
Marine Ecosystems: A Unique Source of Valuable Bioactive Compounds
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This reference highlights the significance of marine ecosystems, encompassing seaweed beds, seagrasses, coral reefs, mangroves, estuaries, and protected areas, as a remarkable gateway to overcoming healthcare challenges and unlocking a rich trove of bioactive compounds for drug discovery.
One of the key highlights of this book is its exploration of the development of marine bio-drugs, a field that demands collaboration among scientists from both academic and industrial fronts. The editors also include a prospective review on marine environments, emphasizing the necessity for big data, collective knowledge sharing, financial support, and streamlined administrative processes, all of which contribute to enhancing innovation in the drug discovery process. Another feature includes reference lists that allow researchers to explore topics of interest in depth.
With twelve comprehensive chapters, this book extensively covers marine ecosystem biodiversity, productivity, protected areas, and the intricate interplay of biotic and abiotic factors that shape these ecosystems. Readers will learn about important bioactive compounds within marine organisms and how to use this knowledge to outline a strategy for bio-drug discovery.
The book caters to a diverse audience of researchers, students, ecologists, microbiologists, pharmacologists, and biotechnologists who are engaged in studying the dynamic components of marine environments. By providing the latest insights and strategies in the realm of bio-drug discovery from marine resources, this book serves as an invaluable resource for scholars and professionals seeking to tap into the potential of these unique ecosystems.
Audience
Ecologists, environmental scientists, pharmaceutical scientists, microbiologists, marine biologists.
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Content
- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- End User License Agreement
- Contents
- Preface
- List of Contributors
- Biodiversity of Marine Ecosystems
- Mohamed Abu El-Regal1,2,* and Sathianseon Satheesh1
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. COMPARISON BETWEEN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS
- 3. IMPORTANCE OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
- 4. DIVERSITY OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
- 4.1. Divisions of the Marine Environment
- 4.1.1. The Continental Shelf
- 4.1.2. Pelagic Realm
- 4.1.3. Benthic Realm
- 6. BENTHIC ECOSYSTEMS
- 6.1. Estuary Ecosystems
- 6.2. Mangrove Ecosystems
- 6.3. Rocky Shore Communities
- 6.4. Sandy Beaches
- 6.5. Coral Reef Ecosystem
- 6.5.1. Importance of Coral Reef Ecosystem
- 6.5.2. Benthic Communities in the Reef Ecosystem
- 6.5.3. Impacts on the Coral Reef Ecosystem
- 6.5.4. Seagrass Communities
- 7. MARINE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES
- 7.1. Diversity Based on Environmental Conditions
- 7.2. Diversity Based on Nutrition
- 7.3. Diversity Based on Ecological Importance
- 7.4. Diversity Based on the Symbiotic Association
- 8. OCEANIC ZONE
- 8.1. Epipelagic Zone
- 8.2. Mesopelagic Zone
- 8.3. Bathypelagic Zone
- 8.4. Abyssal Zone
- 8.5. Hadal Zone
- 8.6. Photic Zone
- 8.7. Disphotic Zone
- 8.8. Aphotic Zone
- 8.9. Life in the Oceanic Zone (Open Sea)
- 8.10. Food Web in the Open Water
- 8.11. Adaptations of Organisms in the Open Ocean
- 9. THREATS TO MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
- CONCLUSION
- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- REFERENCES
- Productivity of Marine Ecosystem Components
- Yassin M. Al-Sodany1,* and Amany M. Diab2
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS
- 2.1. Biotic Components of Marine Ecosystem
- 2.1.1. Population of Water Microorganisms
- 2.1.2. Populations of Large Animals
- 2.1.3. Concepts of Productivity
- 3. MARINE HABITATS
- 4. PRODUCTIVITY IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
- 4.1. Marine Pelagic Environment Productivity
- 4.1.1. The Deep Marine Water Regional Productivity
- 4.1.2. Productivity in Coastal Waters
- 4.2. Productivity of Benthic Plants
- 5. ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY AND DIVERSITY
- 6. HUMAN IMPACT AND MARINE ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY
- 7. PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AND FISHERY CATCH RELATIONSHIPS
- 8. FACTORS LIMITING PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
- 8.1. Geographic Variation
- 8.2. Depth Variation
- 8.3. Seasonality
- 8.4. Light Requirements
- 8.5. Under Water Light Climate
- 8.6. Transparency
- 8.7. Nutrient Requirements
- 8.8. Effect of Temperature
- 8.9. Dissolved Oxygen
- 9. ESTIMATING PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
- 9.1. Harvest Method
- 9.2. Oxygen Method
- 9.3. Carbon Dioxide Method
- 9.4. Radioactive Method
- 9.5. Chlorophyll Method
- CONCLUSION
- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- REFERENCES
- Biotic and Abiotic Components of Marine Ecosystem
- Elham Mahmoud Ali1,2,*
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. IMPORTANCE OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
- 3. MARINE RESOURCES AS "BLUE ECONOMY"
- 4. MAIN TYPES OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS AND MARINE HABITATS
- 4.1. Pelagic/ Water Environment
- 4.1.1. Neritic Zone
- 4.1.2. Oceanic Zone
- 4.2. Benthic/Bottom Environment
- 4.2.1. Supra-Littoral Zone
- 4.2.2. Intertidal/Littoral Zone
- 4.2.3. Sub-Littoral Zone
- 4.3. Other Marine Ecosystems
- 4.3.1. Mangroves
- 4.3.2. Lagoons/Estuaries
- 4.3.3. Reef
- 4.3.4. Brackish
- 4.3.5. Sea
- 5. FACTORS AFFECTING MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
- 5.1. Biotic Factors Affecting Marine Ecosystem
- 5.1.1. Producers
- 5.1.2. Consumers
- 5.1.3. Decomposers
- 5.2. Abiotic Factors Affecting Marine Ecosystem
- 5.2.1. Sunlight
- 5.2.2. Oxygen
- 5.2.3. Temperature
- 5.2.4. Water
- 5.2.5. Wind
- 5.2.6. Ocean Currents
- 5.2.7. Terrain
- 5.2.8. Chemical Composition
- 6. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS
- 7. ORGANISMS' DIVERSITY IN THE MARINE ECOSYSTEM
- 7.1. Microorganisms of Marine Ecosystems
- 7.2. Plant Species of Marine Ecosystems
- 7.2.1. Kelps
- 7.2.2. Red Algae
- 7.2.3. Mangrove
- 7.3. Animal Species of Marine Ecosystem
- 7.3.1. Sea Mammals
- 7.3.2. Sea Turtles
- 8. CHALLENGES FACING MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
- 8.1. Impacts of Pollution on Marine Ecosystems
- 8.2. Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Ecosystems
- CONCLUSION
- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Protected Areas in Marine Ecosystem
- N.G. El-Din Thabet Shams El-Din1,*
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS (MPAS)
- 3. BENEFITS OF MPAS
- 4. DISTRIBUTION OF MPAS
- 5. SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF MPAS
- 6. TYPES OF MPAS
- 7. CLASSIFICATION OF MPAS APPLIED
- 7.1. MPAs and Territories Conserved by Indigenous Peoples and Communities
- 7.2. Private MPAs
- 7.3. High Seas
- 7.4. Ramsar Sites
- 7.5. World Heritage
- 7.6. Large Scale MPAs
- 8. ECOSYSTEMS SERVICES AND LIVELIHOOD OF MPAS
- 8.1. MPAs and Ecosystem Services
- 8.2. MPAs and Food Security
- 8.2.1. MPAs and Fisheries Management
- 8.3. Tourism and Recreation
- 8.4. Energy Development
- 8.5. Shipping and Marine Transportation
- 8.6. Coastal and Marine Aquaculture
- 8.7. Implementing the Green List (GL)
- 8.8. MPAs and Connectivity
- 9. BLUE CARBON OF MPAS
- 10. THE ECONOMIC CASE FOR MPAS
- 11. CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT AFFECTING MPAS
- 11.1. Multi-Dimensional Environment
- 11.2. Lack of Clear Ownership
- 11.3. Multiple Jurisdictions
- 11.4. Boundary Demarcation
- 11.5. Enforcement and Management Difficulties
- 11.6. Lack of Visibility of Characteristics being Protected
- 11.7. Connectivity between Ecosystems and Habitats
- 12. GOVERNANCE OF MPAS
- 12.1. Importance of Governance
- 12.1.1. Governance Approaches
- 12.2. MPAs' Governance Types
- 12.3. MPAs Governance Framework
- 12.4. Definition of Incentive
- 12.5. Combination of Incentives
- 12.6. Building Resilience in a Governance System
- 12.7. The Output of Effective Governance of MPAs
- 13. MARINE PARK OF THE GREAT BARRIER REEF(GBR):A CASE STUDY
- 14. BENEFITS OF ZONING APPLICATION IN GBR
- 15. EXPERIENCE GAINED FROM ZONING IMPLEMENTATION IN GBR (A CASE STUDY)
- CONCLUSION
- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- REFERENCES
- Mangrove Ecosystem Components and Benefits
- Waleed M.M. El-Sayed1, Mohamed A.A. Abdrabo1,* and Moaz M. Hamed1
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. FACTORS INFLUENCING MANGROVE DISTRIBUTIONS
- 2.1. Floristics and Biogeography
- 2.2. Extant Influencing Factors
- 2.3. Dispersal Pathways and Evolutionary Processes
- 3. MICROBIAL DIVERSITY OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS
- 3.1. Algae
- 3.2. Fungi
- 3.3. Actinomycetes
- 3.4. Bacteria
- 3.5. Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria
- 3.5.1. Methanogenic Bacteria
- 4. FOOD WEB IN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM
- CONCLUSION
- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- REFERENCES
- Macroalgal Epiphytic Microbiome: A Potential Source of Novel Drugs
- Brajogopal Samanta1,* and Pattigundla Swathi1
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. BIOTIC INTERACTIONS WITHIN MACROALGAL HOLOBIONT
- 3. COMMUNITY COMPOSITION OF THE MACROALGAL EPIPHYTIC MICROBIOME
- 4. ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF MACROALGAL EPIPHYTIC MICROBIOME
- 5. APPLICATION OF "META-OMICS" APPROACHES
- CONCLUSION
- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
- FUNDING
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- REFERENCES
- Bioactive Compounds from Components of Marine Ecosystem
- Mona M. Ismail1,*, Reham G. Elkomy1 and Mostafa M. El-Sheekh2
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. CATEGORIES OF MARINE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS
- 3. TYPES OF MARINE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS ACCORDING TO NATURE AND ROLE
- 3.1. Marine Pigments
- 3.2. Marine Ink
- 3.3. Marine Toxins and Defense Secretions
- 3.4. Marine Storage Food
- 4. TYPES OF MARINE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS ACCORDING TO THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
- 4.1. Marine Peptides/Proteins
- 4.1.1. Marine Enzymes
- 4.1.2. Collagen
- 4.1.3. Bacteriocins
- 4.1.4. Lectins
- 4.1.5. Hormone-Like Peptides
- 4.1.6. Marine Antifreeze Proteins
- 4.2. Marine Fatty Acids
- 4.2.1. Sterols
- 4.3. Marine Polysaccharides
- 4.3.1. Glycosaminoglycans
- 4.3.2. Chitin and Chitosan
- 4.3.3. Agar
- 4.3.4. Alginate
- 4.3.5. Carrageenan
- 4.3.6. Laminarin
- 4.3.7. Ulvan
- 4.3.8. Fucoidan
- 4.3.9. Microbial Exopolysaccharides
- 4.4. Phenolic Compounds
- 4.5. Other Marine Bioactive Compounds
- 4.5.1. Marine Antibiotics
- 4.5.2. Marine Siderophores
- 4.6. Inorganic Marine Biomaterials
- 4.6.1. Hydroxyapatite
- 4.6.2. Calcium Carbonates and Phosphates
- 4.6.3. Biosilica
- 4.6.4. Vitamins
- CONCLUSION
- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- REFERENCES
- Potentiality of Marine Ecosystem Bioactive Compounds
- Shreya Biswas1, Doyel Ghosal1, Tanusree Das1 and Piyali Basak1,*
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. OVERVIEW OF BIOACTIVES AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
- 3. BIOACTIVE AGENTS FROM DIFFERENT BIOTIC COMPONENTS OF THE MARINE ECOSYSTEM
- 3.1. Bioactives from Primary Producers of the Marine Ecosystem: Algae
- 3.2. Bioactives from Primary Consumers of the Marine Ecosystem: Zooplanktons
- 3.3. Bioactives from Secondary and Tertiary Consumers of the Marine Ecosystem
- 3.4. Bioactives from Decomposers of the Marine Ecosystem: Bacteria and Fungi
- 4. MARINE BIOACTIVE TOXINS
- CONCLUSION
- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
- FUNDING
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- REFERENCES
- Challenges and Opportunities in Marine Ecological System and Drug Discovery
- Mohammed A. Shredah1, Hassan A.H. Ibrahim1 and Mohamed S.M. Abd El Hafez1,*
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. CHALLENGES THREATENING MARINE ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM
- 2.1. Impact and Monitoring of Climate Change on Marine Biodiversity
- 2.2. Biological Invasions into Marine Ecosystems
- 2.3. Over Exploitation and Overfishing in the Marine Ecosystem
- 2.4. Pollution Causes the Destruction of the Marine Ecosystem
- 2.5. Overcome the Challenges Affecting Negatively on Marine Ecosystem
- 2.6. Preserving Life in the Marine Environment
- 3. OPPORTUNITIES FOR MARINE DRUG DISCOVERY
- 4. CHALLENGES AND PROBLEMS FACING MARINE DRUG DISCOVERY
- CONCLUSION
- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- REFERENCES
- Effective Strategy of Drug Discovery from Marine Ecosystem
- Drug from Marine Sampling to Factory
- Heba A.S. El-Nashar1, Shaden Kocaeli2, Mayar Abdallah2 and Mohamed El-Shazly1,*
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. CATEGORIZATION OF MARINE PHARMACOLOGY
- 2.1. Antimicrobial Agents
- 2.2. Antiviral Agents
- 2.3. Anti-Inflammatory Agents
- 2.4. Antiparasitic Agents
- 2.5. Neuroprotective Agents
- 2.6. Antimalarial Activity
- 2.7. Analgesic Agents
- 2.8. Anticancer Agents
- 3. EVOLUTION OF MARINE PHARMACOLOGY
- 4. CLINICALLY APPROVED DRUGS FROM THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
- 4.1. Pseudopterosins
- 4.2. Ziconotide
- 4.3. Eribulin Mesylate (Halaven® Eisai Inc.)
- 4.4. Brentuximab Vedotin (Adcetris® Pharmaceuticals, Inc.)
- 4.5. Ethyl eicosapentaenoic Acid (Vascepa®)
- 4.6. Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids (Epanova®, AstraZeneca)
- 4.7. Trabectidin (Yondelis®)
- 4.8. Polantuzumab Vedotin (Polivy®)
- 4.9. Enfortumab Vedotin (Padcev®)
- 4.10. Lurbinectedin (Zepzelca®)
- 4.11. Belantamab Mafodotin (Belamaf, Blenrep®)
- 4.12. Ara-A (Vidarabine®, Vidarabin®, Thilo®)
- 4.13. Ara-C (Cytarabine, Alexan®, Udicil®)
- 4.14. Plitidepsin (Aplidin®)
- 4.15. Didemnin B
- 4.16. Bryostatin-1
- 4.17. Squalamine
- 5. MARINE DRUGS IN CLINICAL PHASES TRIALS
- 5.1. Marine Drugs in Clinical Phase III Trial
- 5.1.1. Eribulin Mesylate (E7389) or Halichondrin B
- 5.1.2. Soblidotin (Auristatin PE or TZT-1027)
- 5.1.3. Tetrodotoxin
- 5.2. Marine-Derived Compounds in Clinical Phase II Trial
- 5.2.1. DMXBA (GTS-21) [3-(2,4-Dimethoxybenzylidene)-Anabaseine
- GTS-21]
- 5.2.2. Plitidepsin
- 5.2.3. Elisidepsin (PM02734)
- 5.2.4. Zalypsis (PM00104)
- 5.2.5. Plinabulin (NPI-2358)
- 5.2.6. Tasidotin or Synthadotin (ILX-651)
- 5.2.7. Pseudopterosins
- 5.3. Marine Drugs in Clinical Phase I Trial
- 5.3.1. Leconotide (AM-336, ?-conotoxin CVID)
- 5.3.2. Enfortumabvedotin
- 5.3.3. Vorsetuzumab Mafdotin (SGN-75)
- 5.3.4. Bryostatin 1
- 5.3.5. Hemiasterlin (E7974)
- 5.3.6. Marizomib (NPI-0052, Salinosporamide A)
- CONCLUSION
- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- REFERENCES
- Future Perspectives for Developing Marine Drug Discovery
- Hassan A.H. Ibrahim1,*
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. ADVANCED METHODS IN MARINE DRUG DISCOVERY
- 2.1. New Drugs from Engineered Microorganisms
- 2.2. Preliminary Strategies
- 2.3. Molecular Leap of Marine Drugs
- 3. COLLABORATION AND INNOVATION IN MARINE DRUG DISCOVERY
- 3.1. Factors Affecting Potential Collaboration
- 3.2. Various Advantages of Collaboration
- 3.3. Multidisciplinary Sciences and Technologies
- 3.4. Efforts in Micro- and Macro-Environments
- 3.5. Translational Research
- 3.6. Necessarily of Innovation
- 3.7. Innovation in Biodrugs
- 3.7.1. Molecular Cloning
- 3.7.2. Developing the Production Process
- 3.7.3. Detection of Bio-Activity
- 3.7.4. Developing the Analytical Tools
- 3.7.5. Computer-Aided Drug Design
- 3.8. Biodrug Evaluation
- 3.9. Toxicological Prediction
- 3.10. Clinical Investigation
- 4. POLICIES FOR DEVELOPING MARINE DRUG DISCOVERY
- 4.1. Information Collection
- 4.2. Effective Government Initiatives
- 4.3. Investment and Market
- 4.4 Nurture Early-Career Researchers (ECRs)
- CONCLUSION
- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- REFERENCES
- Subject Index
- Back Cover
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