PrefacePart I. Historical Development of Animal Cell Bioreactors 1. An Overview of Animal Cell Biotechnology: The Conjoint Application of Science, Art, and Engineering 1.1 Shear and Bubbles 1.2 High Cell Concentration Systems 1.3 Modern Bioprocess Engineering for Animal-Cell Containing Systems 1.4 Conclusions ReferencesPart II. Implications of Cell Biology on Bioreactor Operation 2. Implications of Cell Biology in Animal Cell Biotechnology 2.1 Cell Status 2.2 Status of Extracellular Environment 2.3 Cell-Environment Interaction 2.4 Dynamics of Interaction of Cell and Environment References 3. Protein Glycosylation: Function and Factors That Regulate Oligosaccharide Structure 3.1 Structure and Heterogeneity of the Protein-Bound Oligosaccharides 3.2 Factors That Influence the Structure of Protein-Bound Oligosaccharides 3.3 Conclusion References 4. Serum-Free Media 4.1 Chemically Defined Serum-Free Media 4.2 Serum-Free Media-Containing Serum-Substitutes 4.3 Production of Biologically Active Substances by Serum-Free Cultures 4.4 Conclusion References 5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Dense Cell Populations for Metabolic Studies and Bioreactor Engineering: A Synergistic Partnership 5.1 Phenomena That Can and Cannot Be Measured by NMR 5.2 Some Representative NMR Spectra 5.3 Current Limitations on Whole Cell NMR: Sensitivity and the Need for Weil-Defined Bioreactors 5.4 Bioreactor Engineering Considerations 5.5 Quantitative Measures of Diffusion and Reaction 5.6 Design Procedures Involving Weisz's Modulus 5.7 Experimental Confirmations of Reaction Rate Control: Toward Gradientless Bioreactors 5.8 Uses of NMR in Bioreactor Analysis and Design 5.9 Summary References 6. Regulation of Animal Cell Metabolism in Bioreactors 6.1 Metabolism of Cultured Cells 6.2 Methods for Obtaining Metabolic Information in Bioreactors 6.3 Metabolic Results Obtained in Continuous Suspension Bioreactors 6.4 Models of Cell Metabolism References Part III. Anchorage-Dependent Cell Supports 7. Fixed Immobilized Beds for the Cultivation of Animal Cells 7.1 General Principles 7.2 Historical Developments in Animal Cell Immobilization 7.3 Fixed Beds in a Production Process 7.4 Optimization of Glass Sphere Reactors 7.5 Porous Packing Materials for High Cell Density Culture 7.6 Conclusion References 8. Microcarriers for Animal Cell Biotechnology: An Unfulfilled Potential 8.1 Times Past 8.2 Three-Dimensional Microcarriers 8.3 The Problems Expounded 8.4 Current Manifestations of Three-Dimensional Microcarriers 8.5 Conclusions References 9. Hydrodynamic Effects on Animal Cells in Microcarrier Bioreactors 9.1 Methods of Investigation 9.2 Hydrodynamic Effects on Cell Growth 9.3 Hydrodynamic Effects on Cell Metabolism 9.4 Fluid-Lift, Airlift, and Stirred-Tank Bioreactors 9.5 Mechanisms of Hydrodynamic Cell Death 9.6 Cell Damage from Direct Sparging 9.7 Protective Polymers 9.8 Recommendations for Future Research 9.9 Nomenclature References Part IV. Animal Cell Bioreactor Design, Operation, And Control 10. Scaleup of Animal Cell Suspension Culture 10.1 Scaleup Principles 10.2 Bioreactor Scaleup 10.3 Process Scaleup 10.4 Conclusions 10.5 Nomenclature References 11. Continuous Cell Culture 11.1 Methods of Continuous Cell Culture 11.2 Automation 11.