest regions
Type 7: Karl Peucker's color scale
Type 8: Further variations and extensions of spectral color scales
Type 9 and 10: Color gradations with optimum elevation modelling effects
Type 11: Elevation color gradation for relief maps at large and medium scales with hill shading
Type 12: Softened, modified spectral color sequence
Type 13: Color sequences for three-dimensional hill shaded relief maps at small scales
Color sequences for spectral hypsometric maps
Further possibilities
Depressions
D. Color tones for the zones between bathymetric contours
E. Heights of hypsometric steps on land
1. Equidistant steps
2. Two sequences of equal vertical interval steps in combination
3. Steps of equal area
4. Irregularly changing step heights
5. Steps based on an arithmetical progression or additive steps
6. Steps based on a geometric progression
F. The depths of bathymetric steps
G. Adjusting the color tones to the steps
H. Further remarks on the representation of elevation steps
1. Contours in colored areas
2. Graphic design and generalization
3. Practical application
4. Legends for layer-tinted maps
5. Color chart for use at the reproduction stage
Chapter 14 Interplay of Elements
A. The Nature and effect of interplay
1. The necessity for and the careful development of good interplay
2. Conceptual, graphic and technical aspects of interplay
3. Consistent generalization and good standardization
4. Careful emphasis and restraint. Mutual relationships between things
5. Overlapping, discontinuities, substitution
6. Displacement, narrow passes
7. Changes in tint value resulting from combination
8. Terrain representation and textual matter
B. Combination of various elements of terrain representation
1. Contours and slope- or shading-hachures
2. Rock depiction by means of contours, skeletal lines and hachures
3. Contours and slope shading
4. Contours with oblique hill shading or with combined shading
5. Rock drawing and oblique hill shading
6. Shaded hachures and shading tones
7. The landscape painting in plan view
8. Shaded and colored maps of medium and large scales, without contours
9. Contours and rock portrayal combined with hill shading and color tones
10. Slope hachures produced according to the principle "the steeper, the darker" and hypsometric tints
11. Shaded hachures and hypsometric tints
12. Slope shading following the principle "the steeper, the darker", combined with hypsometric tints
13. Combined shading and traditional hypsometric tinting. Methods used up to the present time, with suggestions for ways in which they might be improved
14. Oblique hill shading combined with hypsometric tints in small scale maps
15. Relief shading combined with ground and vegetation colors in small-scale maps
16. Contours with equal vertical intervals, hachures and hypsometric tints
17. Contours with equal intervals, shading tones and hypsometric tints
Chapter 15 Observations on Map Reproduction Techniques
1. General
2. Cartographic reproduction by photomechanical or electronic color separation of multi-colored originals
3. Some observations on drawing technique
4. The drawing sequence
5. Considerations of inaccuracies in register
6. The printing sequence
Chapter 16 Future Developments
1. Present status of the topographic-cartographic record of the earth's surface
2. Increased requirements for topographic maps at all scales
3. Is the map production technology of today equal to such requirements?
4. Automation in cartography
5. The modern photomap
6. On the nature of cartographic representation
7. On art in cartography
8. Reform in map design
9. Good maps are not always more expensive than bad maps
10. The key to progress
Bibliography
Supplementary Bibliography
Index

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