Heterogeneous Cellular Networks
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Preface xv
1 Overview of Heterogeneous Networks 1
1.1 Motivations for Heterogeneous Networks 2
1.1.1 Explosive Growth of Data Capacity Demands 2
1.1.2 From Spectral Efficiency to Network Efficiency 3
1.1.3 Challenges in Service Revenue and Capacity Investment 5
1.2 Definitions of Heterogeneous Networks 5
1.3 Economics of Heterogeneous Networks 6
1.3.1 Total Cost of Ownership 7
1.3.2 Heterogeneous Networks Use Scenarios 8
1.3.3 General Tends in Heterogeneous Networks Development 10
1.4 Aspects of Heterogeneous Network Technology 10
1.4.1 RF Interference 10
1.4.2 Radio System Configuration 12
1.4.3 Network Coupling 13
1.4.4 User and Device Credential 14
1.4.5 Interworking 15
1.4.6 Handover 16
1.4.7 Data Routing 18
1.4.8 Quality of Service 19
1.4.9 Security and Privacy 21
1.4.10 Capacity and Performance Evaluation 22
1.5 Future Heterogeneous Network Applications 22
References 24
Part I Radio Resource and Interference Management
2 Radio Resource and Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Heterogeneous Networks Deployment Scenarios and Interference Management Categories Based on Spectrum Usage 31
2.2.1 Heterogeneous Network Deployment Scenarios 31
2.2.2 Interference Management Categories Based on Spectrum Usage 33
2.3 Multi-carrier Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 33
2.3.1 Interference Management via Carrier Partitioning 34
2.3.2 Enhanced Carrier Reuse with Power Control 36
2.3.3 Carrier Aggregation Based Inter-cell Interference Coordination 36
2.4 Co-channel Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 38
2.4.1 Control Channel Interference Management 39
2.4.2 Data Channel Interference Management 46
2.5 Conclusion 48
References 48
3 Capacity and Coverage Enhancement in Heterogeneous Networks 51
3.1 Introduction 52
3.2 Deployment Scenarios 54
3.2.1 Multi-tier Network Elements 54
3.2.2 Multi-radio Techniques 55
3.3 Multi-tier Interference Mitigation 56
3.3.1 Multi-tier Spectral Reuse Scenarios 56
3.3.2 Cross-tier Interference 56
3.3.3 Network Synchronization for IM 57
3.3.4 Overview of Interference Mitigation Techniques 57
3.3.5 Performance Comparison of IM Schemes 60
3.4 Multi-radio Performance 61
3.5 Standardization and Future Research Directions 62
3.5.1 Status of Wireless Standards 62
3.5.2 Future Research Directions 62
3.6 Conclusion 64
References 64
4 Cross-tier Interference Management in 3GPP LTE-Advanced Heterogeneous Networks 67
4.1 Introduction 67
4.1.1 Heterogeneous Network Deployments 68
4.1.2 OSG Scenario 68
4.1.3 CSG Scenario 70
4.2 Interference Management for LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks 70
4.2.1 Interference Management Methods for Homogenous Networks 71
4.2.2 Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 73
4.2.3 Time Domain Based ICIC Schemes 74
4.2.4 Power Setting for Femtocells 85
4.3 Conclusions 89
Appendix: Simulation Models 89
References 92
5 Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks 93
5.1 Introduction 93
5.2 Conventional Inter-cell Interference Coordination 95
5.3 Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination 98
5.3.1 Interference Scenarios in Heterogeneous Networks 98
5.3.2 Enhanced ICIC Solutions for Heterogeneous Networks 100
5.4 Conclusion 116
References 116
6 Cognitive Radios to Mitigate Interference in Macro/femto Heterogeneous Networks 119
6.1 Introduction 119
6.2 Information Requirement and Acquisition for Interference Mitigation 122
6.3 Descriptions of System Models 124
6.3.1 Two-tier Network Architecture 124
6.3.2 Channel Model 124
6.3.3 Traffic Model 125
6.3.4 CR-enabled Operations 125
6.4 Cross-tier Interference Mitigation 125
6.4.1 Interference Coordination: Orthogonality in the Time/Frequency Domain 125
6.4.2 Interference Coordination: Orthogonality in the Antenna Spatiality Domain 126
6.4.3 Interference Cancellation: Coding Techniques 129
6.5 Intra-tier Interference Mitigation 130
6.5.1 Strategic Game for Collocated Femtocells 131
6.5.2 Gibbs Sampler for Collocated Femtocells 132
6.6 Interference Mitigation for Machine-to-Machine Communications 136
6.6.1 Background of Compressive Sensing 138
6.6.2 SMRM for Femtocells 138
6.6.3 Compressive Sensing for the Spectrum Map Construction 140
6.6.4 Performance Evaluations 140
6.7 Conclusion 141
References 142
7 Game Theoretic Approach to Distributed Bandwidth Allocation in OFDMA-based Self-organizing Femtocell Networks 145
7.1 Introduction 145
7.2 Distributed Bandwidth Allocation 146
7.3 Convergence Analysis 150
7.4 Choice of Utility Function and its Parameters 152
7.5 Simulation Results 155
7.5.1 Convergence Studies 156
7.5.2 Bandwidth Allocation and Network Tuning 156
7.6 Extensions and Discussions 159
7.7 Conclusion 162
Acknowledgement 162
References 162
Part II Mobility and Handover Management
8 Mobility Management and Performance Optimization in Next Generation Heterogeneous Mobile Networks 167
8.1 Introduction 167
8.2 Overview of Mobility Management in RRC-connected State 168
8.3 Mobility Robustness Optimization 171
8.4 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization 176
8.4.1 Related Works 177
8.4.2 Problem Description 177
8.4.3 Load Balancing Algorithm with Penalized Handovers 180
8.4.4 Numerical Examples 182
8.5 Cooperation of MRO and MLB 185
8.5.1 Achieve Load Balance by Adjusting CI O 186
8.5.2 Coordination Rules between MRO and MLB 186
8.5.3 Jointly Consider MRO and MLB 187
8.5.4 Simulation Results 188
8.6 Mobility Enhancement for Femtocells 192
8.7 Conclusion 194
Acknowledgements 195
References 195
9 Connected-mode Mobility in LTE Heterogeneous Networks 199
9.1 Introduction 199
9.2 Cell Selection and Problem Statement 200
9.3 Simulation Methodology 202
9.4 Handover Modelling 207
9.5 Results 210
Reference 214
10 Cell Selection Modes in LTE Macro-Femtocell Deployment 215
10.1 Introduction 215
10.2 Distinction of Cells 216
10.3 Access Control 219
10.3.1 Access Control Scenarios 220
10.3.2 Access Control Executor 220
10.3.3 Access Control Mechanisms 223
10.3.4 Performance of Access Control Mechanisms 225
10.4 Cell Selection and Cell Reselection 231
10.4.1 UE in Idle Mode 232
10.4.2 PLMN Selection 234
10.4.3 Cell Selection 235
10.4.4 Cell Reselection 239
10.4.5 Cell Reselection with Femtocells 241
References 244
11 Distributed Location Management for Generalized HetNets. Case Study of All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 247
11.1 Introduction 247
11.1.1 Motivation 248
11.1.2 Approach 249
11.1.3 On Location Management in Generalized HetNets 250
11.2 Background on Geographic Routing and Geographic Location Management 250
11.3 All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 252
11.3.1 Challenges of All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 253
11.4 Architecture for Geographic-based All-wireless Networks of Femtocells 254
11.4.1 Overview of the Architecture 254
11.4.2 Network Entities Supporting Networks of Femtocells 255
11.4.3 Operation of the Network of Femtocells 256
11.4.4 Sample Protocol Stacks for Wifi-based All-wireless NoFs 257
11.4.5 Other Relevant Issues 257
11.5 Location Management Procedures 258
11.5.1 Paging 259
11.5.2 Handoff 260
11.6 Summary and Conclusions 262
Acknowledgements 263
References 263
12 Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Networks: a Comparative Experimental and Simulation-based Investigation 265
12.1 Introduction 265
12.2 Preliminaries on VHO 266
12.3 Experimental Investigation 267
12.3.1 VHO Decision Algorithms 267
12.3.2 Experimental Setup and Results 270
12.4 Simulation-based Investigation 274
12.4.1 The OPNET Simulator 274
12.4.2 Performance Results 276
12.5 Discussion on the VHO in HetNets 283
12.5.1 Role of the (Internal) Decision Algorithm 283
12.5.2 Role of the Authentication Procedures 283
12.5.3 Impact of VHO on HetNet Coverage 284
12.5.4 Impact of VHO on HetNet Capacity 284
12.6 Conclusions 284
Acknowledgment 285
References 285
Part III Deployment, Standardization and Field Trials
13 Evolution of HetNet Technologies in LTE-advanced Standards 289
13.1 Introduction 289
13.2 Deployment Scenarios for LTE-advanced HetNet 290
13.2.1 Macro-Femto Scenario 291
13.2.2 Macro-Pico Scenario 292
13.3 Inter-cell Interference Coordination for HetNet 292
13.3.1 Rel-8/9 ICIC 293
13.3.2 Rel-10 Enhanced ICIC 294
13.3.3 System-level Performance of HetNet with Time-domain eICIC 299
13.4 Ongoing Work in Rel-11 LTE-A 305
13.4.1 Support of Non-zero Power ABS 306
13.4.2 Network-assisted Cell Acquisition for CRE UE in Low Geometry 308
13.4.3 Mitigation of CRS Interference for CRE UE in Low Geometry 309
13.5 Conclusion 310
References 310
14 Macro-Femto Heterogeneous Network Deployment and Management 313
14.1 Introduction 314
14.2 Frameworks for Macro-Femto Network Deployment and Management 315
14.2.1 Joint-deployment Framework 315
14.2.2 WSP-deployment Framework 318
14.2.3 User-deployment Framework 318
14.3 Revenue Maximization with WSP-deployed Femto-BSs 319
14.3.1 On Cross-tier Channel Allocation 320
14.3.2 On Optimal Pricing and Spectrum Partition 326
14.4 Summary 332
References 333
15 Field Trial of LTE Technology 335
15.1 Introduction 335
15.2 Field Trial Overview 336
15.2.1 UE Antennas 337
15.2.2 Network Configuration and Field Trial Setup 338
15.3 Measurement Results 338
15.4 Summary Comparison 344
15.5 Conclusion 346
References 347
Index 349
