Introducing Second Language Acquisition

Acknowledgments xi 1 Introduction 1 2 First Language Acquisition 5 2.0 Chapter overview 6 2.1 From sound to word 6 2.2 From word to sentence 10 2.3 Theoretical views 13 2.4 First language vs second language acquisition 18 2.5 Summing up 25 Key concepts 26 Self-assessment questions 26 Discussion questions 27 Exercises/Project ideas 28 Further reading and viewing 30 References 31 3 Language Learning Contexts 35 3.0 Chapter overview 36 3.1 Naturalistic contexts 36 3.2 Instructed learning 41 3.3 Summing up 52 Key concepts 52 Self-assessment questions 53 Discussion questions 54 Exercises/Project ideas 54 Further reading and viewing 55 References 55 4 Theoretical Perspectives: Past and Present 59 4.0 Chapter overview 60 4.1 Contrastive analysis 61 4.2 Error analysis 64 4.3 Universal Grammar 67 4.4 The Monitor Model/Input Hypothesis 70 4.5 Information processing/cognitive approach 75 4.6 Processing-related hypotheses 77 4.7 Emergentism and usage-based approaches 86 4.8 The Sociocultural approach 91 4.9 Summing up 93 Key concepts 94 Self-assessment questions 95 Discussion questions 96 Exercises/Project ideas 97 Further reading and viewing 97 References 99 5 Teaching Approaches and Instructional Issues 105 5.0 Chapter overview 106 5.1 Historical and current perspectives on language teaching106 5.2 Classroom instructional issues 118 5.3 Summing up 129 Key concepts 130 Self-assessment questions 130 Discussion questions 131 Exercises/Project ideas 132 Further reading and viewing 132 References 133 6 Second Language Development 137 6.0 Chapter overview 138 6.1 Common processes and infl uences 138 6.2 L2 development across linguistic sub-areas 144 6.3 Investigating learner language: Language corpora 159 6.4 Summing up 159 Key concepts 160 Self-assessment questions 160 Discussion questions 161 Exercises/Project ideas 162 Further reading and viewing 162 References 163 7 The Age Factor 169 7.0 Chapter overview 170 7.1 The critical period hypothesis 170 7.2 Abnormal instances: Children raised in isolation 173 7.3 Empirical studies 174 7.4 Exceptional cases 184 7.5 Summing up 185 Key concepts 186 Self-assessment questions 186 Discussion questions 187 Exercises/Project ideas 188 Further reading and viewing 188 References 189 8 Individual Differences 193 8.0 Chapter overview 194 8.1 Intelligence 194 8.2 Language learning aptitude 195 8.3 Attitudes and motivation 201 8.4 Personality 205 8.5 Learning style and cognitive style 208 8.6 Learning strategies 211 8.7 Summing up 214 Key concepts 214 Self-assessment questions 215 Discussion questions 216 Exercises/Project ideas 216 Further reading and viewing 217 References 217 9 Bilingualism 223 9.0 Chapter overview 224 9.1 Who is a bilingual? Defi nitions of bilingualism 224 9.2 Bilingual development 228 9.3 Bilingual lexical representation and lexical access 234 9.4 Bilingual cognition 241 9.5 Summing up 242 Key concepts 243 Self-assessment questions 243 Discussion questions 244 Exercises/Project ideas 244 Further reading and viewing 245 References 246 10 Concluding Words 251 Epilogue 252 Glossary 255 Index 267