Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Nutrition Support

Preface ix

Foreword xi

Editor biographies xii

Contributors xiii

Abbreviations xvii

Section 1 Background to Undernutrition 1

1.1 Definitions and prevalence of undernutrition 3

1.2 Physiological causes of undernutrition 6

1.3 Socioeconomic causes of undernutrition 15

1.4 Institutional causes of undernutrition 25

1.5 Consequences of undernutrition 33

Section 2 Identification of Undernutrition 43

2.1 Nutritional screening 45

2.2 Nutritional assessment 50

2.3 Anthropometric assessment of undernutrition 55

2.4 Biochemical assessment in undernutrition 65

2.5 Clinical assessment of undernutrition 74

2.6 Dietary assessment in undernutrition 82

2.7 Advanced imaging techniques for assessment of undernutrition 91

Section 3 Nutritional Requirements in Nutrition Support 107

3.1 Fluid requirements and assessment in nutrition support 109

3.2 Energy requirements in nutrition support 117

3.3 Protein requirements in nutrition support 127

3.4 Water-soluble vitamins in nutrition support 135

3.5 Fat-soluble vitamins in nutrition support 144

3.6 Minerals in nutrition support 155

Section 4 Nutritional Interventions to Prevent and Treat Undernutrition 167

4.1 Population and community interventions to prevent and treat undernutrition 169

4.2 Institutional interventions to prevent and treat undernutrition 176

4.3 Oral nutrition support to prevent and treat undernutrition 184

4.4 Enteral nutrition to prevent and treat undernutrition 194

4.5 Parenteral nutrition to prevent and treat undernutrition 207

Section 5 Undernutrition and Nutrition Support in Clinical Specialties 217

5.1 Nutrition support in paediatrics 219

5.2 Nutrition support in anorexia nervosa 231

5.3 Nutrition support in older adults 241

5.4 Nutrition support in neurological disorders 251

5.5 Nutrition support in spinal cord injury 259

5.6 Nutrition support in pulmonary and cardiac disease 270

5.7 Nutrition support in diabetes 278

5.8 Nutrition support in pancreatitis 286

5.9 Nutrition support in inflammatory bowel disease 296

5.10 Nutrition support in intestinal failure 302

5.11 Nutrition support in liver disease 313

5.12 Nutrition support in kidney disease 326

5.13 Nutrition support in critical care 339

5.14 Nutrition support in burn injury 351

5.15 Nutrition support in orthopaedics 358

5.16 Nutrition support in HIV infection 367

5.17 Nutrition support in oncology 376

5.18 Nutrition support in palliative care 389

Index 399