
Exploiting Images and Image Collections in the New Media
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Fourteen articles written by prominent intellectual property lawyers and government officials discuss legal, policy and practical issues in the protection and commercial exploitation of images and image collections. The essays present the views of various industries and governments, and provide national perspectives from Argentina, France, Germany, India, Japan, Malaysia, the United States and the United Kingdom, as well as a discussion of efforts at international harmonisation. The book includes a useful collection of original source material and sample forms in appendix, including an annotated CD-Rom Licensing Agreement. Exploiting Images and Image Collections in the New Media will provide a valuable and unique resource for intellectual property and media lawyers, executives in the entertainment industry and new technology companies, museum directors, policy makers and regulators.
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Content
- Cover
- Half Title Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Table of Contents
- About the International Bar Association Intellectual Property and Entertainment and Art and Cultural Property Law Committees
- Introduction
- About the Editor and Contributors
- Intellectual Property Issues in the Creation and Use of Digital Images
- I. What are Digital Images?
- II. Processes the Image Files Undergo
- A. Processes to Improve Suitability for Use
- B. Transformation into Samples 'Without Commercial Value'
- III. The Wrapping of the Digital Image
- IV. The Raw Material of the Digital Image
- A. Material Taken from the Analogue World
- B. Processes that Analogue Materials may have Undergone
- V. The 'Right to Digitize' and the 'New' Authors' Powers
- A. The 'Right to Digitize'
- B. The 'Storage Right'
- C. The Right of 'Making Works Available to the Public'
- VI. 'Rights in a Cascade' in and to Digital Images
- A. Intellectual Property Rights
- B. Other Rights
- C. The Rights of the Creator of Digital Images
- VII. Intellectual Property Problems
- A. Problems Relative to Public Domain
- B. Problems Relative to the Plurality of Rightsholders
- C. Problems Relative to 'Moral Rights'
- D. Problems Relative to Fair Use/Quotation Right
- E. Technical Protection and Its Legal Defence
- F. Information for the Administration of Intellectual Property
- G. Licences and Implicit Licences
- VIII. Conclusion
- Copyright Issues in the Use of Visual Images in the New Media
- I. International Harmonization
- II. US Law with Respect to Issues Relating to Visual Works of Art
- A. Copyright Protection for Digitized Versions of Public Domain Works
- B. Exemptions in a Global Networked Environment
- III. Integrity and Authorship Issues - Examples Drawn from the Experience of the Library of Congress
- A. The National Digital Library
- A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words: US Intellectual Property Issues in the Exploitation of Visual Images in the New Media
- I. Introduction
- II. Copyright Basics in US Law
- A. Introduction
- B. The Rights of the Copyright Owner in a Copyrighted Work
- C. Ownership of Copyright
- III. Special Copyright Concerns and Issues in Creating Digital Image Archives
- A. What Rights does the Museum or Archive Own?
- B. Is the Image in the Public Domain?
- IV. Exemptions and Limitations on the Copyright Owner's Exclusive Rights
- A. Fair Use
- B. The Purpose and Character of the Use, Including Whether Such Use is of a Commercial Nature or is for Non-Profit Educational Purposes
- C. The Nature of the Copyrighted Work
- D. The Amount and Substantiality of the Portion Used in Relation to the Copyrighted Work as a Whole
- E. The Effect of the Use upon the Potential Market for or Value of the Copyrighted Work
- V. Trademark Publicity and Jurisdictional Issues
- A. Copyright Infringement
- B. Liability for Copyright Infringement on the Internet
- C. Personal Jurisdiction
- D. Conflict of Laws
- VI. A Brief Overview of Other Intellectual Property Issues
- A. Right of Publicity
- B. Choice of Law/Jurisdiction in Right of Publicity Cases
- C. Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act
- VII. Drafting Intellectual Property Licences for the Exploitation of Film, Photo and Museum Collections
- Protection and Management of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights in the Digital Era
- I. Introduction
- II. Right of Reproduction
- III. Right of Communication
- IV. Technological Measures
- V. Rights Management Information
- VI. Indian Scenario
- Use of Images for Commercial Purposes: Copyright Issues under Malaysian Laws
- I. Introduction
- II. Works Protected by Copyright
- III. Subsistence of Copyright
- A. Authors
- B. Publication
- C. Made in Malaysia
- IV. Rights Protected by Copyright
- A. Reproduction in Any Material Form
- B. Performance, Showing or Playing to the Public
- C. Broadcasting
- D. Communication by Cable
- E. Distribution Rights
- V. Infringement
- VI. Duration of Protection
- A. Literary, Musical or Artistic Works
- B. Other Works
- C. Duration of Protection for Databases
- VII. Moral Rights
- VIII. Commercial Use of Images in Digital Form
- A. Moral Rights
- B. Ownership of Copyright in Database
- C. Protection and Exploitation of the Database
- D. Contractual Protection
- E. Criminal Offences
- Legal Protection of Digital Works in Japan
- I. Legal Protection of Digital Works on Networks
- A. Multimedia Era
- B. Risks of Digitization
- C. Mat is a Work on the Internet?
- D. Partial Amendment of the Copyright Law
- E. Relationship to Provisions Restricting Rights
- F. Network and Moral Rights
- G. Responsibilities of the Provider
- H. Jurisdiction and Governing Law
- II. Amendment of the Copyright Law Related to the Circumvention of Effective Technological Measures
- A. WIPO New Treaties
- B. Intermediate Report of the Copyright Council, Multimedia Subcouncil, Working Group (February 1998)
- Museums and Digital Image Archives and the Proposed European Directive on the Harmonization of Copyright: A UK Perspective
- I. Museums and Digital Image Archives in the United Kingdom
- II. The Current Copyright Position in the UK
- A. General Issues Relating to Ownership and Subsistence of Copyright
- B. Databases
- C. Clearance
- D. Infringement and Enforcement of Copyright and other Rights
- E. Knowledge about Copyright Issues
- F. Public Access and 'Fair Dealing' and other Exemptions under UK Law
- III. The Proposed EU Directive
- A. General Background to the Proposals
- B. Underlying Themes of the Directive
- C. Provisions of the Proposed Directive as they Relate to Museums and Galleries
- D. Technical Measures Designed to Protect Copyright
- E. Protection of Rights Management Information
- IV. Conclusion
- Interactive Access and Images - Can Copyright Adapt?
- I. Introduction
- II. Imagining Accessibility Virtually Speaking
- III. International Treaties and Copyright in the UK
- IV. Some Matters Affecting Digital Exploitation of Visual Material - Legal Snakes and Ladders from an English Perspective
- A. The Database Right
- B. The Publication Right
- C. The Reproduction Communication and Distribution Rights
- D. Moral Rights
- E. Rights of Personality
- F. A Strategic Hint
- V. Some Recent Developments on Specific Issues in the UK
- A. Creation Records Ltd and Ors v. News Group Newspapers Ltd [1997] EMLR 444 (ChD, Lloyd J)
- VI. What's in the Pipeline?
- A. Digital Image Manipulation and Historical Veracity
- B. Fair Dealing on Academic Networks on the Internet
- C. Internet Copyright Piracy
- D. Originality, Equitable Copyrights and Joint Copyright Interests
- VII. Summary
- Copyright and Other Intellectual Property Issues in the Use of Motion Picture Archives, Photo Archives and Museum Collections in the New Media: A Museum Perspective
- I. Introduction
- A. MESL
- B. AMICO
- C. MDLC
- D. Sample Agreements
- Difficulties of Managing Copyrights, Image and Property Rights to Digitized Works Under French Law
- I. Introduction
- II. Authors' Rights: The Difficult Management of Authors' Rights Relating to a Bank of Digitized Images
- A. Image versus Work
- B. Pre-existing Images
- C. Specially Realized Images
- D. Digitized Images
- E. Circumstances of Limitation on Protection
- III. Right to Image
- A. The Principle of Prohibition
- B. The Exceptions
- C. Images Illustrating Current Events
- D. The Image of a Public in the Exercise of his Functions
- IV. Rights in Property
- A. The Image as Asset
- B. Rights in Other Assets
- V. Conclusion
- The Protection of Museum Collections of Film and Photo Archives in Germany after the Implementation of the European Database Directive into German Law
- I. Introduction
- II. The Protection of Films and Photographs under the German Copyright Act in a Digital Environment
- III. Dual Protection of Databases
- A. Term of Protection
- The Law of Webcasting and Digital Music Delivery
- I. Issues
- II. Two Copyrights Involved
- III. Performance Right versus Reproduction Right
- IV. Digital Performance Rights in Sound Recordings Act 1995
- A. Sound Recordings
- B. Musical Works
- V. The Players
- A. Record Company
- B. Music Publisher
- C. ASCAP/BMI/SESAC
- D. Harry Fox Agency
- E. Recording Industry Association of America
- VI. Terms of Art
- A. Digital Audio Transmission
- B. Digital Phonorecord Delivery
- C. Digital Audio Transmissions that Result in Digital Phonorecord Deliveries
- D. Digital Audio Transmissions that Do Not Result in Digital Phonorecord Deliveries
- E. Non-Interactive Services
- F. Subscription Transmissions
- G. Non-Subscription Transmissions
- Music: Licences, Permission Forms, and Releases in the Digital Age
- I. General Background
- II. Obtaining Permissions
- III. Fair Use of Music
- IV. Museum's Use of Recorded Music for Exhibition Purposes
- V. New Performance Right for Sound Recordings
- VI. Other Legislative Developments
- VII. Conclusion
- Intellectual Property and Recorded Sound: Goldmine and Minefield
- I. Introduction
- II. Advice on Audio Licensing
- A. First Steps
- B. Licensing Agreements
- C. Payments
- III. Primary Audio Rights
- A. Performers' Rights, or Master Tape Rights
- B. Songwriter's or Composer's Rights
- IV. Further Reading
- SOURCE MATERIAL
- Appendix 1 WIPO COPYRIGHT TREATY
- Preamble
- Article 1 Relation to the Berne Convention
- Article 2 Scope of Copyright Protection
- Article 3 Application of Articles 2 to 6 of the Berne Convention
- Article 4 Computer Programs
- Article 5 Compilations of Data (Databases)
- Article 6 Right of Distribution
- Article 7 Right of Rental
- Article 8 Right of Communication to the Public
- Article 9 Duration of the Protection of Photographic Works
- Article 10 Limitations and Exceptions
- Article 11 Obligations concerning Technological Measures
- Article 12 Obligations concerning Rights Management Information
- Article 13 Application in Time
- Article 14 Provisions on Enforcement of Rights
- Article 15 Assembly
- Article 16 International Bureau
- Article 17 Eligibility for Becoming Party to the Treaty
- Article 18 Rights and Obligations under the Treaty
- Article 19 Signature of the Treaty
- Article 20 Entry into Force of the Treaty
- Article 21 Effective Date of Becoming Party to the Treaty
- Article 22 No Reservations to the Treaty
- Article 23 Denunciation of the Treaty
- Article 24 Languages of the Treaty
- Article 25 Depositary
- Appendix 2 WIPO DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE ON CERTAIN COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBORING RIGHTS QUESTIONS
- AGREED STATEMENTS CONCERNING THE WIPO PERFORMANCES AND PHONOGRAMS TREATY
- RESOLUTION CONCERNING AUDIOVISUAL PERFORMANCES
- RECOMMENDATION CONCERNING DATABASES
- AGREED STATEMENTS CONCERNING THE WIPO COPYRIGHT TREATY
- Appendix 3 WIPO PERFORMANCES AND PHONOGRAMS TREATY
- Preamble
- CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS
- CHAPTER II RIGHTS OF PERFORMERS
- CHAPTER III RIGHTS OF PRODUCERS OF PHONOGRAMS
- CHAPTER IV COMMON PROVISIONS
- CHAPTER V ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINAL CLAUSES
- Appendix 4 STATEMENT OF MARYBETH PETERS REGISTER OF COPYRIGHTS BEFORE THE HOUSE SUBCOMMITTEE ON COURTS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
- H.R. 2281 - The WIPO Copyright Treaties Implementation Act
- A. Technical Amendments
- B. Technological Adjuncts to Copyright
- Conclusion
- Appendix 5 THE CONFERENCE ON FAIR USE - REPORT TO THE COMMISSIONER ON THE CONCLUSION OF THE FIRST PHASE OF THE CONFERENCE ON FAIR USE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND
- I. THE CONFU PROCESS
- II. STATUS OF THE GUIDELINES
- III. RESULTS
- IV. CONCLUSION
- Appendix 6 FINAL CONFU REPORT ON FAIR USE FOR DIGITAL AGE
- Four Years of Meetings
- Consensus Lacking in Working Groups
- Assessment
- Appendix 7
- H.R. 2180 - The 'On-Line Copyright Liability Limitation Act'
- Background
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Appendix 8 CASE LAW ON ONLINE TRANSMISSIONS OF COPYRIGHTED WORKS
- I. Cases holding reproduction right and other rights implicated
- II. Cases holding the reproduction right alone implicated
- III. Other online transmission cases
- Appendix 9 SEC. 202. LIMITATIONS ON LIABILITY FOR COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT
- Sec. 512. Limitations on liability relating to material online
- FORMS
- Appendix 10 CONTRATO DE LICENCIA PARA USO DEL BANCO DE IMAGENES XX-FLASH
- 1. INTRODUCCION - OBJETO
- 2. FACULTADES CEDIDAS
- 3. ACTOS VEDADOS AL LICENCIATARIO
- 4 TERMINO DE LA LICENCIA
- 5. PAGO DE LOS DERECHOS DE AUTOR
- 6. RESPONSABILIDADES Y LIMITES
- 7. SECRETOS DEL AUTOR
- 8. DISPOSICIONES GENERALES
- 9. LEY, JURISDICCION Y DOMICILIO
- Appendix 11 SASKIA, LTD. SITE LICENSE AGREEMENT
- DEFINITIONS AND CLARIFICATIONS:
- 1. GRANT OF RIGHTS
- 2. PERMITTED AND PROHIBITED USES
- 3. OWNERSHIP OF LICENSED SOFTWARE
- 4. CONFIDENTIALITY
- 5. TERM AND TERMINATION
- 6. WARRANTY
- 7. LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
- 8. GENERAL PROVISIONS
- APPENDIX 12 SAMPLE CD-ROM LICENSING AGREEMENTS FOR MUSEUMS
- Introduction
- Long CD-ROM Sample Agreement
- Short CD-ROM Sample Agreement
- Sample Table of Contents: CD-ROM Based on a Single Museum Collection
- Glossary
- MUSE Educational Media
- Appendix 13 UK LAW PRE DATABASE DIRECTIVE 'DATABASE CREATION AGREEMENT'
- 1. Definitions
- 2. Collaboration
- 3. Rights and Credits
- 4. Waiver of Moral Rights
- 5. Proceeds and Expenses
- 6. Non Disclosure of Materials
- 7. Ownership of Materials
- 8. Withdrawal from Collaboration
- 9. Warranties
- 10. Sequel
- 11. Death of X or Y
- 12. Relationship between the Parties
- 13. Confidentiality
- 14. Termination
- 15. General
- Appendix 14 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY FORMS AND RELEASES
- License to Use Museum Digital Image on Web Site
- License Agreement
- Participant Release
- Web-Site Release Form
- RELEASE AND ASSIGNMENT
- PHOTOGRAPHY RELEASE
- INTERVIEW RELEASE AND ASSIGNMENT
- Index
- The International Bar Association Series
- Back Cover
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