
Litigation Issues in Distribution of Securities: An International Perspective
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The collaboration of litigation and transactional lawyers in these pages, as in practice, is necessary to produce a fuller understanding of the role, effectiveness and limitations of civil liability as a tool for the regulation of entrepreneurial behaviour in the securities marketplace. This book provides a superlative resource for anyone who wishes to make a comparison of the approach which a variety of significant jurisdictions have taken to these issues. However, the real objective of the book and of the Paris conference on which it is based has been to provide practitioners who are dealing with securities offerings on an international basis with practical information and guidance. Many of the chapters could readily serve as comprehensive and definitive reference works for practitioners in the same jurisdiction as the authors.
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Content
- Cover
- Half Title
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- About the IBA, The Section on Business Law, Issues and Trading in Securities Committee (Committee Q and the International Litigation Committee (Committee O)
- About the Editors
- Preface
- Part One DISCLOSURE STANDARDS AND LIABILITY FOR MISREPRESENTATION
- Securities Disclosure Requirements in the United States
- 1. Overview: U.S. Disclosure Rules and the Internationalization of Capital Markets
- 2. The Basic Framework of Disclosure Regulation
- 3. Essential Elements of Disclosure Liability
- (a) Section 11 of the Securities Act: Civil Liabilities in a False or Misleading Registration Statement
- (b) Section 12 of the Securities Act: Civil Liabilities Arising in Connection with Prospectuses and Communications
- (c) Section 18 of the Exchange Act: Liability for Misleading Statements
- (d) Section 17 of the Securities Act: Liability for Fraudulent Disclosures in Sales of Securities
- (e) Rule 10b-5 under the Exchange Act: Liability for Fraudulent Disclosures in Purchases and Sales of Securities
- (f) The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995: Changes in Disclosure Liability
- 4. Principal Initial Disclosure and Original Reporting Requirements for Domestic Issuers of Registered Securities
- (a) Introduction
- (b) Form S-1: General Registration Statement
- (c) Form 10-K: Annual Reports
- (d) Form 10-Q: Quarterly Reports
- (e) Form 8-K: Current Material Event Reporting
- (f) The Proposed Introduction of Company Registration
- 5. Registration and Ongoing Reporting Requirements Applicable to Foreign Issuers
- (a) Introduction
- (b) Registration Without a Public Offering
- (c) Registration of American Depositary Receipts
- (d) Disclosure Requirements Relating to Resales to Large U.S. Institutions - Securities Act, Rule 144A Exemption
- (e) Form 20-F: Registration of Securities under the Exchange Act
- (f) On-going Reporting Requirements Applicable to Foreign Issuers
- (g) Changes in Disclosure Regulations Facilitating Access to U.S. Capital Markets by Foreign Issuers
- 6. Disclosure Relating to Acquisitions of Publicly-Traded Companies
- (a) Regulation 13D
- (b) Tender Offers
- (c) Bidder's Disclosure
- (d) Target's Disclosure
- (e) Antifraud Protection
- (f) Proxy Solicitation
- (g) Proxy Statements
- 7. Conclusion
- An Overview of Liability for Misrepresentations and Omissions under the United States Securities Laws
- 1. Overview of the United States Securities Laws Anti-Fraud Provisions
- (a) The 1933 Act
- (b) The 1934 Act
- 2. Extraterritorial Reach of the United States Securities Laws
- 3. Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 Actions for Misrepresentations and Omissions
- (a) Material Misrepresentations and Omissions
- (b) Scienter
- (c) Reliance
- (d) Causation
- (e) Damages
- 4. Liability for Soft Information under section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5
- 5. Liability of Secondary Parties
- (a) Aiding and Abetting Liability
- (b) Control Person Liability for Violations of section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 under section 20(a) of the 1934 Act
- 6. Other Reform Act Changes
- (a) Proportionate Liability - Limitations on Joint and Several Liability and Provisions for Contribution
- (b) Class Action Reform
- (c) Sanctions for Abusive and Frivolous Litigation
- (d) Enhanced Pleading Requirements
- (e) Specific Disclosure Obligations on Auditors
- (f) Other Changes
- Disclosure Standards in Canada
- 1. Canadian Securities Regulatory Framework
- (a) Regulation by Ten Provinces and Two Territories
- (b) "Securities Law" in Canada
- (c) Disclosure Philosophy - The Efficient Market Theory
- (d) The "Closed System
- 2. Disclosure Standards in the Distribution of Securities
- (a) Prospectus Disclosure
- (b) Disclosure in Cross-border and International Public Offerings Extended to Canada by Way of Prospectus
- (c) Private Placement Disclosure
- (d) Disclosure in Cross-border and International Offerings Extended to Canada by Way of Private Placement
- 3. Disclosure Standards in the Secondary Market
- (a) General Continuous Disclosure Requirements
- 4. Disclosure Standards in Corporate Transactions
- (a) Transactions in Corporate Control
- (b) Transactions Between Related Parties
- (c) Proxy Solicitation
- 5. Consequences of Improper Disclosure or Non-Disclosure
- (a) Common Law Liability
- (b) Statutory Civil Liability
- (c) Criminal and Quasi-Criminal Sanctions
- (d) Administrative Orders
- (e) Future Developments: Civil Liability for Continuous Disclosure
- 6. Conclusion
- Liability for Misrepresentation in the Distribution of Securities in Canada
- 1. Statutory Civil Liability
- (a) Civil Liability for Prospectus Misrepresentations
- (b) Possible Plaintiffs
- (c) Remedies and Possible Defendants
- (d) Extent and Limitations of Liability
- (e) Indemnity Clauses
- 2. Takeover Bid and Issuer Bid Liability
- 3. Limitation Periods for Civil Actions based on the Securities Act
- 4. Standard of Reasonableness for Civil Liability Provisions
- 5. Statutory Defences
- (a) Defences Available to the Issuer or Selling Security Holder
- (b) Defences Available to Non-Experts
- (c) Due Diligence Defence
- (d) Defences Available to Experts
- (e) Defences Available to the Underwriter
- (f) Defences Available to Directors and Signatories of the Prospectus
- (g) Other Due Diligence Defences
- 6. Short Form Prospectus
- 7. Criminal Liability
- 8. Civil Liability at Common Law
- (a) Breach of Contract
- (b) Deceit
- (c) Negligent Misrepresentation
- (d) Fraud on the Market
- 9. Remedies at Common Law
- (a) Damages
- (b) Rescission
- Disclosure Standards in Japan
- 1. In General
- 2. Disclosure Items under the SEL
- (a) Overview
- (b) Discussion of Specific Items
- 3. Disclosure under Stock Exchange Rules
- (a) Announcement of Account Results
- (b) Disclosure of Important Company Information
- 4. Standard of Materiality
- (a) In General
- (b) Litigation
- (c) Transfer of Business
- (d) Other Material Events
- 5. Future Initiatives
- Appendix A
- Disclosure Standards in Korea
- 1. Overview
- (a) Historical Background
- (b) Regulatory Structure
- 2. Registration of Corporations
- 3. Registration of Securities
- (a) General Requirements
- (b) Exemptions from the Registration Process
- (c) Specific Disclosure Items
- 4. Liability Provisions
- 5. Listing Requirements
- 6. International Offerings
- 7. Periodic Disclosure Requirements
- (a) Annual Reports
- (b) Semi-Annual Reports
- 8. Proxy Statement Disclosure
- 9. Tender Offers
- 10. Conclusion
- Disclosure Standards in Spain
- 1. Overview of the Regulatory Environment
- (a) The 1988 Securities Market Act
- (b) The US and UK Experiences: Emphasis on the Need for Clear and Accurate Information to be Provided to Investors
- (c) The Role of the National Securities Market Commission
- 2. General Disclosure Requirements
- (a) General Disclosure Principle set forth in the Act and applied to all Individuals and Companies falling under the Scope of the Act
- (b) Development of General Disclosure Obligation
- (c) Disclosure Obligations and the Differences Between Resident and Foreign Issuers
- (d) Disclosure of "Relevant Facts
- (e) The Conflict/Balance Between Disclosure and Secret, Sensitive Information. Waivers from the Commission for Specific Disclosure Obligations
- 3. Disclosure Requirements on a "Transaction" Basis
- (a) Issues of Securities
- (b) Listing on Stock Exchange
- (c) Public Offers for Purchase of Securities
- (d) Acquisitions and Disposals of Shares Listed in Stock Exchange
- 4. Continuing Disclosure Requirements
- (a) Listed Companies
- (b) Market Intermediaries: Securities Dealers and Agencies
- (c) Companies Managing the Stock Exchange ("Sociedades Rectoras")
- (d) Collective Investment Vehicles
- 5. The Code of Conduct
- (a) Disclosure Obligations of Market Intermediaries vis-à-vis their Clients
- (b) Nature and Characteristics of the Information to be Provided
- (c) Warnings on High-Risk Products or Transactions
- Liability for Misrepresentation in Spain: Basis of Liability and Defences
- 1. Civil Liability
- (a) "Ley del Mercado de Valores
- (b) General Principles of Civil Law
- (c) Defences
- (d) Private International Law
- (e) Alternative Self-Regulatory Systems
- 2. Disciplinary Liability
- (a) Obligations Imposed by Securities Legislation
- (b) Penalties
- (c) Defences
- 3. Criminal Liability
- (a) Absence of Specific Regulation in the LMV
- (b) Criminal Code
- 4. Liability of Auditors
- 5. Liability of Lawyers
- 6. Liability of Regulatory Authorities
- Disclosure Standards and Liability for Misrepresentation and Omissions Under French Securities Law
- 1. Disclosure Requirements to be made in Connection with Public Offerings of Securities
- (a) Definition of Public Offering
- (b) Disclosure Requirements
- 2. Disclosure Requirements to be made in Connection with Tender Offers
- (a) Normal Method
- (b) Simplified Method
- 3. Requirements to Disclose Shareholding Interests
- (a) Thresholds Triggering Requirement to File Notifications of Ownership
- (b) Thresholds Triggering Requirement to File NotifIcations of Intention
- 4. On-going Disclosure Requirements for Listed Companies
- (a) Periodic Disclosure Documents
- (b) Permanent Requirement for Companies to Diffuse "Timely" and "Accurate, Precise and True" Information
- 5. Conclusion
- Disclosure Standards and Liability for Misrepresentation in The Netherlands
- 1. Historical Background
- 2. Regulatory Background
- 3. Prospectus Liability
- (a) Persons or Entities whose Liability may be Involved
- (b) Legal Basis for Claims Against the Lead Manager
- (c) The "Coopag Case
- 4. Due Diligence
- 5. Conclusion
- Liability for Misrepresentation in England: Basis of Liability and Defences
- 1. Statutory Liability
- (a) Introduction
- (b) General Duty of Disclosure and Stock Exchange Requirements
- (c) Liability for False or Misleading Offering Document
- (d) Defences
- (e) Measure of Damages
- (f) Criminal Liability
- 2. Liability for Misrepresentation
- (a) Elements of Liability
- (b) Types of Misrepresentation
- (c) Relief
- 3. Negligent Misstatement
- 4. Breach of Contract
- 5. Liability of Financial Intermediaries
- (a) FSA, Principles of SIB, SRO Rules
- (b) Contractual Aspects
- (c) Agency
- (d) Fiduciary Duties
- (e) Misrepresentation
- (f) Tort
- (g) Exclusion of Liability
- 6. Conclusion
- Part Two CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
- Conflicts of Interest in the Distribution of Securities under English law
- 1. Overview
- (a) The Nature of Conflicts of Interest
- (b) The Inevitable Conflict
- 2. Law and Regulation
- (a) The Legal and Regulatory Framework
- (b) The Common Law
- (c) The Regulatory Rules
- (d) The Relationship between the Regulatory Rules and the Common Law - Chinese Walls
- 3. Specific Conflicts
- (a) The Merchant Bank
- (b) The Broker's Research
- (c) The Buyer/Seller Conflict
- (d) Yellow Book
- 4. Insider Dealing
- (a) The Common Law
- (b) The CJA
- (c) Regulatory Rules
- (d) Stabilization
- (e) Underwriters
- (f) Trafalgar House/Northern Electric
- (g) Analysts
- Conflicts of Interest in the Distribution of Securities under Netherlands Law and Remedies
- 1. Overview of the Securities Regulatory Framework in the Netherlands
- (a) Applicable Laws and Regulations
- (b) Rules Issued by the Amsterdam Stock Exchange
- (c) Supervisory Authorities in the Netherlands
- 2. Anti-Insider Trading Rules in the Netherlands
- (a) Rules Laid Down in the Act on the Supervision of the Securities Trade
- (b) Code of Conduct Issued by the Amsterdam Stock Exchange
- (c) The Act on Reporting of Substantial Interests in Listed Companies
- 3. Disclosure Requirements and Prospectus Liability in the Netherlands
- (a) Summary of Applicable Requirements
- (b) Disclosure Requirements
- (c) Misleading Advertising
- (d) Case law: Coop AG Bondholders v. ABN AMRO Bank N. V.
- (e) Recent Developments
- 4. Conflicts of Interest in the Corporate Governance Context
- (a) Corporate Governance of Dutch Companies
- (b) Conflicts of Interest
- (c) Case Law
- 5. Miscellaneous Topics
- (a) Conflicts of Interest in the Context of Underwriting and Allocation of Securities to Syndicate Members
- Vendex
- (b) Agreement Between the Netherlands and the United States onMutual Administrative Assistance in the Exchange of Information in Securities Matters
- (c) Treaty on Mutual Cooperation and Exchange of Information in Securities, Futures and Options Matters Between the Netherlands and the United Kingdom
- (d) Class Actions in the Netherlands
- 6. Conclusion
- Conflicts of Interest in the Distribution of Securities under Canadian Law and Remedies
- 1. Introduction
- (a) Historical Perspective
- (b) Recent Developments
- 2. Conflicts of Interest Rules in the Securities Distribution Context
- (a) Underwriting Conflict of Interest Rules
- (b) Financial Institution Conflict of Interest Provisions
- 3. Regulation of Conflicts of Interest in the Management of Investment Funds in the Context of Securities Distributions
- (a) Current Regulatory Framework
- (b) Stromberg Report
- 4. Fiduciary Duties and Duties of Confidence
- 5. Remedies
- (a) Underwriting Conflicts of Interest Rules
- (b) Enforcement
- (c) Civil Liability
- (d) Common Law
- 6. Conclusion
- Conflicts of Interest in the Distribution of Securities: United States of America
- 1. Role and Authority of the NASD
- 2. Schedule E of the NASD Bylaws
- (a) Conflict of Interest and Affiliate Defined
- (b) Scope of Permitted Participation
- (c) Special Rules for Self-underwriting
- (d) Disclosure, Suitability and Discretionary Accounts
- (e) Compliance: Required Filings under the NASD Corporate Financing Rule of the Rules of Fair Practice
- 3. Corporate Financing Rule: Restrictions on Proceeds of Offering Directed to a Member
- 4. Interpretation of the Board of Governors on Free-riding and Withholding
- 5. Disclosure of Certain Conflicts under Regulation S-K and Regulation S-B
- (a) General
- (b) Conflicts of Interest Disclosure
- 6. Securities Act Restrictions on Dissemination of Information: Research Reports during the Distribution
- 7. Manipulative Activity during the Distribution Process
- (a) Trading Practices Rules
- (b) Basics of the Law on Insider Trading
- (c) The Problem of Imputation within and between Entities
- (d) Preventive Measures: Chinese Walls, Watch Lists, Restricted Lists
- Part Three CLASS ACTIONS
- Securities Class Actions in the United States
- 1. Securities Class Actions Overview
- 2. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23
- (a) Rule 23(a)'s "Prerequisites" for a Class Action
- (b) A Class Action is Maintainable under Rule 23(b)(3) when Common Issues Predominate
- 3. Class Action Procedure
- (a) When to Move or Stipulate to Class Certification
- (b) Notice to the Class
- (c) Discovery
- (d) Approval of Settlements
- 4. Market Fraud, Reliance and Materiality
- (a) The Concept of Market Fraud and Reliance
- (b) Materiality
- 5. Primary Causes of Action under the Securities Laws
- (a) Securities Act Section 11
- (b) Securities Act Section 12
- (c) Securities Exchange Act Section 9
- (d) Securities Exchange Act Section 10(b)
- (e) Securities Exchange Act Section 18
- 6. Secondary Liability
- (a) Secondary Liability after Central Bank
- (b) Control Person Liability
- 7. Pleading Rules in Securities Class Actions
- (a) Pleading Rules for Class Actions
- (b) Pleading Rules for Fraud: Rule 9(b)'s Particularity Requirement
- (c) Pleading State of Mind
- 8. Summary
- The Dynamics of the Class Action Settlement Process in the United States
- 1. The Impact of Counsel Fees on the Settlement Process
- 2. Weaknesses in the Court Approval Process
- (a) Gaining Court Approval of a Settlement
- (b) The Role of the Court
- (c) The Non-adversarial Nature of the Fairness Hearing
- (d) The Difficulties of the Objection Process
- 3. Settlement Pressures on Defendants
- Class Actions in Australia
- 1. Class Action Procedures in Australia
- (a) The New Federal Court Class Actions
- (b) What is a Class Action?
- (c) Who May Bring the Action?
- (d) Provisions for Members of the Class to "Opt-Out
- (e) Award and Allocation of Damages
- (f) Federal Jurisdiction Only
- (g) Costs
- (h) Commencement of Action - Not Retrospective
- 2. Existing Class Action Procedures in Australia
- (a) An Overview
- (b) South Australia - Class Actions
- (c) Victoria - Class Actions
- 3. Limited Forms of Class Actions
- (a) Representative Actions
- 4. Special Purpose Class Procedures
- (a) Trade Practices Act: Representative Actions by the Commission or Attorney-General
- (b) Corporations Law: Representative Action by the Australian Securities Commission
- (c) Anti-Discrimination Legislation
- 5. Implications of Class Actions
- (a) Banking and Finance
- (b) Mergers and Acquisitions
- (c) Property
- (d) Environment
- (e) Trade Practices
- (f) Corporate Federal Court Class Actions: Corporations Law
- (g) Product Liability
- Class Actions in Ontario: Fresh Prospects for Securities Litigation?
- 1. The New Ontario Class Actions Legislation
- (a) Class Actions Come to Ontario
- (b) Certification
- (c) Notice and Determining the Class
- (d) Discovery and Trial or Settlement
- (e) Assessing Damages, Approving Settlements and Distributing Awards
- (f) Costs and Funding
- 2. The Scope of Class Proceedings Under Ontario Law
- (a) The Effect of Constitutional Constraints on Classes Certified in Ontario
- (b) The Implications for Class Actions Commenced Elsewhere
- 3. Special Applications to Securities Litigation
- (a) Individual Issues of Reliance and Liability
- (b) Combining Class Proceedings and Derivative Actions
- (c) The Relative Merits of Statutory Shareholders' Remedies and Class Proceedings
- (d) Prospectus Misrepresentations/Securities Act Claims
- 4. Conclusions
- Part Four ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGES
- Issues in Relation to the Assessment of Damages in Securities Litigation
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Overview
- 3. The Assessment of Damages for Breach of Contract
- 4. Specific Performance
- 5. Damages for Breach of Warranty
- 6. Damages for Negligent Advice
- 7. Contributory Negligence
- 8. Quasi-contract or Restitution
- Damages for Securities Fraud under United States Law
- 1. Measure of Damages for Federal Securities Law Violations
- 2. Sharing of Liability among Defendants
- Part Five INTERNATIONAL ENFORCEMENT
- Some International Issues in the United States Securities and Exchange Commission's Enforcement Program
- 1. Jurisdiction
- 2. Obtaining Evidence from Abroad
- 3. Enforcing Disgorgement and Penalty Orders Against Overseas Assets
- Enforcement in Switzerland of Decisions of Foreign Tribunals and Courts Based on the Securities Laws of Other Jurisdictions
- 1. General Framework
- 2. Civil Matters
- 3. Criminal Matters
- 4. Administrative Matters
- Enforcement in England of Decisions of Foreign Tribunals and Courts Based on the Securities Laws of Other Jurisdictions
- 1. Civil/Commercial Claims
- 2. Arbitration and Foreign Awards
- 3. Criminal Sanctions
- 4. Securities Regulation
- 5. Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs)
- 6. Conclusion
- Enforcement in Australia of Decisions of Foreign Tribunals and Courts Based on the Securities Laws of Other Jurisdictions
- 1. The Foreign Judgements Act 1991 (Cth)
- 2. Enforcement of Foreign Judgements at Common Law
- 3. Enforcement of Non-monetary Judgements in Equity
- 4. Enforcement of Foreign Penal and Public Law Judgements
- 5. Enforcement of Arbitration Awards
- 6. International or Cross-border Insolvencies
- 7. The Foreign Proceedings (Excess of Jurisdiction) Act 1984 (Cth)
- 8. Mutual Assistance Legislation
- 9. Memoranda of Understanding
- 10. Conclusion
- Back Cover
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