Modeling Multiphase Materials Processes
Gas-Liquid Systems
1st Edition
Published on 10. November 2010
X, 413 pages
978-1-4419-7479-2 (ISBN)
Description
Modeling Multiphase Materials Processes: Gas-Liquid Systems describes the methodology and application of physical and mathematical modeling to multi-phase flow phenomena in materials processing. The book focuses on systems involving gas-liquid interaction, the most prevalent in current metallurgical processes. The performance characteristics of these processes are largely dependent on transport phenomena. This volume covers the inherent characteristics that complicate the modeling of transport phenomena in such systems, including complex multiphase structure, intense turbulence, opacity of fluid, high temperature, coupled heat and mass transfer, chemical reactions in some cases, and poor wettability of the reactor walls. Also discussed are: solutions based on experimental and numerical modeling of bubbling jet systems, recent advances in the modeling of nanoscale multi-phase phenomena and multiphase flows in micro-scale and nano-scale channels and reactors.
Modeling Multiphase Materials Processes: Gas-Liquid Systems will prove a valuable reference for researchers and engineers working in mathematical modeling and materials processing.
Reviews / Votes
From the reviews:
"Multiphase material processes have undergone tremendous advances in recent years. This text will provide a good exposure to graduate students undertaking this course. It deals with the systems in which liquid and gaseous phases co-exist. The relationship between the two phases has been emphasized through various validation examples. . The authors have done well to include the review of nanoscale and microscale phenomena in material processing." (S. C. Rajvanshi, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1220, 2011)More details
Series
Language
English
Place of publication
New York
United States
Publishing group
Springer US
Target group
Professional and scholarly
Product notice
Reflowable
Illustrations
X, 413 p.
File size
10,04 MB
ISBN-13
978-1-4419-7479-2 (9781441974792)
DOI
10.1007/978-1-4419-7479-2
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Additional editions
Book
10/2014
Springer
€160.49
Shipment within 15-20 days
Book
11/2010
1st Edition
Springer
€160.49
Shipment within 15-20 days
Content
1 - Preface [Seite 6]
2 - Contents [Seite 8]
3 - 1 Introduction [Seite 12]
3.1 - 1.1 Introductory Remarks [Seite 12]
3.2 - 1.2 Classification of Models [Seite 13]
3.2.1 - 1.2.1 Physical Modeling [Seite 13]
3.2.2 - 1.2.2 Mathematical Modeling [Seite 14]
3.3 - 1.3 General Strategy for Modeling Two-Phase Phenomena [Seite 14]
3.4 - 1.4 Basic Physical Situations of Relevance in Gas-Liquid Processes [Seite 15]
3.4.1 - 1.4.1 Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows in Cylindrical Bath [Seite 15]
3.4.1.1 - 1.4.1.1 Bubbling and Jetting [Seite 15]
3.4.1.2 - 1.4.1.2 Characteristic Parameters [Seite 16]
3.4.2 - 1.4.2 Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows in Pipes [Seite 21]
3.4.2.1 - 1.4.2.1 Vertical Pipes [Seite 22]
3.4.2.2 - 1.4.2.2 Horizontal Pipe [Seite 23]
3.4.3 - 1.4.3 Dimensionless Parameters [Seite 24]
3.4.3.1 - 1.4.3.1 Reynolds Number, Re [Seite 24]
3.4.3.2 - 1.4.3.2 Froude Number, Fr [Seite 25]
3.4.3.3 - 1.4.3.3 Weber Number, We [Seite 25]
3.4.3.4 - 1.4.3.4 Mach Number, M [Seite 25]
3.4.3.5 - 1.4.3.5 Strouhal Number, St [Seite 26]
3.5 - 1.5 Closing Remarks [Seite 26]
3.6 - References [Seite 26]
4 - 2 Turbulence Structure of Two-Phase Jets [Seite 29]
4.1 - 2.1 Mean Flow Characteristics [Seite 29]
4.1.1 - 2.1.1 Introduction [Seite 29]
4.1.2 - 2.1.2 Experiment [Seite 30]
4.1.2.1 - 2.1.2.1 Bubble characteristics [Seite 30]
4.1.2.2 - 2.1.2.2 Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 32]
4.1.3 - 2.1.3 Experimental Results [Seite 33]
4.1.3.1 - 2.1.3.1 Bubble Characteristics [Seite 33]
4.1.3.2 - 2.1.3.2 Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 39]
4.2 - 2.2 Conditional Sampling [Seite 43]
4.2.1 - 2.2.1 Introductory Remarks [Seite 43]
4.2.2 - 2.2.2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 44]
4.2.3 - 2.2.3 Shape and Size of Helium Bubble [Seite 44]
4.2.4 - 2.2.4 Four-Quadrant Classification Method [Seite 45]
4.2.5 - 2.2.5 Experimental Results Based on Four-Quadrant Classification Method [Seite 46]
4.3 - 2.3 Summary [Seite 50]
4.3.1 - 2.3.1 Mean Flow Characteristics [Seite 50]
4.3.1.1 - 2.3.1.1 Bubble Characteristics [Seite 50]
4.3.1.2 - 2.3.1.2 Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 50]
4.3.2 - 2.3.2 Conditional Sampling [Seite 51]
4.4 - References [Seite 52]
5 - 3 The Coanda Effect [Seite 54]
5.1 - 3.1 General Features [Seite 54]
5.1.1 - 3.1.1 Overview [Seite 54]
5.1.2 - 3.1.2 Mechanism of Coanda Effect [Seite 55]
5.2 - 3.2 Wall Interaction in Metallurgical Reactor [Seite 56]
5.2.1 - 3.2.1 Bubble Characteristics [Seite 56]
5.2.1.1 - 3.2.1.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 56]
5.2.1.2 - 3.2.1.2 Experimental Results [Seite 58]
5.2.1.3 - 3.2.1.3 Summary on Bubble Characteristics [Seite 68]
5.2.2 - 3.2.2 Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 69]
5.2.2.1 - 3.2.2.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 69]
5.2.2.2 - 3.2.2.2 Experimental Results [Seite 70]
5.2.2.3 - 3.2.2.3 Summary of Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 78]
5.3 - 3.3 Interaction Between Two Bubbling Jets [Seite 78]
5.3.1 - 3.3.1 Critical Condition for Merging of Two Bubbling Jets [Seite 78]
5.3.1.1 - 3.3.1.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 78]
5.3.1.2 - 3.3.1.2 Experimental Results [Seite 80]
5.3.2 - 3.3.2 Merging Length of Two Bubbling Jets [Seite 82]
5.3.2.1 - 3.3.2.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 82]
5.3.2.2 - 3.3.2.2 Experimental Results [Seite 82]
5.3.2.3 - 3.3.2.3 Summary [Seite 86]
5.3.3 - 3.3.3 Bubble Characteristics [Seite 86]
5.3.3.1 - 3.3.3.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 87]
5.3.3.2 - 3.3.3.2 Experimental Results [Seite 87]
5.3.3.3 - 3.3.3.3 Summary of Bubble Characteristics [Seite 93]
5.3.4 - 3.3.4 Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 94]
5.3.4.1 - 3.3.4.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 94]
5.3.4.2 - 3.3.4.2 Experimental Results [Seite 94]
5.3.4.3 - 3.3.4.3 Summary of Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 98]
5.3.5 - 3.3.5 Mixing Time [Seite 99]
5.4 - References [Seite 100]
6 - 4 Interfacial Phenomena [Seite 103]
6.1 - 4.1 Single Bubble on Flat Plate [Seite 103]
6.1.1 - 4.1.1 Overview [Seite 103]
6.1.2 - 4.1.2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 104]
6.1.3 - 4.1.3 Experimental Results [Seite 106]
6.1.3.1 - 4.1.3.1 Bubble Shape Using Potential Method [Seite 106]
6.1.3.2 - 4.1.3.2 Bubble Volume at Incipient Detachment Using Energy and Force Balance [Seite 108]
6.1.3.3 - 4.1.3.3 Bubble Shape and Size and Critical Volume Using Laplace and Potential Methods [Seite 110]
6.1.3.4 - 4.1.3.4 Measured and Predicted Aspect Ratio and Critical Bubble Volume [Seite 113]
6.1.4 - 4.1.4 Summary [Seite 114]
6.2 - 4.2 Bubbling Jet Along Vertical Flat Plate [Seite 115]
6.2.1 - 4.2.1 Bubble Characteristics [Seite 115]
6.2.1.1 - 4.2.1.1 Overview [Seite 115]
6.2.1.2 - 4.2.1.2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 117]
6.2.1.3 - 4.2.1.3 Experimental Results [Seite 119]
6.2.1.4 - 4.2.1.4 Summary [Seite 130]
6.2.2 - 4.2.2 Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 131]
6.2.2.1 - 4.2.2.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 131]
6.2.2.2 - 4.2.2.2 Results [Seite 132]
6.2.2.3 - 4.2.2.3 Summary [Seite 140]
6.3 - 4.3 Bubble Shape and Size [Seite 140]
6.3.1 - 4.3.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 143]
6.3.2 - 4.3.2 Experimental Results [Seite 145]
6.3.2.1 - 4.3.2.1 Bubble Attachment to Flat Plate [Seite 145]
6.3.2.2 - 4.3.2.2 Bubble Collision with Flat Plate [Seite 148]
6.3.2.3 - 4.3.2.3 Summary [Seite 154]
6.4 - 4.4 Bubble Removal from Molten Metal [Seite 154]
6.4.1 - 4.4.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 154]
6.4.2 - 4.4.2 Experimental Results [Seite 156]
6.4.2.1 - 4.4.2.1 Behavior of Bubbling Jet Approaching Horizontal Cylinder [Seite 156]
6.4.2.2 - 4.4.2.2 Behavior of Bubbles on Cylinder Surface [Seite 160]
6.4.2.3 - 4.4.2.3 Stem Diameter and Stem Height of Trapped Bubble [Seite 161]
6.4.2.4 - 4.4.2.4 Summary [Seite 165]
6.5 - 4.5 Flow Distribution in Vertical Pipes [Seite 165]
6.5.1 - 4.5.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 166]
6.5.2 - 4.5.2 Experimental Results [Seite 167]
6.5.2.1 - 4.5.2.1 Flow Distribution [Seite 167]
6.5.2.2 - 4.5.2.2 Bubbly Flow-Slug Flow Regime Boundary [Seite 169]
6.5.2.3 - 4.5.2.3 Summary [Seite 171]
6.5.3 - 4.5.3 Bubble Velocity and Size [Seite 172]
6.5.3.1 - 4.5.3.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 172]
6.5.3.2 - 4.5.3.2 Experimental Results [Seite 172]
6.5.3.3 - 4.5.3.3 Summary [Seite 179]
6.6 - References [Seite 180]
7 - 5 Swirling Flow and Mixing [Seite 184]
7.1 - 5.1 Rotary Sloshing of Liquid in Cylindrical Vessel [Seite 184]
7.1.1 - 5.1.1 Linear Theory [Seite 184]
7.1.2 - 5.1.2 Nonlinear Theory [Seite 185]
7.1.3 - 5.1.3 Summary [Seite 186]
7.2 - 5.2 Swirl Motion of Bubbling Jet [Seite 188]
7.2.1 - 5.2.1 General Features [Seite 188]
7.2.1.1 - 5.2.1.1 Classification of Swirl Motion [Seite 188]
7.2.1.2 - 5.2.1.2 The First Kind of Swirl Motion [Seite 190]
7.2.1.3 - 5.2.1.3 The Second Kind of Swirl Motion [Seite 195]
7.2.1.4 - 5.2.1.4 Summary [Seite 199]
7.2.2 - 5.2.2 Operation Under Reduced Surface Pressure [Seite 200]
7.2.2.1 - 5.2.2.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 201]
7.2.2.2 - 5.2.2.2 Experimental Results and Discussion [Seite 202]
7.2.2.3 - 5.2.2.3 Summary [Seite 209]
7.2.3 - 5.2.3 Mixing Time [Seite 209]
7.2.3.1 - 5.2.3.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 210]
7.2.3.2 - 5.2.3.2 Experimental Results [Seite 211]
7.2.3.3 - 5.2.3.3 Summary [Seite 217]
7.2.4 - 5.2.4 Effect of Top Slag [Seite 217]
7.2.4.1 - 5.2.4.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 218]
7.2.4.2 - 5.2.4.2 Experimental Results [Seite 218]
7.2.4.3 - 5.2.4.3 Summary [Seite 223]
7.2.5 - 5.2.5 Effect of Offset Gas Injection [Seite 224]
7.2.6 - 5.2.6 Effect of Dual Jet Sources [Seite 225]
7.3 - References [Seite 227]
8 - 6 Slag-Metal Interaction [Seite 230]
8.1 - 6.1 Shape and Size of Entrained Metal Layer [Seite 230]
8.1.1 - 6.1.1 Experiment [Seite 231]
8.1.2 - 6.1.2 Experimental Results [Seite 235]
8.1.2.1 - 6.1.2.1 Total Holdup Distribution in the Slag Layer [Seite 235]
8.1.2.2 - 6.1.2.2 Horizontal Distribution of Elevated Molten Metal Holdup [Seite 236]
8.1.2.3 - 6.1.2.3 Height and Volume of Molten Metal in the Elevated Region [Seite 239]
8.1.2.4 - 6.1.2.4 Accumulated Molten Metal Droplets [Seite 245]
8.2 - 6.2 Characteristics of Metal Droplets [Seite 247]
8.2.1 - 6.2.1 Experiment [Seite 248]
8.2.2 - 6.2.2 Experimental Results [Seite 249]
8.2.2.1 - 6.2.2.1 Mechanism of Metal Droplet Generation [Seite 249]
8.2.2.2 - 6.2.2.2 Total Volume of Accumulated Molten Metal Droplets at Steady State, V [Seite 251]
8.2.2.3 - 6.2.2.3 Birth Rate of Molten Metal Droplets [Seite 254]
8.2.2.4 - 6.2.2.4 Lifetime of Molten Metal Droplet, [Seite 257]
8.2.2.5 - 6.2.2.5 Death Rate of Molten Metal Droplets After Stoppageof Gas Injection [Seite 258]
8.3 - 6.3 Summary [Seite 260]
8.3.1 - 6.3.1 Shape and Size of Entrained Metal Layer [Seite 260]
8.3.2 - 6.3.2 Characteristics of Metal Droplets [Seite 261]
8.4 - References [Seite 261]
9 - 7 Surface Flow Control [Seite 263]
9.1 - 7.1 Overview [Seite 263]
9.2 - 7.2 Experiment [Seite 264]
9.2.1 - 7.2.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 264]
9.2.2 - 7.2.2 Boundary Conditions on Bath Surface [Seite 265]
9.2.3 - 7.2.3 Data Processing [Seite 265]
9.3 - 7.3 Experimental Results [Seite 266]
9.3.1 - 7.3.1 Mixing Time [Seite 266]
9.3.2 - 7.3.2 Fluid Flow Phenomena [Seite 267]
9.3.2.1 - 7.3.2.1 Mean Velocity Components [Seite 267]
9.3.2.2 - 7.3.2.2 Root-Mean-Square Turbulence Components and Reynolds Shear Stress [Seite 271]
9.4 - 7.4 Conclusions [Seite 274]
9.5 - References [Seite 276]
10 - 8 Two-Phase Flow in Continuous Casting [Seite 277]
10.1 - 8.1 Flow Characteristics [Seite 277]
10.1.1 - 8.1.1 Overview [Seite 277]
10.1.2 - 8.1.2 Experiment [Seite 278]
10.1.2.1 - 8.1.2.1 Experimental Apparatus [Seite 278]
10.1.2.2 - 8.1.2.2 Dimensional Analysis [Seite 278]
10.1.2.3 - 8.1.2.3 Experimental Procedure [Seite 280]
10.1.3 - 8.1.3 Experimental Results [Seite 281]
10.1.3.1 - 8.1.3.1 Dispersion of Bubbles and Mean Bubble Diameter [Seite 281]
10.1.3.2 - 8.1.3.2 Mean Velocities and Root-Mean-Square Turbulence Components [Seite 281]
10.1.3.3 - 8.1.3.3 Vertical Distribution of Axial Mean Velocity [Seite 283]
10.1.3.4 - 8.1.3.4 Vertical Distribution of Root-Mean-Square Turbulence Components [Seite 283]
10.1.3.5 - 8.1.3.5 Empirical Relations for Mean Velocity Components [Seite 285]
10.1.4 - 8.1.4 Summary [Seite 291]
10.2 - 8.2 Mold Powder Entrapment [Seite 292]
10.2.1 - 8.2.1 Overview [Seite 292]
10.2.2 - 8.2.2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 294]
10.2.3 - 8.2.3 Some Aspects of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability [Seite 296]
10.2.3.1 - 8.2.3.1 Critical Velocity Difference for the Onset of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability [Seite 296]
10.2.3.2 - 8.2.3.2 Wavelength and Amplitude of Instability Wave [Seite 297]
10.2.4 - 8.2.4 Experimental Results [Seite 298]
10.2.4.1 - 8.2.4.1 Visualized Flow Field and Velocity Vectors [Seite 298]
10.2.4.2 - 8.2.4.2 Critical Velocity Difference for the Onset of KHI [Seite 298]
10.2.4.3 - 8.2.4.3 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Critical Salt Water Flow Velocity [Seite 299]
10.2.4.4 - 8.2.4.4 Wavelength and Amplitude of KHI [Seite 304]
10.2.4.5 - 8.2.4.5 KHI-Induced Mold Powder Entrapment in Continuous Casting Mold [Seite 305]
10.2.5 - 8.2.5 Summary [Seite 306]
10.3 - References [Seite 306]
11 - 9 Modeling Gas-Liquid Flow in Metallurgical Operations [Seite 309]
11.1 - 9.1 Overview [Seite 309]
11.2 - 9.2 Review of Modeling Methods [Seite 309]
11.3 - 9.3 Mathematical Models [Seite 314]
11.3.1 - 9.3.1 Quasi-Single-Fluid (Momentum Balance) Models [Seite 315]
11.3.1.1 - 9.3.1.1 Two-Phase Zone Modeling [Seite 316]
11.3.1.2 - 9.3.1.2 Turbulence Modeling [Seite 320]
11.3.2 - 9.3.2 Two-Fluid Model [Seite 325]
11.3.2.1 - 9.3.2.1 Eulerian-Eulerian Model [Seite 325]
11.3.2.2 - 9.3.2.2 Eulerian-Lagrangian model [Seite 328]
11.3.3 - 9.3.3 Mathematical Models Based on Energy Balance [Seite 333]
11.4 - 9.4 Boundary Conditions [Seite 335]
11.5 - 9.5 Numerical Solution [Seite 337]
11.6 - References [Seite 338]
12 - 10 Numerical Modeling of Multiphase Flows in Materials Processing [Seite 342]
12.1 - 10.1 Overview [Seite 342]
12.2 - 10.2 Control Volume-Based Finite Difference Method [Seite 343]
12.2.1 - 10.2.1 Continuum Mixture Model [Seite 343]
12.2.2 - 10.2.2 Two-Fluid Models [Seite 350]
12.3 - 10.3 The Finite Element Method [Seite 355]
12.4 - 10.4 Multi-domain (Two-Region) Methods [Seite 363]
12.5 - 10.5 Boundary Conditions [Seite 368]
12.5.1 - 10.5.1 Boundary Conditions in Multiphase Models [Seite 371]
12.5.2 - 10.5.2 Boundary Conditions for Multi-region Method [Seite 372]
12.6 - References [Seite 373]
13 - 11 Review of Nanoscale and Microscale Phenomena in Materials Processing [Seite 379]
13.1 - 11.1 Introduction [Seite 379]
13.1.1 - 11.1.1 Fundamentals [Seite 379]
13.1.2 - 11.1.2 Applications [Seite 380]
13.2 - 11.2 Definitions and Generation Method of Nanoscale and Microscale [Seite 380]
13.2.1 - 11.2.1 Bubbles [Seite 380]
13.2.1.1 - 11.2.1.1 Nanobubble and Microbubble [Seite 380]
13.2.2 - 11.2.2 Generation Method [Seite 381]
13.3 - 11.3 Removal of Gas from Gas-Liquid Mixture [Seite 382]
13.4 - 11.4 Flow Pattern of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels [Seite 383]
13.5 - 11.5 Flow Characteristics in Microchannels [Seite 386]
13.6 - 11.6 Heat Transfer in Microchannels [Seite 386]
13.7 - 11.7 Numerical Simulation of Transport Phenomena [Seite 387]
13.8 - 11.8 Mixing in Microchannels and Microreactors [Seite 387]
13.9 - 11.9 Measurement Method [Seite 387]
13.10 - 11.10 Enhancement of Gas Dissolution Rate [Seite 387]
13.11 - 11.11 Microfluidic Devices [Seite 388]
13.12 - 11.12 Fuel Cell [Seite 388]
13.13 - 11.13 Closing Remarks [Seite 388]
13.14 - References [Seite 388]
14 - Appendix 1 [Seite 392]
15 - Appendix 2 [Seite 396]
16 - Index [Seite 414]
2 - Contents [Seite 8]
3 - 1 Introduction [Seite 12]
3.1 - 1.1 Introductory Remarks [Seite 12]
3.2 - 1.2 Classification of Models [Seite 13]
3.2.1 - 1.2.1 Physical Modeling [Seite 13]
3.2.2 - 1.2.2 Mathematical Modeling [Seite 14]
3.3 - 1.3 General Strategy for Modeling Two-Phase Phenomena [Seite 14]
3.4 - 1.4 Basic Physical Situations of Relevance in Gas-Liquid Processes [Seite 15]
3.4.1 - 1.4.1 Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows in Cylindrical Bath [Seite 15]
3.4.1.1 - 1.4.1.1 Bubbling and Jetting [Seite 15]
3.4.1.2 - 1.4.1.2 Characteristic Parameters [Seite 16]
3.4.2 - 1.4.2 Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows in Pipes [Seite 21]
3.4.2.1 - 1.4.2.1 Vertical Pipes [Seite 22]
3.4.2.2 - 1.4.2.2 Horizontal Pipe [Seite 23]
3.4.3 - 1.4.3 Dimensionless Parameters [Seite 24]
3.4.3.1 - 1.4.3.1 Reynolds Number, Re [Seite 24]
3.4.3.2 - 1.4.3.2 Froude Number, Fr [Seite 25]
3.4.3.3 - 1.4.3.3 Weber Number, We [Seite 25]
3.4.3.4 - 1.4.3.4 Mach Number, M [Seite 25]
3.4.3.5 - 1.4.3.5 Strouhal Number, St [Seite 26]
3.5 - 1.5 Closing Remarks [Seite 26]
3.6 - References [Seite 26]
4 - 2 Turbulence Structure of Two-Phase Jets [Seite 29]
4.1 - 2.1 Mean Flow Characteristics [Seite 29]
4.1.1 - 2.1.1 Introduction [Seite 29]
4.1.2 - 2.1.2 Experiment [Seite 30]
4.1.2.1 - 2.1.2.1 Bubble characteristics [Seite 30]
4.1.2.2 - 2.1.2.2 Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 32]
4.1.3 - 2.1.3 Experimental Results [Seite 33]
4.1.3.1 - 2.1.3.1 Bubble Characteristics [Seite 33]
4.1.3.2 - 2.1.3.2 Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 39]
4.2 - 2.2 Conditional Sampling [Seite 43]
4.2.1 - 2.2.1 Introductory Remarks [Seite 43]
4.2.2 - 2.2.2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 44]
4.2.3 - 2.2.3 Shape and Size of Helium Bubble [Seite 44]
4.2.4 - 2.2.4 Four-Quadrant Classification Method [Seite 45]
4.2.5 - 2.2.5 Experimental Results Based on Four-Quadrant Classification Method [Seite 46]
4.3 - 2.3 Summary [Seite 50]
4.3.1 - 2.3.1 Mean Flow Characteristics [Seite 50]
4.3.1.1 - 2.3.1.1 Bubble Characteristics [Seite 50]
4.3.1.2 - 2.3.1.2 Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 50]
4.3.2 - 2.3.2 Conditional Sampling [Seite 51]
4.4 - References [Seite 52]
5 - 3 The Coanda Effect [Seite 54]
5.1 - 3.1 General Features [Seite 54]
5.1.1 - 3.1.1 Overview [Seite 54]
5.1.2 - 3.1.2 Mechanism of Coanda Effect [Seite 55]
5.2 - 3.2 Wall Interaction in Metallurgical Reactor [Seite 56]
5.2.1 - 3.2.1 Bubble Characteristics [Seite 56]
5.2.1.1 - 3.2.1.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 56]
5.2.1.2 - 3.2.1.2 Experimental Results [Seite 58]
5.2.1.3 - 3.2.1.3 Summary on Bubble Characteristics [Seite 68]
5.2.2 - 3.2.2 Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 69]
5.2.2.1 - 3.2.2.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 69]
5.2.2.2 - 3.2.2.2 Experimental Results [Seite 70]
5.2.2.3 - 3.2.2.3 Summary of Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 78]
5.3 - 3.3 Interaction Between Two Bubbling Jets [Seite 78]
5.3.1 - 3.3.1 Critical Condition for Merging of Two Bubbling Jets [Seite 78]
5.3.1.1 - 3.3.1.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 78]
5.3.1.2 - 3.3.1.2 Experimental Results [Seite 80]
5.3.2 - 3.3.2 Merging Length of Two Bubbling Jets [Seite 82]
5.3.2.1 - 3.3.2.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 82]
5.3.2.2 - 3.3.2.2 Experimental Results [Seite 82]
5.3.2.3 - 3.3.2.3 Summary [Seite 86]
5.3.3 - 3.3.3 Bubble Characteristics [Seite 86]
5.3.3.1 - 3.3.3.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 87]
5.3.3.2 - 3.3.3.2 Experimental Results [Seite 87]
5.3.3.3 - 3.3.3.3 Summary of Bubble Characteristics [Seite 93]
5.3.4 - 3.3.4 Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 94]
5.3.4.1 - 3.3.4.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 94]
5.3.4.2 - 3.3.4.2 Experimental Results [Seite 94]
5.3.4.3 - 3.3.4.3 Summary of Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 98]
5.3.5 - 3.3.5 Mixing Time [Seite 99]
5.4 - References [Seite 100]
6 - 4 Interfacial Phenomena [Seite 103]
6.1 - 4.1 Single Bubble on Flat Plate [Seite 103]
6.1.1 - 4.1.1 Overview [Seite 103]
6.1.2 - 4.1.2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 104]
6.1.3 - 4.1.3 Experimental Results [Seite 106]
6.1.3.1 - 4.1.3.1 Bubble Shape Using Potential Method [Seite 106]
6.1.3.2 - 4.1.3.2 Bubble Volume at Incipient Detachment Using Energy and Force Balance [Seite 108]
6.1.3.3 - 4.1.3.3 Bubble Shape and Size and Critical Volume Using Laplace and Potential Methods [Seite 110]
6.1.3.4 - 4.1.3.4 Measured and Predicted Aspect Ratio and Critical Bubble Volume [Seite 113]
6.1.4 - 4.1.4 Summary [Seite 114]
6.2 - 4.2 Bubbling Jet Along Vertical Flat Plate [Seite 115]
6.2.1 - 4.2.1 Bubble Characteristics [Seite 115]
6.2.1.1 - 4.2.1.1 Overview [Seite 115]
6.2.1.2 - 4.2.1.2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 117]
6.2.1.3 - 4.2.1.3 Experimental Results [Seite 119]
6.2.1.4 - 4.2.1.4 Summary [Seite 130]
6.2.2 - 4.2.2 Liquid Flow Characteristics [Seite 131]
6.2.2.1 - 4.2.2.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 131]
6.2.2.2 - 4.2.2.2 Results [Seite 132]
6.2.2.3 - 4.2.2.3 Summary [Seite 140]
6.3 - 4.3 Bubble Shape and Size [Seite 140]
6.3.1 - 4.3.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 143]
6.3.2 - 4.3.2 Experimental Results [Seite 145]
6.3.2.1 - 4.3.2.1 Bubble Attachment to Flat Plate [Seite 145]
6.3.2.2 - 4.3.2.2 Bubble Collision with Flat Plate [Seite 148]
6.3.2.3 - 4.3.2.3 Summary [Seite 154]
6.4 - 4.4 Bubble Removal from Molten Metal [Seite 154]
6.4.1 - 4.4.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 154]
6.4.2 - 4.4.2 Experimental Results [Seite 156]
6.4.2.1 - 4.4.2.1 Behavior of Bubbling Jet Approaching Horizontal Cylinder [Seite 156]
6.4.2.2 - 4.4.2.2 Behavior of Bubbles on Cylinder Surface [Seite 160]
6.4.2.3 - 4.4.2.3 Stem Diameter and Stem Height of Trapped Bubble [Seite 161]
6.4.2.4 - 4.4.2.4 Summary [Seite 165]
6.5 - 4.5 Flow Distribution in Vertical Pipes [Seite 165]
6.5.1 - 4.5.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 166]
6.5.2 - 4.5.2 Experimental Results [Seite 167]
6.5.2.1 - 4.5.2.1 Flow Distribution [Seite 167]
6.5.2.2 - 4.5.2.2 Bubbly Flow-Slug Flow Regime Boundary [Seite 169]
6.5.2.3 - 4.5.2.3 Summary [Seite 171]
6.5.3 - 4.5.3 Bubble Velocity and Size [Seite 172]
6.5.3.1 - 4.5.3.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 172]
6.5.3.2 - 4.5.3.2 Experimental Results [Seite 172]
6.5.3.3 - 4.5.3.3 Summary [Seite 179]
6.6 - References [Seite 180]
7 - 5 Swirling Flow and Mixing [Seite 184]
7.1 - 5.1 Rotary Sloshing of Liquid in Cylindrical Vessel [Seite 184]
7.1.1 - 5.1.1 Linear Theory [Seite 184]
7.1.2 - 5.1.2 Nonlinear Theory [Seite 185]
7.1.3 - 5.1.3 Summary [Seite 186]
7.2 - 5.2 Swirl Motion of Bubbling Jet [Seite 188]
7.2.1 - 5.2.1 General Features [Seite 188]
7.2.1.1 - 5.2.1.1 Classification of Swirl Motion [Seite 188]
7.2.1.2 - 5.2.1.2 The First Kind of Swirl Motion [Seite 190]
7.2.1.3 - 5.2.1.3 The Second Kind of Swirl Motion [Seite 195]
7.2.1.4 - 5.2.1.4 Summary [Seite 199]
7.2.2 - 5.2.2 Operation Under Reduced Surface Pressure [Seite 200]
7.2.2.1 - 5.2.2.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 201]
7.2.2.2 - 5.2.2.2 Experimental Results and Discussion [Seite 202]
7.2.2.3 - 5.2.2.3 Summary [Seite 209]
7.2.3 - 5.2.3 Mixing Time [Seite 209]
7.2.3.1 - 5.2.3.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 210]
7.2.3.2 - 5.2.3.2 Experimental Results [Seite 211]
7.2.3.3 - 5.2.3.3 Summary [Seite 217]
7.2.4 - 5.2.4 Effect of Top Slag [Seite 217]
7.2.4.1 - 5.2.4.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 218]
7.2.4.2 - 5.2.4.2 Experimental Results [Seite 218]
7.2.4.3 - 5.2.4.3 Summary [Seite 223]
7.2.5 - 5.2.5 Effect of Offset Gas Injection [Seite 224]
7.2.6 - 5.2.6 Effect of Dual Jet Sources [Seite 225]
7.3 - References [Seite 227]
8 - 6 Slag-Metal Interaction [Seite 230]
8.1 - 6.1 Shape and Size of Entrained Metal Layer [Seite 230]
8.1.1 - 6.1.1 Experiment [Seite 231]
8.1.2 - 6.1.2 Experimental Results [Seite 235]
8.1.2.1 - 6.1.2.1 Total Holdup Distribution in the Slag Layer [Seite 235]
8.1.2.2 - 6.1.2.2 Horizontal Distribution of Elevated Molten Metal Holdup [Seite 236]
8.1.2.3 - 6.1.2.3 Height and Volume of Molten Metal in the Elevated Region [Seite 239]
8.1.2.4 - 6.1.2.4 Accumulated Molten Metal Droplets [Seite 245]
8.2 - 6.2 Characteristics of Metal Droplets [Seite 247]
8.2.1 - 6.2.1 Experiment [Seite 248]
8.2.2 - 6.2.2 Experimental Results [Seite 249]
8.2.2.1 - 6.2.2.1 Mechanism of Metal Droplet Generation [Seite 249]
8.2.2.2 - 6.2.2.2 Total Volume of Accumulated Molten Metal Droplets at Steady State, V [Seite 251]
8.2.2.3 - 6.2.2.3 Birth Rate of Molten Metal Droplets [Seite 254]
8.2.2.4 - 6.2.2.4 Lifetime of Molten Metal Droplet, [Seite 257]
8.2.2.5 - 6.2.2.5 Death Rate of Molten Metal Droplets After Stoppageof Gas Injection [Seite 258]
8.3 - 6.3 Summary [Seite 260]
8.3.1 - 6.3.1 Shape and Size of Entrained Metal Layer [Seite 260]
8.3.2 - 6.3.2 Characteristics of Metal Droplets [Seite 261]
8.4 - References [Seite 261]
9 - 7 Surface Flow Control [Seite 263]
9.1 - 7.1 Overview [Seite 263]
9.2 - 7.2 Experiment [Seite 264]
9.2.1 - 7.2.1 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 264]
9.2.2 - 7.2.2 Boundary Conditions on Bath Surface [Seite 265]
9.2.3 - 7.2.3 Data Processing [Seite 265]
9.3 - 7.3 Experimental Results [Seite 266]
9.3.1 - 7.3.1 Mixing Time [Seite 266]
9.3.2 - 7.3.2 Fluid Flow Phenomena [Seite 267]
9.3.2.1 - 7.3.2.1 Mean Velocity Components [Seite 267]
9.3.2.2 - 7.3.2.2 Root-Mean-Square Turbulence Components and Reynolds Shear Stress [Seite 271]
9.4 - 7.4 Conclusions [Seite 274]
9.5 - References [Seite 276]
10 - 8 Two-Phase Flow in Continuous Casting [Seite 277]
10.1 - 8.1 Flow Characteristics [Seite 277]
10.1.1 - 8.1.1 Overview [Seite 277]
10.1.2 - 8.1.2 Experiment [Seite 278]
10.1.2.1 - 8.1.2.1 Experimental Apparatus [Seite 278]
10.1.2.2 - 8.1.2.2 Dimensional Analysis [Seite 278]
10.1.2.3 - 8.1.2.3 Experimental Procedure [Seite 280]
10.1.3 - 8.1.3 Experimental Results [Seite 281]
10.1.3.1 - 8.1.3.1 Dispersion of Bubbles and Mean Bubble Diameter [Seite 281]
10.1.3.2 - 8.1.3.2 Mean Velocities and Root-Mean-Square Turbulence Components [Seite 281]
10.1.3.3 - 8.1.3.3 Vertical Distribution of Axial Mean Velocity [Seite 283]
10.1.3.4 - 8.1.3.4 Vertical Distribution of Root-Mean-Square Turbulence Components [Seite 283]
10.1.3.5 - 8.1.3.5 Empirical Relations for Mean Velocity Components [Seite 285]
10.1.4 - 8.1.4 Summary [Seite 291]
10.2 - 8.2 Mold Powder Entrapment [Seite 292]
10.2.1 - 8.2.1 Overview [Seite 292]
10.2.2 - 8.2.2 Experimental Apparatus and Procedure [Seite 294]
10.2.3 - 8.2.3 Some Aspects of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability [Seite 296]
10.2.3.1 - 8.2.3.1 Critical Velocity Difference for the Onset of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability [Seite 296]
10.2.3.2 - 8.2.3.2 Wavelength and Amplitude of Instability Wave [Seite 297]
10.2.4 - 8.2.4 Experimental Results [Seite 298]
10.2.4.1 - 8.2.4.1 Visualized Flow Field and Velocity Vectors [Seite 298]
10.2.4.2 - 8.2.4.2 Critical Velocity Difference for the Onset of KHI [Seite 298]
10.2.4.3 - 8.2.4.3 Comparison of Measured and Calculated Critical Salt Water Flow Velocity [Seite 299]
10.2.4.4 - 8.2.4.4 Wavelength and Amplitude of KHI [Seite 304]
10.2.4.5 - 8.2.4.5 KHI-Induced Mold Powder Entrapment in Continuous Casting Mold [Seite 305]
10.2.5 - 8.2.5 Summary [Seite 306]
10.3 - References [Seite 306]
11 - 9 Modeling Gas-Liquid Flow in Metallurgical Operations [Seite 309]
11.1 - 9.1 Overview [Seite 309]
11.2 - 9.2 Review of Modeling Methods [Seite 309]
11.3 - 9.3 Mathematical Models [Seite 314]
11.3.1 - 9.3.1 Quasi-Single-Fluid (Momentum Balance) Models [Seite 315]
11.3.1.1 - 9.3.1.1 Two-Phase Zone Modeling [Seite 316]
11.3.1.2 - 9.3.1.2 Turbulence Modeling [Seite 320]
11.3.2 - 9.3.2 Two-Fluid Model [Seite 325]
11.3.2.1 - 9.3.2.1 Eulerian-Eulerian Model [Seite 325]
11.3.2.2 - 9.3.2.2 Eulerian-Lagrangian model [Seite 328]
11.3.3 - 9.3.3 Mathematical Models Based on Energy Balance [Seite 333]
11.4 - 9.4 Boundary Conditions [Seite 335]
11.5 - 9.5 Numerical Solution [Seite 337]
11.6 - References [Seite 338]
12 - 10 Numerical Modeling of Multiphase Flows in Materials Processing [Seite 342]
12.1 - 10.1 Overview [Seite 342]
12.2 - 10.2 Control Volume-Based Finite Difference Method [Seite 343]
12.2.1 - 10.2.1 Continuum Mixture Model [Seite 343]
12.2.2 - 10.2.2 Two-Fluid Models [Seite 350]
12.3 - 10.3 The Finite Element Method [Seite 355]
12.4 - 10.4 Multi-domain (Two-Region) Methods [Seite 363]
12.5 - 10.5 Boundary Conditions [Seite 368]
12.5.1 - 10.5.1 Boundary Conditions in Multiphase Models [Seite 371]
12.5.2 - 10.5.2 Boundary Conditions for Multi-region Method [Seite 372]
12.6 - References [Seite 373]
13 - 11 Review of Nanoscale and Microscale Phenomena in Materials Processing [Seite 379]
13.1 - 11.1 Introduction [Seite 379]
13.1.1 - 11.1.1 Fundamentals [Seite 379]
13.1.2 - 11.1.2 Applications [Seite 380]
13.2 - 11.2 Definitions and Generation Method of Nanoscale and Microscale [Seite 380]
13.2.1 - 11.2.1 Bubbles [Seite 380]
13.2.1.1 - 11.2.1.1 Nanobubble and Microbubble [Seite 380]
13.2.2 - 11.2.2 Generation Method [Seite 381]
13.3 - 11.3 Removal of Gas from Gas-Liquid Mixture [Seite 382]
13.4 - 11.4 Flow Pattern of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels [Seite 383]
13.5 - 11.5 Flow Characteristics in Microchannels [Seite 386]
13.6 - 11.6 Heat Transfer in Microchannels [Seite 386]
13.7 - 11.7 Numerical Simulation of Transport Phenomena [Seite 387]
13.8 - 11.8 Mixing in Microchannels and Microreactors [Seite 387]
13.9 - 11.9 Measurement Method [Seite 387]
13.10 - 11.10 Enhancement of Gas Dissolution Rate [Seite 387]
13.11 - 11.11 Microfluidic Devices [Seite 388]
13.12 - 11.12 Fuel Cell [Seite 388]
13.13 - 11.13 Closing Remarks [Seite 388]
13.14 - References [Seite 388]
14 - Appendix 1 [Seite 392]
15 - Appendix 2 [Seite 396]
16 - Index [Seite 414]
