An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology

PrefacePreface to First EditionChapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Atmospheric Continuum 1.2 Physical Dimensions and Units 1.3 Scale Analysis 1.4 The Fundamental Forces 1.5 Noninertial Reference Frames and "Apparent" Forces 1.6 Structure of the Static Atmosphere Problems Suggested ReferencesChapter 2 The Basic Conservation Laws 2.1 Total Differentiation 2.2 The Vectorial Form of the Momentum Equation in Rotating Coordinates 2.3 The Component Equations in Spherical Coordinates 2.4 Scale Analysis of the Equations of Motion 2.5 The Continuity Equation 2.6 The Thermodynamic Energy Equation 2.7 Thermodynamics of the Dry Atmosphere Problems Suggested ReferencesChapter 3 Elementary Applications of the Basic Equations 3.1 The Basic Equations in Isobaric Coordinates 3.2 Balanced Flow 3.3 Trajectories and Streamlines 3.4 Vertical Shear of the Geostrophic Wind: The Thermal Wind 3.5 Vertical Motion ProblemsChapter 4 Circulation and Vorticity 4.1 The Circulation Theorem 4.2 Vorticity 4.3 Potential Vorticity 4.4 The Vorticity Equation 4.5 Scale Analysis of the Vorticity Equation Problems Suggested ReferencesChapter 5 The Planetary Boundary Layer 5.1 The Mixing Length Theory 5.2 Planetary Boundary Layer Equations 5.3 Secondary Circulations and Spin-Down Problems Suggested ReferencesChapter 6 The Dynamics of Synoptic Scale Motions in Middle Latitudes 6.1 The Observed Structure of Midlatitude Synoptic Systems 6.2 Development of the Quasi-Geostrophic System 6.3 Idealized Model of a Developing Baroclinic System Problems Suggested ReferenceChapter 7 Atmospheric Oscillations: Linear Perturbation Theory 7.1 The Perturbation Method 7.2 Properties of Waves 7.3 Simple Wave Types 7.4 Internal Gravity (Buoyancy) Waves 7.5 Rossby Waves Problems Suggested ReferencesChapter 8 Numerical Prediction 8.1 Historical Background 8.2 Filtering of Sound and Gravity Waves 8.3 Filtered Forecast Equations 8.4 One-Parameter Models 8.5 A Two-Parameter Model 8.6 Numerical Solution of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation 8.7 Primitive Equation Models Problems Suggested ReferencesChapter 9 The Development and Motion of Midlatitude Synoptic Systems 9.1 Hydrodynamic Instability 9.2 Baroclinic Instability: Cyclogenesis 9.3 The Energetics of Baroclinic Waves 9.4 Fronts and Frontogenesis Problems Suggested ReferencesChapter 10 The General Circulation 10.1 The Nature of the Problem 10.2 The Energy Cycle: A Quasi-Geostrophic Model 10.3 The Momentum Budget 10.4 The Dynamics of Zonally Symmetric Circulations 10.5 Laboratory Simulation of the General Circulation 10.6 Numerical Simulation of the General Circulation 10.7 Longitudinally Varying Features of the General Circulation Problems Suggested ReferencesChapter 11 Stratospheric Dynamics 11.1 The Observed Mean Structure and Circulation of the Stratosphere 11.2 The Energetics of the Lower Stratosphere 11.3 Vertically Propagating Planetary Waves 11.4 Sudden Stratospheric Warmings 11.5 Waves in the Equatorial Stratosphere 11.6 The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation 11.7 The Ozone Layer Problems Suggested ReferencesChapter 12 Tropical Motion Systems 12.1 Scale Analysis of Tropical Motions 12.2 Cumulus Convection 12.3 The Observed Structure of Large-Scale Motions in the Equatorial Zone 12.4 The Origin of Equatorial Disturbances 12.5 Tropical Cyclones Problems Suggested ReferencesAppendix A Useful Constants and ParametersAppendix B List of SymbolsAppendix C Vector AnalysisAppendix D The Equivalent Potential TemperatureAppendix E Standard Atmosphere DataAnswers to Selected ProblemsBibliographyIndex